外科治疗感染性心内膜炎

目的总结56例外科治疗感染性心内膜炎（IE）的经验。方法全组56例，男性43例，女性13例，年龄10-75岁，病史5d至8个月，平均1．3个月。临床表现均有程度不等的发热、心悸、气急等症状，其中急性心衰伴进行性加重不能控制者19例、脾肿大及皮肤出血18例、持续高热不退者15例、动脉栓塞者7例、传导阻滞者4例、血培养阳性者15例。全组均在体外循环下施行心内直视手术，其中左房室瓣置换24例、双瓣膜置换19例、主动脉瓣置换7例、右房室瓣成形3例、右房室瓣置换2例、Bentall手术1例，同期矫治合并其他心血管畸形8例。急诊手术占34％（19／56）。结果早期死亡4例（7．2％），其中3例为低心排综合征，1例为人工瓣膜感染性心内膜炎；晚期死亡2例。长期存活50例，心功能均为Ⅰ～Ⅱ级。结论对IE应积极手术治疗，尤其需要在血流动力学及瓣膜条件恶化前手术；急性心衰伴进行性加重不能控制者外科治疗仍有较理想手术疗效。     

感染性心内膜炎外科治疗效果回顾

目的 回顾性分析感染性心内膜炎治疗细节及临床转归,总结感染性心内膜炎的治疗经验,总结各种具体治疗方案的近期临床效果。方法 回顾性分析2010-2018年成都市第三人民医院心脏大血管外科收治的准备行外科手术的感染性心内膜炎患者84例,其中男性53例、女性31例,年龄16~76岁。A组61例,完成4周抗感染疗程,并完成手术。B组23例：未完成4周抗感染组（B1组：急诊或亚临床急诊手术组19例,未完成术前4周抗感染,完成手术者;B2组：术前死亡4例,未行手术者）;分析各组患者治疗及预后情况。结果 （1）全组血培养阳性率为32.1%,A组血培养阳性率（26.2%）低于B1（42.1%）、B2（75%）组,并有统计学意义（P<0.05）;A组以链球菌属最常见（50%）,B组细菌毒力较A组增加。（2）A组与B1组死亡率(3.28%,5.26%)无统计学差异。A组与B组死亡率(3.28%,21.7%)有统计学差异。（3）A组与B1组在ICU治疗时间(53小时,79小时）、并发症发生率（4.9%,10.52%）有统计学意义。补充[]。结论 ①感染性心内膜炎确诊后,如伴有瓣膜功能受损、心功能受损、赘生物形成、感染无法控制、近期发生的肢体栓塞者应急诊手术治疗,手术死亡风险可控。②精准、高强度、全覆盖式抗感染治疗为感染性心内膜抗感染治疗的模式。③对于感染性心内膜炎手术指征把握应该更加灵活,果断,手术治疗应更加积极。     

感染性心内膜炎的诊断与外科治疗

目的探讨感染性心内膜炎的诊断与外科治疗特点，分析术后近、中期效果。方法1995年1月至2007年6月期间52例感染性心内膜炎患者在我院接受手术治疗，通过对临床资料的分析，总结外科治疗经验。通过对门诊及电话随访资料的分析，总结手术后近、中期效果。结果术后早期死亡4例（7．7％），术后随访6个月至12年，出院患者死亡5例，生存患者中心功能Ⅱ级34例、Ⅲ级9例。结论早期明确诊断、选择合适的手术时机及内、外科综合治疗，是提高感染性心内膜炎治愈率的关键。     

Early surgical intervention for infective endocarditis

Infective endocarditis remains a serious and complex disease with significant morbidity and mortality. Sixty cases of infective endocarditis were retrospectively reviewed, consisting of 41 males and 19 females aged 7 to 50 years (mean, 30 years). Congenital heart disease was diagnosed in 19 of the patients and rheumatic heart disease in 41. Congestive heart failure occurred in 36 and systemic embolism in 8 cases. Blood cultures were positive in only 21.7% of the cases, while vegetations were detected by 2-dimensional echocardiography in 70%. Elective surgery was performed in 57 patients and emergent operation for systemic arterial embolization and/or intractable congestive heart failure in 3 patients. Two patients required reoperation for postoperative bleeding. All but 2 patients had been followed up for 6 to 160 months with no evidence of reinfection. Three patients with mechanical valve implantation later died of intracranial bleeding due to over-anticoagulation. The remaining 55 resumed normal activity. The encouraging outcomes were the result of an aggressive diagnostic approach and early surgical intervention.     

感染性心内膜炎161例手术治疗及诊断依据探讨

目的:探讨感染性心内膜炎的临床诊断依据,为感染性心内膜炎手术治疗提供临床参考。方法:回顾分析北京安贞医院心外九病区近10年来(2007年1月至2016年12月)手术治疗感染性心内膜炎患者临床资料(基本情况、血常规、肝肾功能、血培养、心电图、超声心动图、手术情况),以改良Duke标准为诊断依据。结果:161例患者中,术前有反复发热病史126例,占78.3%;术前行血培养149例,阳性率20.1%;术前超声发现瓣膜赘生物130例,阳性率80.7%。依照改良Duke标准,术前确诊8例,疑似诊断106例,另有47例患者为手术中证实。结论:超声心动图是感染性心内膜炎的重要诊断手段,重复多次检查有助于提高诊断阳性率;加强对感染性心内膜炎的认识、充分详实的病史采集、体格检查、以及实验室数据将有助于临床诊断率的提高。     

感染性心内膜炎手术治疗38例临床分析

目的：探讨感染性心内膜炎(IE)的临床特点，外科手术的时机，手术和围术期治疗方法及疗效。方法：回顾性分析自2000年1月～2013年12月我科手术治疗的38倒IE患者的临床资料。其中行主动脉瓣置换术3例，二尖瓣置换术18例，二尖瓣成形术2例，三尖瓣置换术1例，三尖瓣成形术1例，室间隔缺损修补术7例，动脉导管结扎术1例,动脉导管切开缝合术1例，佛氏窦瘤破裂切除修补1例， BENTELL手术3例。所有患者均经外科手术清除感染病灶及赘生物，并纠治瓣膜病变和心脏畸形，术前术后应用大剂量敏感抗生素。结果：术后死亡1例，为主动脉瓣机械瓣膜置换术后严重低心排，1例二尖瓣置换术后2周复查心脏彩超发现轻中度瓣周漏，生存的34例患者术后随访心功能较前改善。结论：外科手术是治疗IE的有效手段，充分的术前准备、准确把握手术时机，足够疗程的抗感染治疗是提高手术成功率的关键。     

Endovascular treatment of intracerebral mycotic aneurysm before surgical treatment of infective endocarditis

Mycotic aneurysms are rarely seen in patients who have infective endocarditis, and the management of these patients remains controversial. We present the case of a patient who had infective endocarditis complicated by a mycotic aneurysm of the left middle cerebral artery. There was substantial mitral regurgitation, and Streptococcus viridans was isolated from the blood samples. Dysarthria appeared during the 4th week of the antibiotic therapy, but resolved completely 8 hours after onset. The left middle cerebral artery was embolized with platinum detachable coils. On the 7th day after the radiologic intervention, the native mitral valve was replaced with a 33-mm St. Jude Medical bi-leaflet mechanical mitral prosthesis. Most mycotic aneurysms show notable regression of symptoms with effective antibiotic treatment, and a very few may diminish in size. However it is impossible to predict the response of these aneurysms to therapy. To prevent the perioperative rupture of mycotic aneurysms and intracranial hemorrhage, priority should be given to endovascular interventions to treat cerebrovascular aneurysms in patients such as ours.     

Timing and indications for surgical intervention in infective endocarditis

This paper reviews current knowledge on the indications for and timing of cardiac surgery in patients with infective endocarditis. The main indications for surgery are haemodynamic compromise, persisting infection, peripheral embolisation, large size of vegetations, large valvular and paravalvular damage and infections caused by certain microorganisms.     

161例感染性心内膜炎手术治疗临床分析

目的:探讨感染性心内膜炎的临床特征,为感染性心内膜炎手术治疗提供临床参考。 方法:采集2007年1月至2016年12月,北京安贞医院心外九病区161例手术治疗感染性心内膜炎患者临床资料,以术后30天内死亡、再次瓣膜手术、脑血管事件、多脏器衰竭及应用体外膜肺氧合(ECMO)、主动脉球囊反搏(IABP)、连续性肾脏替代疗法(CRRT)做为术后严重不良事件,将患者分为严重不良事件组、无严重不良事件组,分析两组之间指标差异,并以Logistic回归分析筛选相关危险因素。 结果:161例患者中,死亡4例,占2.5%;严重不良事件组22例,无严重不良事件组139例,两组在血白蛋白、肌酐、射血分数、住院时间、体外循环时间、主动脉阻断时间、ICU时间、呼吸机时间,差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）;多因素Logistic回归显示：体外循环时间、主动脉阻断时间和ICU时间是影响预后的危险因素。 结论:心脏手术是感染性心内膜炎的有效治疗手段,筛选合适患者并减少手术时间将有利于患者预后。     

Surgical treatment of infective endocarditis

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study is to determine the surgical indication in the treatment of infective endocarditis. SETTING: Retrospective study in a tertiary care--Wessex Cardiothoracic--Centre. SUBJECTS AND DESIGN: Case records of patients admitted with infective endocarditis for surgical treatment between 1984 to 1994 at Wessex Cardiothoracic Centre were analysed. This analysis includes the age, sex, microbiology results, risk factors, surgical indication and early results. RESULTS: A total of 123 patients was admitted with bacterial endocarditis treated surgically since 1984. The mean age was 51.9 years with male:female ratio of 3:1. The most common causative organism was streptococcus (63%) and staphylococcus (30%). Native valve endocarditis occurred in 111 patients, affecting the aortic, mitral, combined aortic and mitral valve in 69%, 33%, and 8% of cases, respectively. Late prosthetic valve endocarditis occurred in 12 patients. The most common indication for surgery was heart failure (84%), uncontrolled sepsis (8%), and recurrent endocarditis (2.5%). Hospital mortality was 1.6%. Complete heart block and cerebrovascular accident developed in 4% and 2.4%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Heart failure is the main indication for surgery. Valve replacement with mechanical prosthesis is a safe procedure with a low rate of mortality and complication.     

感染性心内膜炎的外科治疗

目的:总结53例感染性心内膜炎的诊断、手术时机和治疗方法以及效果。方法:回顾性分析2003年1月～2007年5月接受感染性心内膜炎手术治疗患者53例的临床资料。以发热为主就诊者19例;术前心功能不全(NYHAⅢ级或Ⅳ级)22例;脑栓塞3例;肺栓塞并肺炎2例;血培养阳性者8例(15.1%),多为革蓝氏阳性菌;超声证实心内赘生物形成者51例。所有患者均在体外循环下,进行赘生物清除及原发心脏病矫正手术。术后继续使用抗生素治疗2～6周。结果:52例患者均痊愈出院。1例患者术后1个月复发,再手术后痊愈。所有病例随访3个月恢复良好。结论:感染性心内膜炎应做到早诊断、早治疗,对于无法控制的感染和难以纠正的心力衰竭以及反复发生体动脉栓塞患者要及时采用手术治疗,同时加强围手术期处理,可明显提高感染性心内膜炎的治愈率,降低死亡率。     

Results of a prospective statewide reporting system for infective endocarditis

To better understand the microbiology, anatomy, and demography of infectious endocarditis, we devised a prospective statewide reporting system to study these infections. Because our study design required accurate diagnosis, reliable case reporting, and a high probability of physician-to-case exposure, we enlisted the help of cardiologists, cardiovascular surgeons, and infectious disease specialists throughout Louisiana. All Louisiana members of the American College of Cardiology and the Infectious Diseases Society of America were invited to participate. Participants were supplied with a brief endocarditis report form and asked to complete the form as they saw patients with infective endocarditis. Seventy-five patients with infective endocarditis were reported for a case rate of 1.7 per 100,000 persons per year. This report analyzes the results from this one-year study.     

Superiority of surgical versus medical treatment in patients with Staphylococcus aureus infective endocarditis

BACKGROUND: We present here the clinical features and outcome of 54 patients affected by a Staphylococcus aureus infective endocarditis at the Amiens hospital between 1990 and 2000. The patients operated-on, group A (20 patients), were compared to the population of patients treated by exclusive antibiotherapy, group B (34 patients). PATIENTS AND METHOD: The male gender predominated with a sex ratio of 2.6. The mean age of the global population was 58.7+/-1.6 years. Time between onset of endocarditis symptoms and treatment (entire group) ranged from 1 to 120 days (mean 14.4 days). The main portal of entry were, respectively, for group A and group B: cutaneous 55% and 44.1%; intravascular material 5% and 8.8%; and rhinopharynx 5% and 8.8%. Seventy-five percent of the Staphylococcus aureus isolated were Methi-S. The main surgical treatment indication were: hemodynamic failure (HF) (30%), unstable infection with collapse (UI) (30%), UI+HF (10%), voluminous vegetation (20%) and embolism event (10%). RESULTS: The hospital mortality rate were respectively for the entire group, group A and group B: 25%, 35% and to 41% (ns). For group A, the operative mortality was lower(21%) after the first week. The actuarial survival rate (Kaplan-Meier) after 24 months was 54./+/-6.9% for the global population and 74+/-10.6% for group A and 43+/-8.5 for group B (p<0.001). The multivariate analysis finds severe sepsis and index of comorbidity as independent factors related to the global late mortality and, respectively, the age and the severe sepsis for group A, and the cardiac insufficiency for group B. CONCLUSION: The surgical treatment seems to be the best way to improve the results after Staphylococcus aureus endocarditis. The severity of the sepsis remains the most severe prognostic element, whatever the treatment adopted may be.     

重症感染性心内膜炎的外科治疗

目的 评价重症感染性心内膜炎手术治疗效果.方法 回顾性分析2003年1月至2007年6月手术治疗的复杂性心内膜炎患者33例临床资料,均为原发性心内膜炎,其中感染侵犯二尖瓣16例、主动脉瓣11例、二尖瓣和主动脉瓣6例.术中发现瓣叶严重毁损27例、主动脉瓣周脓肿1例、均有瓣膜赘生物形成.脓肿清除后遗留残腔采用间断褥式缝合1例、主动脉瓣替换术11例,二尖瓣替换术16例,主动脉瓣及二尖瓣双瓣替换术6例.结果 早期无死亡,术后3个月心功能(NYHA分级)恢复Ⅰ级33%(11/33)、Ⅱ级66%(22/33).结论 重症心内膜炎瓣膜及瓣环受损重,积极手术,彻底清除赘生物,病灶创面的恰当处理是影响手术本身能否成功以及术后近期效果的关键.     

Identification of abscess formation in native-valve infective endocarditis using transesophageal echocardiography: implications for surgical treatment.

The object of the study was to follow patients with endocarditis-associated abscesses in order to evaluate the clinical outcome with and without surgical intervention. Transesophageal echocardiography successfully displayed the location and extent of abscess cavities in 14 patients (group A) with aortic valve endocarditis. The infective process was limited to the perivalvular tissue in two, extended into the ascending aorta in six, and included the interventricular septum, the right ventricular outflow tract, interatrial septum, and/or mitral valve annulus in six patients. The complication rate was significantly higher in group A than in group B, which consisted of 27 patients with proven signs of endocarditis but without endocarditis-associated abscesses. The complication rates were embolic events 64.3% in group A vs 29.6% in group B, need for surgery in 64.3% vs 18.5%, and death in 50.0% vs 3.7%, respectively. The duration of fever--as a marker of an active infective process--before diagnosis and the onset of adequate treatment was significantly higher in group A than in group B (46.7 +/- 8.4 days vs 7.7 +/- 2.6 days). Organisms were isolated in 71.4% in group A and in all patients of group B. Streptococcal infections were noted in A in 54.5% vs 44.4% in B., staphylococcal in 27.3% vs 40.7%. Initial surgical repair in 9 of 14 patients in A (64.3%) included nine aortic valve and one mitral valve prosthesis implantations, two aortic valve-annulus reconstructive procedures, one dacron patch closure, and three partial resections of the aorta ascendens with end-to-end anastomosis.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Swedish guidelines for diagnosis and treatment of infective endocarditis

Swedish guidelines for diagnosis and treatment of infective endocarditis (IE) by consensus of experts are based on clinical experience and reports from the literature. Recommendations are evidence based. For diagnosis 3 blood cultures should be drawn; chest X-ray, electrocardiogram, and echocardiography preferably transoesophageal should be carried out. Blood cultures should be kept for 5 d and precede intravenous antibiotic therapy. In patients with native valves and suspicion of staphylococcal aetiology, cloxacillin and gentamicin should be given as empirical treatment. If non-staphylococcal etiology is most probable, penicillin G and gentamicin treatment should be started. In patients with prosthetic valves treatment with vancomycin, gentamicin and rifampicin is recommended. Patients with blood culture negative IE are recommended penicillin G (changed to cefuroxime in treatment failure) and gentamicin for native valve IE and vancomycin, gentamicin and rifampicin for prosthetic valve IE, respectively. Isolates of viridans group streptococci and enterococci should be subtyped and MIC should be determined for penicillin G and aminoglycosides. Antibiotic treatment should be chosen according to sensitivity pattern given 2-6 weeks intravenously. Cardiac valve surgery should be considered early, especially in patients with left-sided IE and/or prosthetic heart valves. Absolute indications for surgery are severe heart failure, paravalvular abscess, lack of response to antibiotic therapy, unstable prosthesis and multiple embolies. Follow-up echocardiography should be performed on clinical indications.