25例心包积液置管引流的体会

目的为了探讨经皮穿刺置入导管引流心包积液的疗效与安全性。方法 25例心包积液的患者在超声引导下置管行心包闭式引流。结果 25例患者均置管成功。置管时间平均12d（3～34）d,均无脏器,组织损伤或感染等。结论经皮穿刺置入导管行心包引流是一种安全、有效的治疗方法。     

心包穿刺置管注射香菇多糖治疗恶性心包积液的疗效观察13例

目的探讨和评价微创经皮心包腔内置管引流并注入香菇多糖治疗恶性心包积液的效果。方法 B超引导下,以心左浊音界及剑突下为穿刺点,将中心静脉导管置入心包腔,放液干净后注入香菇多糖。结果心包腔内置管并注入香菇多糖与单纯置管引流控制心包积液有效率分别为61.5%及28.5%,差异具有显著性。结论心包腔内置管并注入香菇多糖,疗效佳,不良反应轻,可控制心包填塞症状。     

心包穿刺置管治疗心包积液20例分析

目的探讨经皮心包穿刺置管持续引流心包积液的疗效及安全性。方法 20例中到大量心包积液的患者在超声引导下穿刺置管引流。结果 20例患者均穿刺置管成功,导管留置时间2～7d,均无组织脏器损伤及感染,心包积液引流彻底,心包压塞症状消失。结论经皮心包穿刺置管持续引流是一种安全有效,完全能替代以往常规心包穿刺术。     

中心静脉导管在心包积液引流中的护理

目的：探讨经皮心包穿刺留置中心静脉导管引流心包积液的护理经验。方法：对22例中等量到大量心包积液在超声引导下穿刺置管行心包积液引流患者做好术前、术中及术后护理。结果：22例患者均置管成功,其中16例完全缓解,5例部分缓解,1例无效,均无组织脏器损伤、感染、心律失常及导管堵塞等并发症发生。结论：对经皮心包穿刺置管引流的患者加强心理护理,术前指导及术后病情观察,尤其是保持引流通畅、防止导管脱落等护理措施是保证手术成功和防止并发症发生的关键。     

改良中心静脉导管留置治疗心包积液80例临床评价

目的探讨改良中心静脉导管对中、大量心包积液进行心包穿刺置管引流的方法以寻求一种安全、有效、经济的治疗措施。方法患者取半卧位，超声心动图定位穿刺点。53例患者经剑突下进针，27例患者经左侧胸壁进针。采用Sendinger’s法，将改良中心静脉导管送入心包腔内，连接无菌引流袋引流积液。结果80例患者心包穿刺均获成功，未出现并发症。引流导管留置时间3～17d，平均14d。引流积液量700～2600ml（平均1228ml）。穿刺引流后患者胸闷、气短明显改善，休克征象消失，心率减低，心功能亦获明显改善。结论改良中心静脉导管心包积液穿刺置管引流术安全，可避免损伤心肌，留置导管可使引流彻底，避免堵塞，疗效可靠。     

恶性心包积液导管引流并腔内化疗疗效分析

目的:探讨恶性心包积液经导管引流并腔内化疗的疗效及不良反应.方法:28例恶性心包积液采用B超定位心包穿刺置管引流心包积液,连续3 d,积液消失后第1 d以0.9%氯化钠溶液冲洗并腔内注射顺铂(DDP)60 mg,OK-432 10g、地塞米松5 mg心包腔内注射.结果:腔内化疗1次积液消失者3例,化疗2次积液消失12例,化疗3次积液消失6例,CR 75%(21/28),PR 14.3%(4/28),RR89.3%(25/28),NC10.7%(3/28).结论:导管置管治疗恶性心包积液,操作简单,疗效好,副作用少.     

中心静脉导管在心包积液穿刺引流中的临床效果

目的探讨中心静脉导管在心包积液穿刺引流中的临床效果。方法将52例已确诊大量心包积液患者随机分为两组,A组26例在超声定位下行中心静脉导管心包积液引流置管术,B组26例在超声定位下行传统心包穿刺术。结果 A、B两组均一次性穿入成功,A组患者满意率明显优于B组(P<0.01),并发症(心率失常、心肌损伤、感染等)显著低于B组(P<0.05)。结论留置中心静脉导管闭式引流在治疗心包积液是一种操作简单、安全、经济、有效的方法,在基层医院临床中可大力推广。     

深静脉置管技术在胸腔积液引流中的应用

目的探讨深静脉置管技术在胸腔积液引流中的临床意义和适应证。方法对462例中等量以上胸腔积液的患者,采用深静脉置管技术,将导管通过导丝保留在胸腔内,定时引流胸水和注射药物。结果 462例患者抽取胸水进行了细胞学诊断,其中肺癌368例;胸膜间皮瘤22例;肺结核52例。其中中等量胸水286例,大量胸水176例,留置引流管最长时间为42d,最短为2d。462例中有378例多次经胸腔内注射化疗药物治疗,无1例失败和并发症。结论采用深静脉置管技术行胸腔积液引流既便于随时引流,同时又可做诊断及胸腔内注药化疗。此法操作安全、简便、费用低,是目前治疗恶性胸腔积液的有效方法 。     

Bacterial Pericarditis

Bacterial pericarditis occurs by direct infection during trauma, thoracic surgery, or catheter drainage, by spread from an intrathoracic, myocardial, or subdiaphragmatic focus, and by hematogenous dissemination. The frequent causes are Staphylococcus and Streptococcus (rheumatic pancarditis), Haemophilus, and M. tuberculosis. In AIDS pericarditis, the incidence of bacterial infection is much higher than in the general population, with a high proportion of Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare infection. Purulent pericarditis is the most serious manifestation of bacterial pericarditis, characterized by gross pus in the pericardium or microscopically purulent effusion. It is an acute, fulminant illness with fever in virtually all patients. Chest pain is uncommon. Purulent pericarditis is always fatal if untreated. The mortality rate in treated patients is 40%, and death is mostly due to cardiac tamponade, systemic toxicity, cardiac decompensation, and constriction. Tuberculous infection may present as acute pericarditis, cardiac tamponade, silent (often large) relapsing pericardial effusion, effusive-constrictive pericarditis, toxic symptoms with persistent fever, and acute, subacute, or chronic constriction. The mortality in untreated patients approaches 85%. Urgent pericardial drainage, combined with intravenous antibacterial therapy (e.g. vancomycin 1g twice daily, ceftriaxone 1-2g twice daily, and ciprofloxacin 400 mg/day) is mandatory in purulent pericarditis. Irrigation with urokinase or streptokinase, using large catheters, may liquify the purulent exudate, but open surgical drainage is preferable. The initial treatment of tuberculous pericarditis should include isoniazid 300 mg/day, rifampin 600 mg/day, pyrazinamide 15-30 mg/kg/day, and ethambutol 15-25 mg/kg/day. Prednisone 1-2 mg/kg/day is given for 5-7 days and progressively reduced to discontinuation in 6-8 weeks. Drug sensitivity testing is essential. Pericardiectomy is reserved for recurrent effusions or continued elevation of central venous pressure after 4-6 weeks of antituberculous and corticosteroid therapy.     

改良Seldinger技术留置治疗心包积液的临床疗效观察

目的探讨采用改良Seldinger技术中心静脉导管心包腔留置引流治疗心包积液的可行性。方法对23例心包积液患者采用改良Seldinger技术留置治疗心包积液进行疗效观察。结果23例患者有11例症状完全缓解,12例部分缓解,无心包缩窄、冠脉损伤、感染、窦道形成等并发症。结论该改良技术置管对心包积液的治疗更安全、方便、有效,抽液彻底,值得临床推广使用。     

瓣膜置换术后远期大量心包积液的临床分析

目的探讨瓣膜置换术后迟发性大量心包积液的原因、临床特征及治疗对策。方法回顾2000年1月至2008年1月的瓣膜置换术后迟发性大量心包积液病例,分析其形成原因和治疗效果。结果共14例患者,男性1例,女性13例,年龄41～55岁(平均年龄45.5岁),首次引流量650～1 040mL(平均821mL),引流时间13～21d(平均16.6d)。远期随访情况良好。结论迟发性大量心包积液多见于女性换瓣患者,应予以重视,以经皮穿刺心包引流即可治愈。     

中心静脉导管胸腔穿刺引流术对胸腔积液疗效观察

目的：观察中心静脉导管穿刺引流术在胸腔积液治疗中的效果。方法：分别应用中心静脉导管穿刺引流术与传统胸腔穿刺术治疗两组胸腔积液患者,对比优缺点。结果：患者对两种手术耐受较好,应用中心静脉导管穿刺引流术治疗的患者带管引流时间长,未见严重并发症。结论：应用中心静脉导管穿刺引流术引流胸腔积液,值得临床积极推广。     

Diagnosis and treatment of acute cardiac tamponade by the subxiphoid approach

Emergency cardiac surgery has been performed on 18 cases of acute cardiac tamponade whose etiologies were as follows: 11 cases of metastatic carcinoma, four cases of idiopathic pericarditis and three with other causes. In most cases, the chief complaint was dyspnea. In many cases, the cardiac silhouette of frontal chest X-ray films showed the shape of a water-filled ice-bag placed on a table. The electrocardiogram showed a low voltage and a flat T-wave in approximately half of the patients. In cases of an echo-free space 1 cm or larger on the M-mode echocardiogram, the average amount of pericardial fluid drained was 850 ml and in those in which the space was less than 1 cm, the average drained was 557 ml. The CT values were 9-40 for patients with malignant pericardial effusion and 20-22 for cases of idiopathic pericarditis. In general, pericardiocentesis was performed in almost all the patients with acute tamponade, but if the drainage was inadequate, the subxiphoid pericardial window procedure was performed under local anesthesia. Surgical invasion in this technique was minimal and the operative results proved effective. For the operation, we resected a 2 X 2 cm pericardial segment. Since two of the patients with malignant pericardial effusion developed postoperative reaccumulation, resection of a 4 X 4 cm segment in the future has been contemplated.     

Gross pericardial effusion with tamponade in 2<Superscript>nd</Superscript> trimester of pregnancy

Hypothyroidism in pregnancy is associated with serious maternal and fetal risk. Rarely, it is manifested by life-threatening cardiac complications, such as gross pericardial effusion and tamponade. We present a case of successfully treated gross pericardial effusion and tamponade in a 22-week pregnant woman with hypothyroidism. The patient was treated by pericardial drainage with further treatment of hypothyroidism with levothyroxine. During the follow-up pregnancy was uncomplicated without recurrence of pericardial effusion and successful delivery of full-term baby. We conclude that careful monitoring of thyroid functional tests and proper management should be performed in pregnant women with hypothyroidism to prevent cardiac complications of the disease, like pericardial effusion and tamponade.     

胸腔积液患者行中心静脉导管引流的观察与护理

目的探讨对胸腔积液患者行中心静脉导管引流的观察与护理体会。方法对2008年4月至2009年1月收住的胸腔积液118例患者术前通过采取个性化的心理护理和健康教育,因人因病施护,让患者充分了解手术目的、必要性、方法和此治疗措施的优点,消除患者的紧张、恐惧心理,使其能够积极配合治疗。术后通过加强引流管的护理、引流液的观察、穿刺点的保护,确保导管固定通畅,无感染发生,从而保证治疗过程顺利。结果本组患者均一次穿刺置管成功,引流过程中患者无疼痛不适,置管时间5—40d,平均（18．1±3．4）d,治疗完毕拔管后穿刺部位皮肤伤口1d内愈合,患者均无感染、胸腔出血、气胸等并发症发生。结论良好的护理可以促进中心静脉导管引流治疗胸腔积液的临床应用效果的提高。     

中心静脉导管胸腔留置引流140例结核性胸腔积液临床观察

目的 探讨胸腔置入中心静脉导管持续引流治疗结核性胸膜炎的临床疗效.方法 对我院2005年6月至2010年l2月共140例结核性胸膜炎患者随机分为两组:引流组70例,采用一次性中心静脉导管置入胸腔持续引流胸腔积液;对照组70例,采用常规胸腔穿刺抽胸水.两种方法均给予强的松30 mg,1次/d口服4周,严格四联抗痨,观察其胸水吸收和并发症的发生情况.结果 置管法疗效明显优于常规法,置管法治疗的患者住院周期短、并发症少.引流组患者中65例一次置管成功,引流时间为3～5 d,2例少量出血,无1例出现气胸、继发肺部感染;常规穿刺组7～14 d胸水吸收,6例发生少量出血、4例发生小量气胸.结论 中心静脉导管胸腔留置引流治疗结核性胸膜炎疗效确切,操作简便安全,值得推广.     

胸腔镜手术治疗心包积液

目的 总结电视胸腔镜技术心包开窗术治疗心包积液的经验.方法 对12例进行胸腔镜下心包开窗和心包切除术治疗的心包积液病人临床资料进行回顾分析.结果 2例出现术中心律失常、急性心功能衰竭,术后胸引管保留时间3～14天,全部治愈,随访1年以上无复发.结论 电视胸腔镜下心包开窗术和心包切除治疗心包积液效果满意且创伤小、痛苦轻、恢复快.     

心包腔内置管引流并注药治疗恶性心包积液的临床观察

目的观察超声引导下心包腔内留置中心静脉导管并腔内给药治疗恶性心包积液的近期疗效及安全性。方法 46例恶性心包积液患者在B超引导下经皮穿刺心包腔内置入中心静脉导管,将心包积液引流干净,先用生理盐水100mL经导管冲洗心包腔,然后注入生理盐水20mL+顺铂40mg+白细胞介素-2200万IU+地塞米松5mg,若引流液<30mL/24h,经B超证实心包积液引流干净,则可拔管。治疗期间适当给与水化补液及止吐等处理。结果 46例均一次置管成功,疗效评价:CR15例、PR24例、NC6例、PD1例,RR84.78%;治疗后KPS评分提高了10～40分。毒副反应主要为Ⅰ～Ⅱ度的胃肠道反应、骨髓抑制和低热,无心包穿刺置管相关死亡。结论超声引导下留置静脉导管并腔内给药是治疗恶性心包积液安全、有效、方便的治疗方法。     

Subxiphoid pericardiastomy in the management of pericardial effusions.

Subxiphoid pericardiostomy for diagnosis and treatment of pericardial effusion was used in 21 patients. Total evacuation of the pericardial contents, direct inspection to break down loculations, simultaneous biopsies of the pericardium and pericardial fluid samples for diagnostic tests were achieved while avoiding the need for repeated pericardiocentesis and more invasive and difficult open drainage methods. Complete drainage without recurrence was obtained in 19 patients with one death and recurrence of effusion in another one. Two of these 19 cases developed constrictive pericarditis on follow-up and required a pericardiectomy. No other complications were encountered. The procedure can be done safely under local anaesthesia for all types of pericardial effusions providing prompt and long term relief of the abnormal haemodynamics.     

伊马替尼相关心包积液及心房颤动

1例68岁胃恶性间质瘤女性患者术后口服伊马替尼400mg,1次/d。半年后超声心动图示心包少量积液,5年后出现双下肢轻度水肿、心房颤动,超声心动图示心包中等量积液。停用伊马替尼,2周后心包积液减少;3周后心包积液完全消失,且未再发作心房颤动,双下肢水肿明显减轻。再次按照原剂量服用伊马替尼,2周后再次出现少量心包积液,3及6个月时超声心动图均未见心包积液,且未再发作心房颤动。