2型糖尿病患者晨尿微量白蛋白检测的可靠性

目的 探讨2种不同尿液收集方法对尿微量白蛋白（Alb)测定结果的影响。方法 连续3d收集70例2型糖尿病（DM）患者的晨尿及24h混合尿,并根据尿白蛋白（Alb)排泄率（UAE）不同分为3组,分别测定尿Alb、尿肌酐（Cr)及尿量。结果 在3组DM患者中,晨尿Alb测定结果与24h尿差异无显著性,相关系数（r)分别为0.884,0.990,0.970。晨尿Alb/尿Cr的比值与24h尿Alb/Cr的比值无显著差异。r分别为0.891,0.993,0.987。结论 收集晨尿测定尿微量Alb简便,迅速,受运动,体位等因素的影响小,对DM的早期诊断特异性高,适用于临床对DM的早期诊断及随访。     

不同时段尿白蛋白在诊断早期糖尿病肾脏损伤中的应用

目的 研究糖尿病患者不同时段尿白蛋白(urinary albumin)的排泌情况及尿白蛋白在诊断早期糖尿病肾脏损伤中的应用.方法 收集中山医院门诊及住院糖尿病患者及健康对照组3 d内不同时间段的尿液,分析尿白蛋白天内、天间的排泌变化情况;以24 h尿白蛋白为标准判断肾脏早期损伤情况,比较不同时段尿及时间点尿与24 h尿白蛋白的相关性、诊断特异度及敏感度;评估随机尿的诊断特异度及敏感度,推导随机尿最佳诊断水平.结果尿白蛋白天间变异较大,以尿Cr和尿量分别校正后可降低变异.糖尿病组中尿白蛋白使用尿Cr校正后变异系数(CV)小于尿量校正(CV分别为49%±23%vs 64%±30%).尿白蛋白天内排泌呈节律性变化.不同尿液留取方式中夜间尿尿白蛋白/尿Cr(ratio of urinary concentrations of albumin and creatinine,ACR)与24 h尿白蛋白定量相关性最好(R~2=0.976),优于晨尿ACR(R~2=0.900)、午间餐后尿ACR(R~2=0.584)和随机尿ACR(R2=0.791).以24 h尿白蛋白总量作为判断标准进行受试者操作特性曲线(ROC曲线)分析显示,随机尿ACR的判断值为27.7 μg/mg尿Cr(存在男女性别差异:男性12.8μg/mg尿Cr vs性27.0μg/mg尿Cr).最小阴性似然比0.011时推导随机尿ACR的排除判断值为13.0 μg/mg尿Cr;最大阳性似然比481.000时推导随机尿ACR的确诊判断值为87.4 μg/mg尿Cr.结论 尿Cr较尿量能更好地降低尿白蛋白天内变异,但仍无法完全消除变异.夜尿ACR与24 h尿白蛋白定量相关性最好,可替代24 h尿白蛋白定量.随机尿ACR作为最方便留取的尿液标本亦可以较好地替代24 h尿白蛋白定量,但应考虑引入尿Cr后带来的性别间差异.以13.0 μg/mg及87.4 μg/mg作为随机尿ACR的排除判断值及确诊判断值可以便于临床医师基本排除或确定白蛋白尿的出现.     

ROC曲线评价尿微量白蛋白和血清Cystatin C在2型糖尿病早期肾损伤中的诊断价值

目的 应用ROC曲线(relative operating characteristic)评价尿微量白蛋白(mAlb)及Cystatin C在糖尿病肾病的早期诊断价值.方法 对152例尿常规检查蛋白阴性的糖尿病患者应用单光子发射计算机断层摄影显像技术行肾动态显像和肾小球滤过率检查,并与尿微量白蛋白及Cystatin C行ROC分析.结果 Cystatin C临界点取1.3 mg/L时ROC曲线下面积0.893,敏感性78.26%,特异性84.9%,阳性似然比5.17,阴性似然比0.52,Youden指数0.736,比数积52.41.尿微量白蛋白临界点取15.6 mg/L时,ROC曲线下面积0.681,敏感性60.87%,特异性79.2%,阳性似然比3.23,阴性似然比0.27,Youden指数0.564,比数积46.38.结论 血清Cystatin C较尿微量白蛋白在2型糖尿病肾病早期损伤诊断中有更好的灵敏性和特异性.     

尿微量白蛋白/肌酐比值对糖尿病肾病早期诊断价值

目的 探讨尿微量白蛋白/肌酐比值在糖尿病肾病早期诊断中的价值.方法 选取确诊为2型糖尿病患者293例和体检健康体检者70例,对其尿微量白蛋白/肌酐比值（晨起空腹及随机）、24小时尿微量白蛋白定量、尿微量白蛋白排泄率、尿素氮、血肌酐、尿常规等临床资料进行回顾性分析,观察上述不同检测方法对糖尿病早期诊断灵敏度.结果 晨起、随机尿微量白蛋白/肌酐值与尿微量白蛋白排泄率（urine albumin excretion rateUAER）、24 h尿微量白蛋白定量成显著正相关,晨起空腹尿ACR与UAER、24小时尿微量白蛋白定量的相关系数分别为r＝0.936（P＜0 01）,r＝0.906,（P＜0.01）;随机尿ACR与UAER和24h尿微量白蛋白相关系数分别为r＝0.756（P＜0.01）,r＝0.738,（P＜0.01）.2型糖尿病组尿ACR阳性组和阴性组之间比较尿蛋白、血肌酐、尿素氮水平无统计学差异,P＞0.05.将血肌酐、尿素氮、尿ACR诊断糖尿病肾病敏感性比较,尿ACR阳性率显著高于前两者,P＜0.01.结论 晨起空腹及随机尿微量白蛋白/肌酐比值两者均可以作为糖尿病肾病早期诊断的敏感指标.     

尿清蛋白与肌酐的比值在肾病诊断中的应用

目的 探讨随机中段尿清蛋白与肌酐比值(ACR),替代24 h尿蛋白的排泄总量作为早期诊断肾功能和肾损害的临床价值.方法 收集该院就诊的24 h尿蛋白,并留取次日晨尿和随机尿,分别检测尿清蛋白、ACR及尿试纸检测尿蛋白.以24 h尿蛋白作为金标准,应用两种方法检测晨尿和随机尿,比较其敏感度和特异度.结果 晨尿和随机尿ACR中位数分别为27.81(7.18～43.95) mg/g和23.65(5.37～37.62 )mg/g.组间比较差异无统计学意义(t=-1.471,P>0.05),相关分析显示两者高度相关(r=0.943,P<0.05).晨尿和随机尿ACR与24 h尿清蛋白排泄量具有高度相关性.相关系数分别为0.862和0.846.晨尿和随机尿ACR诊断清蛋白尿的敏感度分别为87.3%和86.0%;特异度分别为93.4%和90.9%.晨尿和随机尿特异试纸条诊断清蛋白尿的敏感度分别为88.6%和90.9%;特异度分别为57.8%和61.1%,特异度明显低于ACR法.结论 晨尿或随机尿的ACR兼备方便及准确的特点是肾病诊断中的良好指标.     

尿白蛋白／肌酐比值与白蛋白排泄率检测的比较

目的通过对单次晨尿白蛋白/肌酐比值（ACR）和过夜时段尿白蛋白排泄率（AER）检测比较,探讨能否将简便快捷的ACR用于糖尿病患者微量白蛋白尿的门诊筛查和随访。方法对248例2型糖尿病患者同时进行单次晨尿ACR和过夜8h尿AER检测。以AER为标准参照方法,比较ACR按英国慢性肾脏病指南推荐的切点值（男≥2.5mg/mmol,女≥3.5mg/mmol）诊断微量白蛋白尿的特异性和敏感性、阳性和阴性预测值;ROC曲线分析估测ACR的诊断价值及性别特异性诊断切点;并分析ACR与AER检测方法的相关性、一致性和偏差。结果按指南推荐的切点值,ACR诊断微量白蛋白尿的敏感性为95.15%、特异性为97.93%;阳性和阴性预测值分别为97.03%和96.60%。ROC曲线分析提示ACR的ROC曲线下面积为0.996,诊断微量白蛋白尿的切点值为2.43mg/mmol（其敏感性为98.06%、特异性为97.24%）;性别特异性切点值为：男2.43mg/mmol,女2.65mg/mmol。ACR与AER值密切相关（相关系数r为0.96;P〈0.001）。两种方法所测值有较好的一致性,总随机误差为0.189。结论 ACR为一项简单、快捷、准确反映尿微量白蛋白排泄的指标。ACR不仅与AER有较好的相关性,而且与AER比较有较好的一致性和较小的误差,可以用于糖尿病患者微量白蛋白尿的门诊筛查和随访。     

尿Ⅳ型胶原和尿微量白蛋白与尿肌酐比值用于糖尿病肾病早期诊断的研究

目的 探讨尿Ⅳ型胶原(IVC)、尿微量白蛋白与尿肌酐比值(UmAlb/UCr)两种指标用于糖尿病肾病(DN)早期诊断的临床价值.方法 收集糖尿病(DM)无DN期[24 h尿微量白蛋白排泄率(UAE)＜30 mg/24 h]病例52例(A组),DM合并DN早期(UAE为30～300 mg/24 h)病例35例(B组),健康对照组50例,比较A、B 2组尿IVC、UmAlb/UCr检测结果及与健康对照组的差异,并利用ROC曲线评价尿IVC、UmAlb/UCr 2种指标在DN早期中的诊断效能,以及对尿IVC、UmAlb/UCr与UAE作相关性分析和显著性检验.检测方法:尿IVC采用化学发光法,尿UmAlb采用免疫比浊法,UCr检测采用酶法,统计工具采用SPSS 13.0统计软件.结果 A组、B组和健康对照组的尿IVC检测结果分别为(2.64±0.91)、(3.91±1.93)、(10.08±6.50)μg/L,UmAlb/UCr检测结果分别为(1.50±0.40)、(2.58±2.10)、(17.95±13.38)mg/mmol,A组与B组的尿IVC、UmAlb/UCr和健康对照组比较差异均有统计学意义(P均＜0.01);尿IVC、UmAlb/UCr的ROC曲线下面积(AUCBOC)分别为0.724、0.945,2种指标用于DN早期诊断有统计学意义(P均＜0.01);尿IVC、UmAlb/UCr与UAE的pearson相关系数分别为0.529、0.919(P均＜0.01),根据相关系数,UmAlb/UCr与UAE的相关性好于尿IVC.结论 尿IVC、UmAlb/UCr用于DN早期诊断均有统计学意义,可作为DN早期的敏感诊断指标,UmAlb/UCr与UAE的相关性好于尿IVC.     

新诊断2型糖尿病患者微量白蛋白尿的患病率及危险因素分析

目的探讨新诊断2型糖尿病（T2DM）患者微量白蛋白尿（MAU）的患病率及其相关危险因素。方法对285例新诊断的T2DM患者进行回顾性分析,其中男173例,女112例。按尿微量白蛋白/肌酐比值（ACR）分为单纯糖尿病组（DM组）和伴微量白蛋白尿组（DM＋MAU组）,分别观察体重指数（BMI）、腰臀比（WHR）、血糖、血脂、血压、胰岛素抵抗指数（HOMA-IR）等因素的组间差异及其与ACR关系。结果新诊断的T2DM患者MAU的患病率为26.7%。男女患病率分别为24.85%和29.46%,不同性别ACR患病率无统计学差异;2组比较,DM＋UAER组BMI、WHR、HbA1c、FPG、SBP、DBP、TC、TG、HOMA-IR均高于DM组;相关分析显示,ACR与WHR、BMI、HOMA-IR、SBP、HbA1c呈正相关;多因素Logistic回归分析显示WHR、SBP和HbA1c是影响ACR的主要危险因素。结论应重视T2DM患者尿白蛋白的早期筛查,早期严格控制血糖、血压,纠正脂代谢紊乱,减轻腹型肥胖,有助于延缓和控制糖尿病肾病的发生及发展。     

2型糖尿病患者晨尿微量白蛋白检测的可靠性

目的探讨2种不同尿液收集方法对尿微量白蛋白(Alb)测定结果的影响.方法连续3 d收集70例2型糖尿病(DM)患者的晨尿及24 h混合尿,并根据尿白蛋白(Alb)排泄率(UAE)不同分为3组,分别测定尿Alb、尿肌酐(Cr)及尿量.结果在3组DM患者中,晨尿Alb测定结果与24 h尿差异无显著性.相关系数(r)分别为0.884、0.990、0.970.晨尿Alb/尿Cr的比值与24 h尿Alb/Cr的比值无显著差异.r分别为0.891、0.993、0.987.结论收集晨尿测定尿微量Alb简便、迅速,受运动、体位等因素的影响小,对DM的早期诊断持异性高,适用于临床对DM的早期诊断及随访.     

随机尿微量白蛋白肌酐比值在糖尿病及高血压肾损伤诊疗中的价值

目的 探讨随机尿微量白蛋白肌酐比值(ACR)在糖尿病及高血压肾损伤患者诊断及治疗中的价值.方法 糖尿病或高血压患者共62例(糖尿病30例,高血压32例),并按1989年Mogensen标准,根据尿白蛋白排泄率(UAER)分为三组:正常白蛋白尿组(UAER＜30mg/24h)20例,微量白蛋白尿组(UAER30～300mg/24h)20例,大量白蛋白尿组 (UAER＞300mg/24h)22例,均经内科正规治疗;留取24小时尿液计算UAER,治疗前后均留取随机尿测定尿微量白蛋白 (UmAlb)及尿肌酐进行比较.结果 随机尿ACR与UAER呈现明显的正相关(r=0.78,P＜0.01),与UmAlb也呈明显正相关(r=0.77,P＜0.01);肾损伤各组ACR及UmAlb检测结果比较中,UmAlb在对照组和正常白蛋白尿组比较无意义(P＞ 0.05),ACR则有显著差异(P＜0.01);在评价肾损伤的敏感性比较中,ACR在正常白蛋白尿组阳性率达35.0%,UmAlb阳性率仅5.0%,两者阳性率比较有显著差异(χ2=3.91,P＜0.05);治疗前后各组ACR及UmAlb检测结果比较中,正常白蛋白尿组的UmAlb治疗前后检测结果比较P＜0.05,ACR治疗前后检测结果比较P＜0.01.结论 随机尿ACR与UAER及UmAlb有着极好的相关性,在肾功能早期损伤的诊断及治疗后的疗效观察中均优于UmAlb,可以作为替代UAER及UmAlb作为肾病早期诊断及疗效观察的有效指标.     

不同时段尿微量清蛋白对糖尿病早期肾损害的诊断价值

目的探讨2型糖尿病肾病患者不同时段尿微量清蛋白(u-MA)变化及其对2型糖尿病患者早期肾损伤的诊断价值。方法收集糖尿病肾病患者组(n=27)和健康对照组(n=30)连续3 d的晨尿、餐后尿、随机尿和24 h尿,进行尿微量清蛋白测定。结果糖尿病患者尿微量清蛋白排泌高峰为餐后尿(61.7±26.5 mg/L),其次为晨尿(58.9±23.5 mg/L)和24 h尿(56.6±13.2 mg/L),3者显著高于随机尿(37.2±21.4 mg/L)(P<0.05),且各时段尿微量清蛋白都有较大的日间差异,以随机尿差异最大CV=57.5%,餐后尿、晨尿、和24 h尿分别为42.9%、39.9%和23.3%,糖尿病肾病患者各时段尿微量清蛋白与对照组比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论餐后尿和晨尿微量清蛋白含量的多次检测有利于提高2型糖尿病患者早期肾损害的诊断。     

Diagnostic accuracy of the urinary albumin: creatinine ratio determined by the CLINITEK Microalbumin and DCA 2000+ for the rule-out of albuminuria in chronic kidney disease

An increased urinary albumin excretion (albuminuria) is an established test for the early detection of renal disease and is also recognized as a risk factor for cardiovascular disease and mortality in a number of clinical settings. There is an established body of data which shows that a random urinary albumin:creatinine ratio (ACR) based on a random urine sample correlates well with 24-hour urinary albumin excretion measurement. However, there is little data to show whether specific point-of-care testing devices can be used to rule-in or rule-out increased urinary albumin excretion in comparison to a 24-hour urinary albumin excretion measurement. This study evaluated the ability to rule-in or rule-out albuminuria in a cohort of patients attending a renal outpatient clinic, using the urinary ACR determined by the CLINITEK Microalbumin (Siemens Healthcare Diagnostics Inc., Deerfield, US) a semi-quantitative strip test, and by the DCA 2000+ (Siemens Healthcare Diagnostics Inc.) a quantitative cassette based test using 3 random urine samples collected within a 24-hour period compared to 24-hour urinary albumin measurement. The CLINITEK system was shown to be a reliable test for ruling out increased urinary albumin excretion with negative likelihood ratios less than 0.05 above the 24-hour urinary albumin excretion rate of 30 mg/24 h (threshold for microalbuminuria), and less than 0.01 above the albumin excretion rate of 100 mg/24 h. The DCA 2000+ system demonstrated similar performance as a rule-out test, with likelihood ratios of less than 0.02 at 24-hour albumin excretion rates above 30 mg/24 h. Both the CLINITEK and DCA 2000+ systems could be used to rule-out increased urinary albumin excretion at the albumin excretion cut-off rate of 30 mg/24 h in this cohort of patients.     

人群调查中尿白蛋白检测方法的探讨

目的 探讨人群调查中尿白蛋白标本留取及检测方法.方法 选取659名北京市居民,收集其24 h尿测定UAER;并留取次日随机尿和晨尿,分别采用尿ACR及半定量尿白蛋白试纸法测定尿白蛋白.以24 h UAER作为标准,建立应用两种方法检测晨尿和随机尿白蛋白的ROC曲线,比较敏感度、特异度及ROC曲线下面积.结果 晨尿和随机尿ACR分别为9.36(5.12～33.29)mg/g及11.29(6.34～41.29)mg/g,组间比较差异无统计学意义(t=-1.382,P＞0.05),相关分析显示两者高度相关(r=0.932,P＜0.01).晨尿和随机尿ACR与24 h UAER具有高度相关性,相关系数分别为0.853及0.874,P均＜0.01.随机尿ACR诊断白蛋白尿的敏感度为77.9%,特异度为91.0%,晨尿ACR诊断白蛋白尿的敏感度为78.4%,特异度为95.7%.随机尿白蛋白试纸法诊断白蛋白尿的敏感度为90.3%,特异度为41.1%,特异度明显低于ACR法.随机尿与晨尿ACR的ROC曲线下面积分别为0.918±0.012及0.929±0.015,组间比较差异无统计学意义(χ2=2.13,P＞0.05).随机尿白蛋白试纸法ROC曲线下面积0.661±0.021,低于随机尿ACR(χ2=248.41,P＜0.01).结论 随机尿的ACR兼具简便及准确的特点,是人群调查中诊断白蛋白尿的良好指标.

Abstract：

Objective To evaluate the spot urine sample collection method and value of urinary albumin measurement in population survey. Methods Six hundred and fifty-nine Beijing residents were requested to collect 24 h urine for detection of UAER, as well as random spot urine samples and morning urine samples in the next day. Rapid semi-quantitative urinary albumin-specific dipstick and ACR were measured in each spot urine specimen. The 24 h UAER was measured as golden standard to generate ROC curves and evaluate the sensitivity, specificity and AUC of each method. Results The value of ACR in the morning spot urine samples and random spot urine samples were 9. 36(5. 12-33.29) mg/g and 11.29(6. 34-41.29) mg/g respectively and there was no significant difference between these two groups (t = - 1. 382,P＞0.05). The correlation was significant in the two groups (r = 0.932, P ＜ 0.01). The correlation coefficient between ACR in the morning spot urine samples and UAER was 0. 853 (P ＜ 0. 01). The correlation coefficient between ACR in the random spot urine samples and UAER was 0. 874 (P ＜0. 01).The sensitivity and specificity of ACR for diagnosis of albuminuria in the random urine samples were 77. 9% and 91.0%. The sensitivity and specificity of ACR for diagnosis of albuminuria in the morning urine samples were 78. 4% and 95.7%. Concerning the semi-quantitative urinary albumin-specific dipstick, sensitivity and specificity were 90. 3% and 41.1% , respectively. The specificity was much lower than that of ACR. The area under the ROC curves of ACR in the random urine specimens and the morning urine specimens was 0. 918 ±0. 012, 0. 929 ± 0. 015, respectively. There was no statistical difference between these two groups (χ2 =2. 13, P＞0. 05). The area under the ROC curves of semi-quantitative urinary albumin-specific dipstick in the random urine specimens was 0.661 ±0.021, lower than that of ACR (χ2 = 248.41, P＜0.01).Conclusion Measurement of ACR in random urine samples is a reasonable method with simplicity and accuracy for the detection of albuminuria in general population screening program.     

Screening for microalbuminuria. A comparison of single sample methods of collection and techniques of albumin analysis.

OBJECTIVE--To evaluate single-sample urine collections to determine their ability to screen patients for the presence of microalbuminuria. Microalbuminuria in patients with type I diabetes predicts the development of diabetic renal disease. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS--Cross-sectional analysis of single-sample urine collection techniques (first morning void, random upright void) and methods of albumin analysis (RIA, reagent tablet) were compared with conventional 24-h urine collections (RIA). The study included 94 patients (45 males, 49 females; mean serum creatinine 88 microM) with type I diabetes, selected from a screened population of 301 patients from the University Hospital Subspecialty Clinics. RESULTS--A 24-hour urine collection RIA analysis for albumin revealed 36 normal patients (< 30 mg), 27 with microalbuminuria (30-300 mg), and 31 with albuminuria (> 300 mg). Random upright urine samples were more sensitive (RIA 89%, tablets 78%) for the detection of microalbuminuria than first morning void specimens (RIA 70%, tablets 60%). Specificity was > 80% with both random and first morning voids. CONCLUSIONS--Screening for microalbuminuria can be performed in the clinic by random upright single-sample urine collections. When reagent tablets were used, these results are available immediately. Patients who screen positive should be confirmed by 24-h or other timed urine collections.     

尿微量白蛋白与冠状动脉病变程度的相关性分析

目的：研究尿微量白蛋白与冠心病的相关性。方法：按冠状动脉造影诊断标准将116例患者分为冠心病组（82人）与非冠心病组（34人）,测定晨尿白蛋白/肌酐浓度值（ACR）,比较两组患者尿ACR并分析ACR与冠脉病变程度的相关性。结果：冠心病组ACR显著高于非冠心病组的;ACR与冠脉计分呈显著的直线正相关。结论：冠心病患者ACR水平升高,微量白蛋白尿与冠状动脉病变范围和程度密切相关,且对冠状动脉狭窄程度具有独立预测价值。     

高压液相色谱检测糖尿病患者尿白蛋白的应用

目的探讨高效液相色谱法（HPLC）测定糖尿病（DM）患者尿白蛋白的应用。方法收集85例DM患者及40名健康体检者（正常对照组）尿液,分别用HPLC和免疫比浊法检测尿白蛋白,并将检测结果使用回归和Bland—Ahman进行一致性分析。结果HPLC线性方程为Y=2．9482X＋38．601,r2=0．9944;标准品和样本的保留时间（RT）均为2．42min;尿白蛋白浓度为40．1和152．6mg／L的样本其批内和批间变异系数（CV）分别为4．1％、4．8％和5．6％、6．5％;最低检测限为2mg／L。DM组尿白蛋白HPLC结果为2t．0（3．4～678．9）mg／L,高于免疫比浊法[8．2（2．0—442．2）mg／L]（P〈0．01）,但偏高的倍数不一致（1．3～6．1倍）;但正常对照组2种方法测定结果差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。将2种方法的测定结果用回归分析和Bland—Ahman进行一致性分析,显示2种方法的一致性较差。85例DM患者中用HPLC和免疫比浊法检测达到微量蛋白尿诊断标准[尿白蛋白排泄率（AER）〉30mg／24h]的阳性例数分别为48例（56．5％）和27例（31．8％）。结论HPLC能检测尿中的包括免疫性和非免疫性的总的尿白蛋白,与免疫比浊法相比更能早期检出尿白蛋白。     

Comparison of urinary albumin excretion rate in overnight urine and albumin creatinine ratio in spot urine in diabetic patients in general practice

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate whether measurement of albumin creatinine ratio (ACR) on a spot urine specimen can replace a timed overnight collection of urine albumin excretion rate (UAER) in patients with diabetes in primary care. DESIGN: Patients with diabetes attending R?nvik Health Centre were asked to bring a timed overnight collection of urine for measurement of UAER. They were also asked to void a urine specimen for measurement of albumin creatinine ratio. SETTING: Primary health care. SUBJECTS: One-hundred-and-six persons with diabetes (47 women, 59 men) aged 13 to 78 years. RESULTS: The sensitivity and specificity of ACR with cut-off values of 2.5 mg/mmol for men and 3.5 mg/mmol for women compared to UAER with cut-off value of 20 mg/24 h was 90%. CONCLUSIONS: Spot urine ACR analysed on a DCA 2000 can replace a timed (overnight) collection of urine and measurement of UAER when diabetic patients are reviewed in general practice. This simplifies procedures for the patient as a timed urine collection is no longer necessary. Another advantage is that the results are available after 7 min.     

Smoking cessation A comparative,randomised study between management in general practice and the behavioural programme SmokEnders

Objective - To evaluate whether measurement of albumin creatinine ratio (ACR) on a spot urine specimen can replace a timed overnight collection of urine albumin excretion rate (UAER) in patients with diabetes in primary care. Design - Patients with diabetes attending Rønvik Health Centre were asked to bring a timed overnight collection of urine for measurement of UAER. They were also asked to void a urine specimen for measurement of albumin creatinine ratio. Setting - Primary health care. Subjects - One-hundred-and-six persons with diabetes (47 women, 59 men) aged 13 to 78 years. Results - The sensitivity and specificity of ACR with cut-off values of 2.5 mg/mmol for men and 3.5 mg/mmol for women compared to UAER with cut-off value of 20 mg/24 h was 90%. Conclusions - Spot urine ACR analysed on a DCA 2000 can replace a timed (overnight) collection of urine and measurement of UAER when diabetic patients are reviewed in general practice. This simplifies procedures for the patient as a timed urine collection is no longer necessary. Another advantage is that the results are available after 7 min.     

糖尿病患者尿微量清蛋白、尿β_2-微球蛋白、糖化血红蛋白及血脂联合检测的临床意义

目的分析糖尿病患者的尿微量清蛋白、β2-微球蛋白、糖化血红蛋白及血脂含量,以观察其与糖尿病肾脏微血管病变的相关性。方法糖尿病患者根据尿微量清蛋白(mALb)分为两组:(1)糖尿病肾病组,晨尿高微量清蛋白(20mg/L)30例;(2)无糖尿病肾病组,晨尿正常微量清蛋白(20mg/L))33例。结果晨尿高微量清蛋白组的尿β2-微球蛋白、糖化血红蛋白及胆固醇含量显著高于晨尿正常微量清蛋白组,两组间差异有统计学意义。结论尿微量清蛋白(mALb)及尿β2-微球蛋白是糖尿病早期肾小球及肾小管损伤的标志物,肾病微血管病变程度与HbA1c的增高有关,血脂异常可增加糖尿病患者肾病微血管病变的危险性。联合检测对糖尿病肾病的早期预防诊断及治疗有重要的临床意义。