放射介入加肠腔架桥联合门奇断流术治疗布—加综合征

目的 评价下腔静脉放射介入加肠腔Ｃ型架桥联合门奇断流术对布－加综合征的治疗效果。方法 对１９９５年７月至１９９８年１２月收治的１０例下腔静脉及主肝静脉完倒闭和塞、又无扩张代偿的副肝静脉的１０例病人，行经皮腔下腔静脉球囊导管扩张内支架术后，再行肠系膜上静脉下腔静脉人工血管Ｃ型架桥联合门奇断流术（联合手术）。结果 下腔静脉压力由１．５７～２．７ｋＰａ（１６～２８ｃｍＨ２Ｏ）降至０．７８～１．４７ｋＰａ     

贲门周围血管离断加肠腔静脉侧侧分流术治疗门静脉高压症

目的防止肝硬变门静脉高压症患者术后再出血,保持门静脉向肝血供,降低肝性脑病发生率。方法对３７例门静脉高压症患者施行了联合断流加肠腔静脉分流手术,即贲门周围血管离断后,肠系膜上静脉与下腔静脉采用直接侧侧吻合。结果本组手术成功率１００％。术后自由门静脉压（ＦＰＰ）３１６±０５８ｋＰａ,较术前３９１±０６４ｋＰａ明显降低,差异有极显著性意义（Ｐ＜００１）。术后随访５～２２个月,所有患者肝功能均有不同程度恢复,其中１２例肝功能Ⅲ级的患者,有５例恢复到Ⅰ级、７例恢复到Ⅱ级、无１例发生肝性脑病及再出血。腹水消失率１００％,食管胃底静脉曲张改善消失率８２９％。结论断流分流联合应用,既能保持一定的门静脉压力及门静脉肝脏血供,又能疏通门静脉系统的高血流状态,是一种较理想的治疗门静脉高压症的手术方法     

脾肾分流加贲门周围血管离断术治疗门脉高压症：附8例报告

从１９９１年９月～１９９２年４月共为８例病人进行了脾肾分流加贲门周围血管离断术，８例均为男性，年龄１８～４１ａ，平均３２．２ａ．本组８例肝功Ｃｈｉｌｄ分级均Ａ级，术前脉冲多普勒Ｂ超检查门静脉向肝血流量７４７～１３２０ｍｌ·ｍｉｎ－１．平均１０５０ｍｌ·ｍｉｎ－１．术中测ＦＰＰ为３．５～４．２ｋＰａ，平均３．８ｋＰａ．切脾后门静脉压为２．５～３．５ｋＰａ，平均２．９ｋＰａ，分流和断流后门静脉压２．５～３．５ｋＰａ．平均２．８ｋＰａ．全组病例随访２４～４２ｍｏｎ，８例均能参加正常工作．除１例有轻食道静脉曲张外，其余７例食道静脉曲张均消失，多普勒Ｂ超检查脾肾吻合口均通畅．     

脾肾分流加门奇断流联合术治疗门静脉高压症的远期疗效

目的评价门静脉高压症采用脾肾分流加门奇断流联合术治疗门静脉高压症的长期效果。方法回顾性总结了１９年采用脾肾分流加门奇断流联合术治疗门静脉高压症１４０例，并通过手术前后采用彩色多普勒显像、数字减影血管造影和术中测ＦＰＰ观察门静脉系血流动力学变化。结果临床疗效满意。手术病死率为３６％，术后近期无１例出血，远期再出血率为８３％，术后肝性脑病发生率为５０％，术后５、１０和１５年生存率分别为８３３６％、６４５％和５４５％。术后ＦＰＰ和ＰＶＦ降低有显著意义（Ｐ＜００１）。术后ＦＰＰ平均保持在３２±０４ｋＰａ。结论脾肾分流加门奇断流联合术既保留了分流术和断流术二者的优点，又克服了二者的缺点，是一种合理而可行的术式。     

~（99m）Tc－MIBI显像用于诊断门静脉高压症的实验研究

作者通过实验性肝硬变大鼠心、肝对￣（９９ｍ）Ｔｃ－ＭＩＢＩ（￣（９９ｍ）Ｔｃ－甲氧基异腈）的显像考察了其诊断门静脉高压症的价值。经直肠或结肠中静脉注入￣（９９ｍ）Ｔｃ－ＭＩＢＩ后定时行心、肝区γ－摄像，由此求得心／肝比（Ｎ／Ｌ）和分流指数（ＳＩ）。结果显示，肝硬变鼠的Ｈ／Ｌ。明显高于正常鼠；直肠给药时Ｈ／Ｌ与自由门静脉压力（ＦＰＰ）的相关性较结肠中静脉给药时为好，说明经直肠给药是可靠的。经直肠给药的肝硬变鼠的Ｈ／Ｌ与ＦＰＰ呈正相关（γ＝０．８３，Ｐ＜０．０１），由回归方程ＦＰＰ（ｋＰａ）＝０．２４＋４．０６（Ｈ／Ｌ）推算的肝硬变大鼠的门静脉压力与实测的ＦＰＰ有良好的相关性（γ＝０．８５，ｐ＜０．０１），表明该方法可用于肝硬变时门静脉压力的预测。     

门腔静脉人工血管搭桥分流术治疗门静脉高压症

目的观察用门腔静脉间人工血管搭桥分流术治疗门静脉高压症患者的临床疗效,并与传统的门体分流术比较。方法采用带外支撑环的８ｍｍ口径聚四氟乙烯（ＧｏｒｅＴｅｘ）薄壁人工血管行门腔静脉间搭桥分流术,所用人工血管长度为２～３ｃｍ,共治疗２０例患者。结果搭桥分流术后门静脉压力下降幅度与同期１７例脾肾静脉分流术及１１例门腔静脉侧侧分流术相比差异无显著意义（０８３±０３１ｋＰａ,０８１±０５０ｋＰａ及１０２±０４５ｋＰａ,Ｐ＞００５）。三组患者全部获得随访,平均随访时间为１５～２８个月,手术死亡率及再出血率没有差别,但搭桥分流组术后脑病发生率显著低于门腔侧侧分流组（５０％及３６４％,Ｐ＜００５）。２０例患者术后近期均经下腔静脉行门静脉造影,人工血管通畅率为９５％,出院后１９例患者均经一次以上Ｂ超检查,随访已超过１５个月,人工血管均通畅。结论门腔静脉间小口径人工血管搭桥分流术对患者创伤小,操作简便,术后脑病发生率低,疗效比较确切     

断流加分流联合术的门静脉血流动力学变化与临床疗效

目的：前瞻性分析门奇静脉断流加脾肾静脉分流术（联合手术）和断流术后的门静脉血流动力学变化与临床疗效。方 法：彩色多普勒超声监测各手术组门静脉系统血流动力学变化,随访临床疗效。结果：联合手术组ＰＶＤ术后平均下降０．２０ ｃｍ（１５．８７％）、ＰＶＦ平均下降２８８．２９ｍｌ／ｍｉｎ（４１．１５％）,ＦＰＰ平均Ｆ降０．６６ｋＰａ（１７.４１％）;断流组ＰＶＤ平均下降０．１３ｃｍ（９．２９％）, ＰＶＦ平均下降２００．７０ｍｌ／ｍｉｎ（３０．３５％）,ＦＰＰ平均下降０．３８ｋＰａ（１０．５６％）;联合手术组与断流组比较ＰＶＤ有明显差异（Ｐ＜ ０．０１）。再出血率分别为２.９％和１３．８％（Ｐ＜０.０５）,肝性脑病率分别为５．７％和３.５％（Ｐ＜０．０５）。结论：联合手术组的门静脉血 流动力学变化及临床疗效优于断流组。     

近段胃壁内外双重断流术治疗门脉高压症出血

对６７例门脉高压症出血患者施行断流术，其中近段胃壁内外双重断流术４６例，近段胃周围单纯断流术２１例，全组无手术死亡。远期再出血率分别为０％及１４．３％。断流术后自由门脉压平均上升０．４４ｋＰａ，０．２８ｋＰａ。结果表明，近段胃壁内外双重断流彻底，疗效优于单纯胃外断流组     

门静脉高压症脾厚度与门静脉血流动力学间的关系

通过门静脉高压症的脾脏厚度与门静脉系统血流动力学指标间的相关性分析发现：脾脏厚度与门静脉主干内径、脾静脉内径、脾静脉血流量及切脾后自由门静脉压（ＦＰＰ）呈正相关，与门静脉主干的血流时间平均速度呈负相关，差异有显著性意义（Ｐ〈０．０５）或有非常显著性意义（Ｐ〈０．０１）。说明脾脏越大门静脉系统的高阻力、高动力血流状态越严重，切脾后ＦＰＰ值较切脾前ＦＰＰ值显著降低（Ｐ〈０．０１）。离断术后ＦＰＰ值又升     

挤压法治疗断指再植术后静脉危象的实验和临床应用

为探索快速、有力、短时地挤压再植指体对治疗静脉危象的效果，选用２０只ＳＤ鼠，测定在模拟正常、静脉危象和挤压法实施瞬刻三种不同条件下鼠股静脉压。１０只人体离体断指在模拟灌注条件下，测量开放静脉、关闭静脉和关闭静脉并实施挤压三种状态下指背静脉压的变化。结果，ＳＤ鼠上述条件下的股静脉压分别为（８．３３±１．２９）×１０－２ｋＰａ，（２０．６１±２．３４）×１０－２ｋＰａ，（７３．９１±５．７４）×１０－２ｋＰａ；离体灌注指上述状态下指背静脉压分别为（１．３２±０．１７）ｋＰａ，（４．２９±０．４８）ｋＰａ，（１６．８８±５．２５）ｋＰａ。在临床２５例３５指４３次静脉危象处理中，挤压法成功地治疗２１例３０指３９次静脉危象。认为，挤压法是治疗断指再植术后静脉危象值得尝试的疗法。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.