洞庭湖外睾吸虫尾蚴对日本血吸虫病保护性免疫作用的研究

日本血吸虫病活疫苗的研究已有用紫外线减毒日本血吸虫免疫小鼠获得减虫率为15．4％～67．2％（moloneyetal1985），免疫水牛为89．l％（ShiYou－enetal1990）［’］，免疫猪为90％（ShiYou—en1993）D］的报导。徐锡落等60年代用台湾动物株日本血吸虫尾勒免疫垣河猴获得成功”‘。1993～1995年，我们用寄生在湖北钉螺体内的洞庭湖外单吸虫尾拗直接免疫小鼠，以探讨E．d尾顿对小鼠感染日本血吸虫的保护性免疫力。现将结果报告如下。1材料和方法1．1实验村昆明系小鼠90只，2／导各半，体重20～239。随机分为A、B、C组，每组30只。A组用E…     

日本血吸虫31/32kDa重组抗原对小鼠免疫保护性研究

目的：探讨日本血吸虫31／32kDa重组抗原（rSj31/32)抗血吸虫感染的免疫效果。方法：日本血吸虫31／32kDa单克隆抗体免疫筛选的阳性克隆312经IPTG诱导表达，表达产物rSj31/32加福氏佐剂免疫小鼠后进行攻击感染实验。结果：与对照组相比较，rSj31/32可诱导小鼠产生30．1％的减虫率，63．2％的减卵率（P＜0．01），虫卵肉芽肿平均面积和周长均明显降低，rSj31/32免疫能诱导一定水平的抗血吸虫抗体。结论：结果表明，rSj31/32可诱导小鼠产生一定程度的保护免疫力，有可能作为血吸虫疫苗候选抗原分子。     

水牛感染血吸虫后病原消亡时间与防制对策的关系

目的　观察水牛感染血吸虫后排卵量和毛蚴出孵规律及其消失时间。　方法　选择购自血吸虫病非流行区8～ 10月龄水牛 9头 ,每头水牛感染血吸虫尾蚴 2 0 0 0条。从感染后第 5 0d开始定期收集粪便作定量检查血吸虫卵和毛蚴 ,连续观察 3 2个月。　结果　在感染血吸虫后第 5 0d 9头水牛均在粪便中发现血吸虫卵和毛蚴 ,平均EPG和MPG分别为 4.65± 2 .0 8和 4.3 6± 2 .19;感染后第 60d分别达 41.0 5± 2 .0 9和 2 5 .97± 2 .45 ,显著高于第 5 0d。感染后第 80d ,MPG为最高 41.73± 3 .2 9,感染后第 90d ,EPG达最高 5 5 .0 4± 1.44。以后随着观察时间的延长 ,EPG和MPG逐渐降低 ,至 3 3 0d全部为阴性。感染后第 5 0d毛蚴孵出率最高 94.45± 6.412 % ,第 60d降为 65 .89± 19.0 1% ,第 80d有所回升85 .76± 10 .5 0 % ,以后逐渐降低 ,至 3 3 0d全部为 0。感染后 1年 ,粪便中未再检出血吸虫卵。肝、脾和肠组织中的虫卵不能孵出毛蚴 ,但沉积在组织中的血吸虫卵仍可造成该组织损害。　结论　 1岁以内的水牛感染血吸虫后 1年无需治疗虫体均可消亡 ,粪卵排出消失 ,但在肝脾组织中的血吸虫卵沉着所致病变仍存在。     

血吸虫病区粪便处理的卫生效果评价

在研究现场兴建了一批户用沼气池，在沼气池的进口和出口监测处理效果。全年运行的监测结果表明：粪大肠菌群和寄生虫卵的去除率分别达到９９．７％和９９．８％，符合国家粪便无害化卫生标准的要求。血吸虫卵在沼气发酵液中的存活试验表明，所有血吸虫卵在沼气池中１００天的停留期内能够全部死亡，说明粪便处理的适宜技术能够有效地阻断血吸虫的生活史。     

负二项分布在日本血吸虫卵方面的应用

为了解日本血吸虫卵分布的性质，在均数ｍ较大时，利用回归方程ｌｇ（ｖ）＝ａ＋ｂｌｇ（ｍ）的回归系数ｂ是否接近２，来判断虫卵计数是否服从负二项分布。结果显示，日本血吸虫卵在阳性粪便中的分布、同一感染个体的虫卵计数在不同时间上的分布以及人群中虫卵计数分别在男女中的分布均可用负二项分布来描述，其回归系数ｂ的９５％可信区间分别为１．３０～２．３０、１．６１～１．９７、１．７１～２．１６、１．５５～２．２３。用实际资料配合负二项分布进行拟合优度检验，配合效果较好，亦从另一方面佐证了回归系数法（矩法）的可行性     

重组日本血吸虫抗原诱导小鼠抗卵免疫的研究

目的 探讨重组日本血吸虫31／32kDa抗原(rSj31／32)诱导小鼠产生抗卵免疫的效果。方法 采用rSj31／32抗原免疫小鼠，攻击感染后42d，定量检测粪卵、肝肠组织内虫卵及雌虫子宫内虫卵数。结果 与对照组比较，rSj31／32抗原免疫小鼠肝、肠组织内总卵数和粪卵数分别减少46．0％，76．0％和83．0％，其中肝、肠组织内成熟虫卵数明显减少(69．0％和91．0％)，而肝组织内死亡虫卵数显增加(242．5％)。此外，雌虫子宫内虫卵数亦明显下降(49．8％)。结论 rSj31／32抗原能诱导小鼠产生抗雌虫生殖和抗卵胚发育的免疫，可望作为抗卵疫苗的候选抗原。     

Sj 26基因转染树突状细胞抗血吸虫感染作用

目的探讨日本血吸虫Sj26基因转染树突状细胞（DC）抗血吸虫感染保护性免疫作用。方法利用Sj26基因转染、空质粒pcDNA3转染和未处理DC分别免疫BALB／c小鼠3次，攻击感染后计数成虫和虫卵。结果Sj26基因转染DC免疫小鼠诱导34．5％的减虫率和48．5％的减卵率，明显高于空质粒pcDNA3转染DC组（16．8％和15.8％）和未处理DC组（14．6％和14．4％），空质粒pcDNA3转染DC和未处理DC组之间差异无统计学意义。结论Sj26基因转染DC可诱导抗血吸虫感染的保护性免疫作用。     

紫外线减毒尾蚴疫苗预防BALB／C小鼠日本血吸虫病的研究

用紫外线照射日本血吸虫尾蚴减毒活疫苗分别１次、２次和３次免疫ＢＡＬＢ／Ｃ小鼠后，检获攻击感染成虫数及肝组织虫卵总数均明显低于攻击感染对照组，减虫率为５９．７％～７６．３％，减卵率为８３．９％～８５．８％。不同免疫次数组的减虫率和减卵率均无显著性差异。免疫１次、２次和３次小鼠肝组织中成熟虫卵率分别为５９．１％、５６．０％和５６．２％，后二者均显著低于前者。提示适当增加免疫次数能使小鼠产生更强的抗病保护性免疫力。     

血水草生物碱杀灭钉螺及日本血吸虫尾蚴的实验研究

目的 探讨血水草生物碱杀灭钉螺及日本血吸虫尾蚴的效果。方法 配置不同浓度的血水草生物碱溶液，观察在20℃、25℃、30℃时浸泡24h、48h、72h、96h的钉螺死亡率；不同浓度溶液螺卵孵出率、尾蚴存活情况及对小鼠感染的保护率。结果 (1)浸泡72h钉螺死亡率100％的血水草生物碱溶液的浓度及温度分别为：1．25mg/L、30℃；2．5mg/L，25℃；5mg/L、10mg/L均为25℃。10ml／L、20℃钉螺死亡率为60％。(2)5mg/L溶液螺卵浸泡72h孵出率为0-10％。(3)2．5mg/L、5mg/L溶液尾蚴接触60min死亡率为97．71％、100％。尾蚴接触5mg/L、10mg/L药液30min，小鼠对血吸虫感染的保护率分别为94．53％、l00％。结论 血水草生物碱确有杀灭钉螺、螺卵及血吸虫尾蚴的效果。     

不同地区钉螺对日本血吸虫易感性的实验研究

目的 观察不同地区钉螺对云南大理日本血吸虫的易感性，为今后教学科研所需尾蚴提供依据。方法 采自国内3省的钉螺以钉螺与钉螺40：1的比例进行群体感染，观察3省钉螺对大理地区日本血吸虫的易感性。结果 在相同条件下，不同地区钉螺对云南大理日本血吸虫易感性不同，湖北、安徽、云南的感染率分别为42．0％、28．6％9．5％，各地钉螺差异有显著性。结论 3省钉螺对云南血吸虫的感染率以湖北最高，云南最低。     

Recombinant paramyosin (rec-Sj-97) tested for immunogenicity and vaccine efficacy against Schistosoma japonicum in mice and water buffaloes.

A primary vaccine candidate antigen against schistosomiasis is paramyosin (pmy), a myofibrillar protein found exclusively in invertebrates. Here we report the results of vaccine trials against the Asian schistosome undertaken on inbred and outbred mice and water buffaloes using a bacterially expressed and purified form of Schistosoma japonicum pmy (rec-Sj-97). Vaccination of the mice resulted in high levels of specific anti-pmy IgG antibodies when compared with adjuvant controls and significant reduction in worm burdens and in liver eggs. Furthermore, a significant reduction in liver eggs was recorded in two of the three water buffalo vaccine trials undertaken and, in all three trials, high levels of specific anti-pmy IgG antibodies were generated. There was no evidence of any toxic effects and the vaccine preparations and Quil A adjuvant were clearly well tolerated. The development of a vaccine intended for livestock animals such as bovines would be beneficial in two ways; directly by blocking transmission of schistosomiasis to humans and economically by contributing to healthier livestock. We are encouraged by the consistent efficacy in the mouse and the buffalo vaccine trials that resulted in a significant decrease in liver eggs. Indeed, predictions from mathematical models indicate that an egg reduction effect of 42-45% in buffaloes would be sufficient when combined with human treatment to control schistosomiasis japonica in the marshes and lakes along the middle and upper reaches of the Yangtze River, the most highly endemic areas for the disease in China.     

Prevalence, intensity and associated morbidity of Schistosoma japonicum infection in the Dongting Lake region, China

OBJECTIVE: To determine the prevalence and intensity of Schistosoma japonicum infection and associated morbidity, and to estimate the infected human and buffalo populations in the Dongting Lake region, Hunan province, China. METHODS: We used data from the third national schistosomiasis periodic epidemiological survey (PES) of 2004. These included 47 144 human serological and 7205 stool examinations, 3893 clinical examinations and questionnaire surveys, and 874 buffalo stool examinations, carried out in 47 villages in Hunan province. Serological examinations were performed using the enzyme linked immunosorbent assay technique and human stool samples were examined by the Kato-Katz method. Stools from buffaloes and other domestic animals were examined for schistosome infection by the miracidial hatching test. FINDINGS: Sero-prevalence was 11.9% (range: 1.3-34.9% at the village level), and the rate of egg-positive stools was estimated at 1.9% (0-10.9%) for the same population. The prevalence of infection among buffaloes was 9.5% (0-66.7%). Extrapolating to the entire population of the Dongting Lake region, an estimated 73 225 people and 13 973 buffaloes were infected. Most frequently reported symptoms were abdominal pain (6.2%) and bloody stools (2.7%). More than half of the clinically examined people reported having had at least one prior antischistosomal treatment. CONCLUSION: There was a significant reduction in the number of humans infected with S. japonicum since the previous national PES carried out in 1995, partially explained by large-scale chemotherapy campaigns. However, a near-stable number of buffalo infections suggest continuing human re-infection, which may lead to future increases in human prevalence.     

上海市闵行区1994～2009年流动人口“三病”监测结果分析

目的分析闵行区1994～2009年外来流动人口"三病"监测结果 ,为外来流动人口"三病"检疫工作决策提供科学依据。方法收集1994~2009年闵行区各镇、街道外来流动人员"三病"检疫16年的监测数据进行统计分析。结果闵行区外来流动人口16年来"三病"监测总阳性率为3.10%,波动范围0.34%～28.05%,其中疟疾抗体阳性率最高,其次为血吸虫和丝虫;三病"阳性率呈现逐年下降趋势,其中1998～2000年略有回升,血吸虫抗体阳性率自2000年一直维持在1%以下,疟疾抗体阳性率自2003年起一直低于1%,自1999年起丝虫抗体滴度一直为0。结论目前,闵行区"三病"抗体检测阳性率已降至很低,建议采取主动监测和被动监测相结合的方法 ,以降低成本和提高效果。     

Serological evaluation of Pasteurella multocida antigens associated with protection in buffalo calves.

Different antigens of Pasteurella multocida Carter's type 6:B including whole bacterium, antigen heated at 56 degrees C, antigen heated at 100 degrees C, sonicated antigen, capsular antigen, potassium thiocyanate extract, lipopolysaccharide and sodium salicylate extract were evaluated to assess protection in buffalo calves against haemorrhagic septicaemia. Sera from calves with known protection status in experimental challenge were titrated by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) against all antigens. Capsular antigen extracted with 2.5% sodium chloride was superior to other antigens for assessing protection status of buffalo calves against P. multocida by ELISA. This capsular antigen was able to differentiate clearly between well-protected, protected and unprotected animals.     

Cross reactions in the immunodiagnosis of schistosomiasis and cysticercosis by a cerebrospinal fluid enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.

Cerebrospinal fluid was collected from 3 groups of patients (suspected cysticercosis patients, myelopathy patients, and neurological patients) and assayed for antibodies to Cysticercus cellulosae and schistosome soluble egg antigen. In the myelopathy and neurological patients there was a significant correlation (P less than 0.05) between seropositivity for the two diseases. Samples which were positive in both assays were tested by inhibition assay with the heterologous antigen to determine the specificity of the reaction. In one of 5 cases the reaction to cysticercus antigen was completely inhibited by addition of schistosome soluble egg antigen. In the reverse assay there was minimal inhibition by cysticercus antigen.     

湖北省血吸虫疫区部分农村户厕粪便无害化处理效果调查

目的 了解湖北省部分县市血吸虫疫区农村户厕与粪便无害化处理现况.方法 于2007年9月选择血吸虫疫区的6个行政村(4个改厕村、2个非改厕村),每村随机抽查30座农村户厕,对调查对象的户厕建筑与粪便处理情况进行问卷调查,同时采集粪液样品进行实验室检验.结果 120座卫生户厕中,厕屋内无蛆、蛹、成蝇的有114座(95%),而60座非卫生户厕的厕屋内无蛆、蛹、成蝇的有20座(33.33%);卫生户厕粪液经三格式和沼气式的粪池无害化处理后,三格式第三池和沼气池出料口粪液中的蛔虫卵合格率分别为95.6%和98.6%,粪大肠菌值均合格,活蛔虫卵、血吸虫卵、活血吸虫卵均未检出;卫生户厕农户的血吸虫病患病率(8.45‰)比非卫生户厕农户(15.02‰)低43.7%.结论 血吸虫疫区农村的卫生户厕可比较有效地改善环境卫生,且对粪便无害化处理的效果显著,可降低血吸虫病患病率.

Abstract：

Objective To evaluate the current sanitary situation of the rural household latrine and the effects of decontamination of the feces in some epidemic areas of schistosome in Hubei province.Methods Six villages (4 villages with the sanitary latrines,2 villages with the non-sanitary latrines)were chosen for the investigation and 30 latrines were selected randomly in each village in September of 2007.The structure of the latrine and the situation of the faceal treatment were investigated by questionnaires.At the same time,the feces samples were collected and detected according to the related sanitary standards.Results The rate of the sanitary latrines witllout maggots.pupas and flies was 95%,while the rate of the non-sanitary latrines with the same situation was 33.33%.After non-hazardous treatment in the three-case-cesspool and the firedamp latrines,the qualified rates of the roundworm eggs were 95.6%and 98.6%respectively;the qualified rates of fecal coliform were both 100%:no schistosome eggs,the alive schistosome eggs and the alive roundworm eggs were detected.The morbidity rate of schistosomiasis of the villages with the sanitary latrines was 43.7%,lovwer than those with the non-sanitary latrines.Condusion The faecal treatment of the rural household latrine in epidemic areas of schistosome can improve the sanitation and kill the pathogens in faeces effectively.and also can decrease the morbidity rate of schistosomiasis obviously.     

Detection of circulating anodic antigen by ELISA for seroepidemiology of schistosomiasis mansoni

Sera of individuals from Burundi excreting eggs of Schistosoma mansoni (prevalence 35%; 178 subjects) and of similar individuals from Maniema, Zaire (prevalence 95%; 99 subjects), and of 159 Dutch and 81 Zairean non-infected controls, were screened by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for the presence of schistosome circulating anodic antigen (CAA). No false positive results were obtained. The sensitivity of the test was 75% in Burundi and 93% in Zaire, a significant difference (P less than 0.05). However, in matched egg output classes the test results did not differ significantly; 60% and 67%, respectively, of those excreting 1-100 eggs per gram of faeces (epg), 86% and 100% of those excreting 101-400 epg, and 100% of those excreting over 400 epg were detected. The efficiency of the assay was 91% in Burundi and 93% in Zaire. The Spearman rank coefficient of correlation between antigen titre and egg output (determined by 3 consecutive Kato egg counts) was 0.61 in Burundi and 0.82 in Zaire. The sensitivity of the test compared well with a single egg count. In addition, preliminary data showed that occasionally CAA was detectable in serum of individuals not excreting schistosome eggs. As CAA is found only in the presence of living worms, such cases reflect active infections.     

自贡市农民工健康状况调查

[目的]探讨某市农民工健康现状,为制定提高农民工健康水平的相应策略和措施提供依据。[方法]通过对420名外出农民工进行生活行为方式调查和较全面的体格检查,获取身高、体重、血压、乙肝表面抗原、肝功能、HIV抗体、梅毒抗体等各项指标,并对相关资料进行统计分析。[结果]农民工合理膳食率11.7%、体育锻炼率0、健康知识知晓率7.38%,均处于较低水平;农民工吸烟率53.3%、饮酒率37.4%、乙肝表面抗原阳性率18.1%、梅毒抗体阳性率2.9%、活动性肺结核检出率1.2%,高于我国人群平均水平;农民工高血压检出率14.1%;超重或肥胖率20.2%。[结论农民工的健康水平较低,同时面临传染性疾病和慢性非传染性疾病的双重威协,提高农民工健康水平是一件迫在眉睫的工作。     

Detection of Helicobacter pylori in bovine, buffalo, camel, ovine, and caprine milk in Iran

Helicobacter pylori infection in humans is one of the most common infections worldwide. However, the origin and transmission of this bacterium has not been clearly explained. One of the suggested theories is transmission via raw milk from animals to human beings. This study was conducted to determine the prevalence rate of H. pylori in bulk milk samples from dairy bovine, buffalo, camel, ovine, and caprine herds in Iran. In the present study, 447 bulk milk samples from 230 dairy bovine, buffalo, camel, ovine, and caprine herds were collected in four provinces and tested for H. pylori by cultural method and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for the detection of the ureC (glmM) gene. The animals whose milk samples collected for this study were clinically healthy. Using the cultural method, three of 447 milk samples (0.67%), including two sheep (2.2%) and one buffalo (1.6%) milk samples, were found to be contaminated with H. pylori. H. pylori ureC gene was detected in 56 (12.5%) of milk samples, including 19 cow (14.1%), 11 sheep (12.2%), nine goat (8.7%), two camel (3.6%), and 15 buffalo (23.4%) milk samples. Using PCR method, there were significant differences (p<0.05) in the level of contamination with H. pylori between milk samples collected from different species. The present study is the first report of the isolation of H. pylori from raw sheep and buffalo milk in Iran and the first demonstration of H. pylori DNA in camel and buffalo milk.     

Activity of antioxidative enzymes in fresh and frozen thawed buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) spermatozoa in relation to lipid peroxidation and semen quality

ObjectiveTo investigate the activity of antioxidative enzymes in fresh and frozen thawed spermatozoa in relation to lipid peroxidation and semen quality in buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) bulls.MethodsForty two semen ejaculates from seven buffalo bulls were collected by artificial vagina method and were used for the study. Sperm motility, livability, plasma membrane and acrosomal integrity, buffalo cervical mucous penetration test were assessed in fresh and frozen thawed semen. Intracellular antioxidative enzymatic activity such as super oxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GSHPx) and reduced glutathione (GSH), reactive oxygen species (ROS) and lipid peroxidation (LPO) were estimated in fresh and frozen thawed semen.ResultsA significant (P<0.01) reduction in activity of antioxidative enzymes (SOD by 47.7%, GSHPx by 62.7% and GSH by 58.6%) in frozen thawed spermatozoa as compared to fresh spermatozoa was found. Although the catalase activity was varied from 0 to 3.8 IU/10⁹ sperm in fresh semen, but after freezing and thawing this activity was not detectable. These enzyme activities had a strong positive association with sperm motility, membrane integrity and distance traveled by vanguard spermatozoa in buffalo cervical mucus and negative correlation with LPO and ROS. However, no significant correlation with acrosomal integrity was found.ConclusionIt was concluded that loss of activity of intracellular antioxidative enzymes was evident after freezing and thawing and there was a strong association between the antioxidative enzyme activities, ROS, lipid peroxidation and sperm function in buffalo semen.