Postbiopsy renal transplant arteriovenous fistulas: color Doppler US characteristics

Color Doppler ultrasound (US) with point-spectral analysis was performed on eight patients with postbiopsy renal transplant arteriovenous fistulas. Waveform analysis of the supplying artery documented decreased resistive indices in all cases and increased flow velocities in seven. The peak-systolic flow velocity in the arteries supplying the fistulas ranged from 55 to 180 cm/sec (mean, 92 cm/sec), while the range in normal arteries was 20-52 cm/sec (mean, 32 cm/sec). The resistive indices of the arteries supplying the fistulas ranged from 0.31 to 0.50 (mean, 0.45), while the resistive indices of the normal arteries ranged from 0.60 to 0.92 (mean, 0.74). Arterialization of the venous waveform from the draining vein was also documented in all cases. In six cases, the increased flow velocities resulted in increased color saturation toward white in the supplying artery (n = 2) or in both the artery and the draining vein (n = 4), which was detectable on the realtime image. In six cases, flow turbulence resulted in localized tissue vibration, which appeared as random color assignment in extravascular renal parenchyma adjacent to the fistula. Knowledge of these imaging and Doppler characteristics should aid in the identification of renal transplant arteriovenous fistulas with color Doppler US.     

彩色多普勒超声监测胎儿脐动脉血流的临床意义

目的:通过监测晚期妊娠胎儿脐动脉血流异常,指导临床分娩。方法:采用彩色多普勒超声监测了1 226例晚期妊娠胎儿的脐动脉血流,定量分析收缩期血流速度最大值(S)与舒张期血流速度最低值(D)的比值(S/D)和阻力指数(resist-ance index,RI)。结果:1 226例孕妇中,脐动脉血流异常95例,其中脐带异常38例,胎儿宫内生长迟缓(intrauterine growthretardation,IUGR)20例,羊水少27例,妊娠高血压综合征(pregnancy-induced hypertension syndrome,PIH)10例;IUGR时S/D比值最高,为6.47±0.45;PIH时,RI值最高,为1.01±0.65。结论:脐动脉血流异常发生在临床症状出现之前,所以脐动脉血流的监测对临床的诊治有重要指导意义。     

彩色多普勒超声对隐匿性糖尿病肾病各级肾动脉的观察

目的:探讨彩色多普勒超声对隐匿性糖尿病肾病的诊断价值。方法:对隐匿性糖尿病肾病72例(观察组)、临床蛋白尿组63例、肾衰组47例行彩色多普勒超声检查,分别与正常对照组30例对比双肾主动脉、叶间动脉的收缩期峰值流速(Vmax)、舒张期流速(Vmin)、阻力指数(RI)及双肾大小。结果:观察组、临床蛋白尿组及肾衰组的肾主动脉、叶间动脉的阻力指数均较对照组有较大差异(P<0.05,P<0.01),观察组的肾主动脉及叶间动脉的舒张期流速明显降低(P<0.01),临床蛋白尿组的肾主动脉舒张期流速、叶间动脉的收缩期及舒张期流速均降低(P<0.01),肾衰组的肾主动脉、叶间动脉的收缩期及舒张期流速均降低(P<0.01);观察组、临床蛋白尿组双肾大小较对照组测值略大,但差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),肾衰组与各组之间比较均有较大差异(P<0.01)。结论:彩色多普勒超声检测糖尿病患者肾血管血流参数的变化对早期诊断隐匿性糖尿病肾病有一定价值。     

The normal and abnormal scrotum in children: evaluation with color Doppler sonography.

The use of color Doppler sonography to evaluate the symptomatic testes in children with scrotal pain or swelling was prospectively studied with a fourth-generation color sonographic unit with a 7-MHz linear transducer. The 32 patients were 1 day to 18 years old (mean age, 8.6 years). Results were correlated with scintigraphic findings in 23 patients, with the final diagnosis established by surgery in 12 patients, and with clinical follow-up in all patients. Eight cases of testicular torsion, including two of acute torsion and six of late torsion, were correctly detected by color Doppler sonography and confirmed surgically. In the remaining patients, perfusion of the testis was correctly detected by color Doppler examination. The final diagnoses in these patients included torsion of the appendix testis (15 patients), epididymitis (five patients), epididymo-orchitis (one patient), yolk sac tumor of the testis (one patient), hydrocele (one patient), and local reaction to an insect bite (one patient). The ability to detect blood flow in the normal contralateral testis was also evaluated in 28 patients. Blood flow was demonstrated in normal testes larger than 1 cm3. Detection of flow in the very small normal prepubertal testis was often difficult, and no flow was identified in one testis. Flow was identified in central arteries in only six of 13 testes smaller than 1 cm3. We conclude that color Doppler sonography is helpful in the initial evaluation of pediatric testes, providing accurate evaluation of the involved hemi-scrotum in our patients and also providing the benefit of both structural and flow information. Until our sensitivity to low-velocity flow improves, we would not suggest the exclusive use of color Doppler sonography in the evaluation of testicular perfusion in the prepubertal patient. We advocate the addition of testicular scintigraphy to corroborate the presence of testicular perfusion when flow in intratesticular arteries cannot be established with certainty by color Doppler sonography.     

肿瘤血管阻力指数和内径在乳腺良、恶性肿瘤鉴别中的应用

目的:探讨肿瘤血管阻力指数和内径对乳腺良、恶性肿瘤的鉴别诊断价值.材料和方法:应用彩色多普勒和频谱多普勒超声检测30例正常乳腺和120例乳腺肿瘤(良性66例,恶性54例),观察其血流分布,计测阻力指数(RI)和血管直径(D).结果:120例乳腺肿瘤中112例(良性60例,恶性52例)能检出血流信号,良性组与正常组相比,血管RI及D差异不显著(P＞0.05);恶性肿瘤组与正常组及良性肿瘤组比较,RI增高和D增宽(P<0.01);乳腺肿瘤动脉RI≥0.82和D≥0.28提示恶性肿瘤敏感性、特异性分别为79%、91%.结论:肿瘤血管阻力指数增高和内径增宽是乳腺良、恶性肿瘤鉴别诊断的重要指标,能提高乳腺恶性肿瘤的诊断准确性.     

Testicular ischemia: color Doppler sonographic findings in five patients

We studied the findings on color Doppler sonography in five men with testicular ischemia (three with acute testicular torsion and two with testicular infarcts after herniorrhaphies). In all five cases, no intratesticular blood flow was identified on the symptomatic side, while normal blood flow was evident on the opposite side. In the three cases of acute torsion, no gray scale sonographic abnormalities were seen, and in the two cases of postoperative infarction, the abnormalities were nonspecific. These findings suggest that color Doppler sonography can be used to show decreased blood flow in cases of acute testicular ischemia and that it may have a role in evaluating patients with suspected testicular torsion.     

Enhanced detection of blood flow in the normal canine prostate using an ultrasound contrast agent

RATIONALE AND OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the sonographic appearance of normal prostate vascularity in dogs before and after injection of a new ultrasound contrast agent, NC100100. METHODS: Thirty-five intravenous injections of NC100100, in doses ranging from 0.00625 to 0.05 microL microbubbles/kg, were administered to seven anesthetized mongrel male dogs. Transrectal color Doppler imaging and power Doppler imaging were used to perform the assessment. The visibility of the vascular pattern of the prostate was assessed, including dynamics of contrast inflow, blood flow symmetry, and duration times. RESULTS: Before contrast administration, the vascular pattern was poorly visualized in all cases. After contrast injection, the visibility of the vascular architecture improved significantly for both modalities. Independent of the imaging method used, higher doses tended to be more effective than lower doses. Contrast kinetics in the prostate vessels was demonstrated with a mean time from injection of the ultrasound contrast agent to enhancement of the Doppler signals in the subcapsular arteries (+/-1 SD) of 13+/-3 seconds, and the ultrasound contrast agent reached the central periurethral veins 3 to 6 seconds later. A spokelike radial pattern of internal prostatic vessels observed with enhanced ultrasound could also be seen on silicone microfil x-ray images. The Doppler enhancement persisted for a mean time ( +/-1 SD) of 904 seconds (approximately 15 minutes) +/- 225 seconds and tended to increase with increasing dose. CONCLUSIONS: NC100100 significantly improves the detection of blood flow in the normal canine prostate and allows more accurate depiction of the vascular architecture of the prostate.     

脑梗死患者颈动脉超声检查及血流阻力指数的临床意义

目的:探讨脑梗死患者超声检查时颅外段颈动脉狭窄、闭塞及RI的临床意义。方法:对89例脑梗死患者(脑梗死组)及68例非脑梗死患者(对照组)行颅外段颈部动脉的彩色多普勒超声检查,观察动脉有无狭窄、狭窄程度及RI。结果:脑梗死组患者颅外段颈动脉狭窄的发生率、≥50%狭窄的发生率及闭塞发生率均明显高于对照组;脑梗死组中双侧颈动脉狭窄的发生率也高于对照组;脑梗死组的狭窄部位以颈内动脉最多见,但2组间RI差异无统计学意义。结论:脑梗死与颅外段颈动脉狭窄或闭塞有关;双侧颈动脉尤其是颈内动脉的严重狭窄或闭塞更易导致脑梗死;颅外段动脉RI测量无助于脑梗死的诊断。     

Left coronary arterial blood flow: noninvasive detection by Doppler US

Continuous wave (CW) and pulsed Doppler ultrasound studies with spectral analysis were used to detect the left coronary arterial blood flow in patients who were undergoing routine echocardiography. The pulmonary artery is a stable ultrasonic landmark from which detection of the blood flow can be effected. The left coronary artery can be distinguished by its blood flow toward the cardiac apex and by specific, functional flow features. Flow patterns vary among the left main, circumflex, and anterior descending arteries; patterns also vary with respiration cycles. In the present study, coronary arterial blood flow was detected in 58 of 70 patients (83%). Findings were validated by selectively injecting an agitated saline contrast medium into the left coronary artery and, in another study, by comparing human Doppler phasic flow waveforms with electromagnetic flowmeter recordings obtained in dogs.     

Renal carcinoma: duplex Doppler evaluation

Doppler ultrasound has a clearly defined role in the assessment of carotid and peripheral vascular disease. In these situations vessel pathology produces alterations in velocity and volume flow and in the flow-velocity spectrum. Flow in the renal arteries is affected not only by disease of the renal vessels but also by the peripheral resistance to flow within the kidney. Alterations in this peripheral resistance resulting from renal disease are reflected in the Doppler flow spectrum analysis. In 14 patients with renal carcinoma, three different blood flow patterns were observed, reflecting the differing vascularity of the renal tumours. These were compared with blood flow in normal kidneys and in kidneys containing renal cysts. Doppler ultrasound adds further information to the study of renal carcinomas, allowing the prediction of tumour vascularity, and may be useful as a preliminary investigation prior to angiography and embolisation.     

Gray-scale and Doppler ultrasound imaging features of vascular canals in human femoral condylar epiphysis

PURPOSE: To describe the gray-scale and color Doppler ultrasound imaging features of vascular canals in human femoral condylar epiphysis. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Vascular canals in the femoral condylar epiphysis were examined using gray-scale and Doppler US. The study was performed in 45 volunteers (aged <1 month-72 years) who comprised 1 subject with short stature, 1 subject with Klippel-Trenaunay-Weber syndrome and 43 subjects with normal growth. RESULTS: In the 8-year-old and younger group (n=34), vascular canals were observed in 32 subjects (94%), whereas vascular canals were not observed in the 9-year-old and older group (n=11). Vascular canals were visualized as hyperechoic lines and dots. With Doppler US, blood flow in the vascular canals was observed in 20 of the 32 subjects (62.5%). Spectral Doppler analysis was possible in 15 subjects, in all of whom only arterial waveforms were observed. CONCLUSION: US was helpful to delineate the vascular canals and flow therein. The detection and evaluation of vascular canals and blood flow therein may prove useful in understanding growth.     

彩色多普勒超声诊断肾血管平滑肌脂肪瘤的临床价值(附30例分析)

目的 :探讨彩色多普勒超声在诊断肾血管平滑肌脂肪瘤 (RAL)中的应用价值。方法 :应用二维超声、彩色多普勒血流图 (CDFI) ,彩色多普勒血流图 (PDI) ,结合脉冲多普勒频谱对 30例肾血管平滑肌脂肪瘤进行研究。结果 :CDFI对RAL内血流显示率 36 % ,PDI对RAL血流显示率 92 %。RAL血流呈低速高阻型。阻力指数 (RI) >0 .6 (91.3% )、动脉峰速 ≤5 5cm/s(86 .96 % )。结论 :CDFI、PDI对RAL的诊断有重要价值。     

下肢动脉硬化性闭塞症的超声诊断分析(附89例报告)

目的:探讨双功能彩色多普勒超声在诊断下肢动脉硬化症中的应用价值。方法:回顾性地分析了89例下肢动脉硬化性栓塞病例的二维超声图像及彩色多普勒血流显像改变。结果:二维超声图像上表现为病变血管内中膜呈不规则增厚,局部呈强回声斑显示,并向血管腔内突起,血管腔内径呈不规则狭窄,病变段血管腔内可见实性光团充填,彩色多普勒血流显像显示血管腔内未见血流信号显示。结论:双功能超声对下肢动脉硬化闭塞症的诊断具有很高的灵敏性和准确性。     

经颅多普勒与彩色多普勒超声对锁骨下动脉盗血综合征的诊断价值

目的:探讨经颅多普勒(TCD)与彩色多普勒超声对锁骨下动脉盗血综合征(SSS)的诊断价值。方法:应用彩色多普勒超声检测32例SSS患者的椎动脉颅外段、颈动脉、锁骨下动脉(SubA)、无名动脉的彩色血流形态,内-中膜厚度及狭窄程度;TCD检测椎动脉颅内段与基底动脉血流方向及频谱的改变。结果:32例中SubA中度狭窄11例,重度狭窄12例,闭塞9例。TCD检查Ⅰ期盗血11例(34%);Ⅱ期盗血11例(34%);Ⅲ期盗血10例(32%)。结论:彩色多普勒超声与TCD联合应用,通过对SubA及无名动脉的内-中膜厚度、狭窄程度及椎-基底动脉频谱形态的测量,有利于对SSS病因及程度的诊断。     

彩色多普勒超声对治疗移植肾急性排斥反应的监测价值

目的探讨彩色多普勒超声在移植肾急性排斥反应治疗过程中的监测价值。方法回顾性分析41例急性排斥的移植肾患者治疗前后不同时间点彩色多普勒超声特点及血肌酐水平,对比不同时间点移植肾叶间动脉RI及血肌酐水平的差异,分析治疗前叶间动脉RI与治疗后1个月血肌酐水平的相关性。结果移植肾急性排斥反应发生时及逆转后声像图表现及彩色多普勒超声测值存在差异,治疗后第3天开始彩色多普勒超声图像及血流参数变化与治疗前对比差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）,治疗后第5天开始血肌酐与治疗前对比差异有统计学意义（P〈O．05）,治疗前叶间动脉RI与治疗效果具有较好的相关性。结论彩色多普勒超声可用于移植肾急性排斥反应的诊断及治疗效果评估,发生移植肾急性排斥反应时,彩色多普勒超声图像及血流参数变化早于血肌酐变化,治疗前叶间动脉RI与治疗效果具有很好的相关性。     

高频彩色多普勒超声评价不同海拔人群血流介导血管舒张功能

目的：应用彩色多普勒超声的方法评价不同海拔高度的血管内皮功能。方法：根据海拔高度不同,将716例分为A组（405例,1 500-2 900 m）及B组（311例,3000-3 800 m）。采用探头频率为7-12 MHz的便携式彩色多普勒超声诊断仪,在肱动脉反应性充血前后,分别检测其动脉内径、血流速度、血流量、阻力指数（RI）、心率及血流介导血管舒张百分数（FMD）。结果：二组间肱动脉检测数据存在较大差异。与A组相比,B组在反应性充血后,血管内径变窄,血流量减少,FMD降低。两组间海拔高度与FMD之间存在明显相关性（r=0.11,P〈0.01）。结论：不同海拔高度影响血管内皮功能,尤其在高海拔低氧环境下,这可能与高原心血管疾病的发生有关。     

Post-biopsy arteriovenous fistulas of the native kidneys diagnosed by Doppler US

Two patients with arteriovenous fistulas of the native kidney occurring after needle biopsy were evaluated using duplex and color Doppler ultrasonography. The first patient had a fistula with associated pseudoaneurysm: color Doppler showed the lesion as a small rounded area with whirling flow; spectral analysis allowed recognition of both the afferent artery with low impedance flow and the draining vein with pulsatile, arterialized flow. The second patient had a normal color Doppler study; however, spectral analysis demonstrated signals with low vascular impedance from an intra-parenchymal artery at the lower pole, and a jet of turbulent flow. Following disappearance of clinical findings, such Doppler abnormalities were no longer detectable. When a iatrogenic arteriovenous fistula is considered on clinical grounds, both color and Doppler spectral analysis of waveforms from intra-parenchymal vessels should be performed. Possibly, further advances in color Doppler technology will permit the use of this examination as the first imaging procedure in these clinical situations.Correspondence to: L. E. Derchi     

Color Doppler sonography in the evaluation of erectile dysfunction.

Color Doppler sonography can be useful in the evaluation of erectile dysfunction, which can result from psychogenic, endocrinologic, neurogenic, pharmacologic, and vasogenic causes. It is used to determine the integrity of the vascular mechanism. After an intracavernosal injection of a vasodilatory agent, color Doppler sonography is performed to evaluate cavernosal arteries and dorsal vessels. Color flow imaging allows direct visualization of intrapenile anatomy, vascular variants, and disease. It is also helpful in demonstrating transitions in cavernosal and dorsal blood flow. Color Doppler sonography is combined with spectral interrogation of the cavernosal arteries and dorsal veins to help determine peak systolic and end-diastolic velocities. Cavernosal artery size and systolic velocities help diagnose arterial insufficiency. Recent work on cavernosal artery diastolic flow and dorsal vein flow has indicated that color Doppler sonography, when correlated with cavernosographic findings, may be helpful in diagnosing venous incompetence. Temporal variations in transitions in cavernosal artery and dorsal vein flow during various stages of erection are important in the accurate diagnosis of vasogenic impotence.     

Color-Doppler echography of the testis. Study technique and vascular anatomy]

Color-Doppler sonography has recently made it possible to image scrotal vascularity non-invasively. This study was undertaken to determine the normal color-Doppler appearance and distribution of scrotal vessels and to define the technical principles of the examination. Color-Doppler imaging was effective in detecting both funicolar and testicular vessels. Among these, capsular (25/25), trans-testicular (10/25), centripetal and recurrent (25/25) arteries were easily identified. Waveforms analysis allowed to differentiate veins from arteries within testis and to distinguish (8/10) supratesticular (high impedance pattern with absent diastolic flow) from intratesticular arteries (low impedance pattern with high levels of diastolic flow). The optimal color depiction of scrotal vascularity needed the appropriate selection of several imaging parameters to increase detection of low-velocity, low-volume flows within the small testicular vessels. Such parameters included: PRF (ranging 1500 to 600 Hz), wall filters (ranging 25 to 50 Hz), color gain (maximized for optimal sensitivity while avoiding excessive color noise), color vs. echo priority (ranging 70 to 90%) and color persistence (adjusted to high values). In conclusion, color-Doppler imaging is capable of reliably showing the normal anatomy of testicular vessels. It could make a reliable substitute for scintigraphy and continuous wave Doppler in diagnosing scrotal conditions that alter blood flow.     

彩色多普勒超声对睾丸肿瘤的诊断价值

目的：总结51例睾丸肿瘤的声像图特征。探讨超声对睾丸肿瘤的诊断价值。方法：分析51例经手术后病理证实的睾丸肿瘤的二维及彩色多普勒超声特征。结果：51例睾丸肿瘤中。恶性肿瘤36例(70．58％)，良性肿瘤15例(29．41％)。36例恶性肿瘤中。精原细胞瘤18例(35．29％)，恶性淋巴瘤6例(11．76％)，胚胎瘤、恶性畸胎瘤及内胚窦瘤各3例(各占5．88％)，卵黄囊瘤、间质细胞瘤及胚胎性横纹肌肉瘤各1例(各占1．96％)。15例良性肿瘤中。畸胎瘤8例(15．69％)，皮样囊肿4例(7．84％)，毛细血管瘤2例(3．92％)，良性增生1例(1．96％)。肿瘤呈不均匀等回声或略低回声。部分有散在高回声，其边界清楚。恶性肿瘤血流丰富，良性肿瘤的血流与正常睾丸组织无明显差异。结论：超声检查对皋丸肿瘤的诊断及鉴别很高的价值，能为临床诊断及治疗提供可靠信息。