大鼠下丘脑催产素样和加压素样神经元与5—羟色胺及儿苯酚胺能传入纤维…

用免疫组织化学ＡＢＣ双标记法，显示下丘脑各神经分泌核区中催产素样免疫反庆，加压素样免疫反就神经元及５－羟色胺样免疫反应和儿茶酚胺能，即酷胺酸羟化酶免疫瓜纤维末梢，对这两种单胺能纤维末梢在视上核，室旁核及各种神经分泌副核中的分布，与ＯＴ－ｌｉ和ＶＰ－ｌｉ神经元相关的特点及异同加以分析。结果显示，５－ＨＴ－ｌｉ纤维未梢在下丘脑视上核、室旁核及各神经分泌副核中，与ＯＴ－ｌｉ及ＶＰ－ｌｉ神经元相接触，并在     

突触体素、S—100蛋白和神经特异性烯醇化酶免疫反应神经纤维在人免疫器官的分布

目的：探讨人免疫器官突触体素、S－100蛋白和神经特异性烯醇化酶（NSE）免疫反应神经纤维的支配和免疫反应细胞的分布，为神经内分泌和免疫系统相互作用提供形态学资料。方法：应用免疫组织化学ABC法观察正常免疫器官包括胸腺、脾脏、淋巴结各30例。10％ 福尔马林固定，石蜡包埋。结果：胸腺，突触体素、S－100蛋白和NSE免疫反应神经众胸腺被膜随小叶间隔和血管胸腺皮质，再延伸到髓质形成神经纤维网，在胸腺组织散在分布突触体素、S－100蛋白和NSE免疫反应细胞。淋巴结，免疫反应神经纤维沿被膜和门部结缔组织小梁及血管进入皮质后主要分布于副皮质区环绕淋巴滤泡，进一步分支到达髓质。在髓质髓窦内有NSE免疫反应细胞。脾脏，免疫反应神经纤维沿着血管的各级分支进入脾实质，主要沿着脾动脉的分支而分布在白髓、红髓和边缘区，穿插于淋巴细胞之间。结论：在人免疫器官可能在神经内分泌免疫相互作用和调控。     

蛇胸腺的神经内分沁细胞

为了进一步了解蛇胸腺实质组织的内分泌特性，用１６种激素和神经递质的抗血清对其进行了免疫组织化学观察。结果显示，蛇胸腺含有一些呈ＣＣＫ、ＣＲＦ、Ｅｎｄ、Ｇａｓ、Ｇｌｕ、ＧＲＰ、５－ＨＴ、Ｍｏｔ、Ｎｅｕ和ＳＳ免疫反应的细胞，其中以ＣＣＫ、ＣＲＦ、５－ＨＴ、Ｇａｓ、Ｍｏｔ和ＳＳ反应较强，ＣＣＫ、ＣＲＦ、５－ＴＨ和Ｇａｓ阳性细胞较多。这类细胞形态结构与胸腺上皮细胞明显不同，而与弥散神经内分泌细胞相似。这表明蛇胸腺实质中存在一类具有神经内分泌特性的细胞，应属于弥散神经内分泌系统。     

大鼠神经垂体内后叶加压素神经分泌末梢的GABA能神经支配的免疫电镜证实

为了探讨神经垂体内后叶加压素（ＶＰ）释放的γ－氨基丁酸（ＧＡＢＡ）能神经调控，本研究用包埋前ＡＢＣ法结合免疫电镜双标技术，研究了大鼠神经垂体内ＶＰ能神经和ＧＡＢＡ能神经的超微结构分布及其相互联系。先用ＤＡＢ法显示ＧＡＢＡ免疫反应，然后用钼酸铵－ＴＭＢ法显示ＶＰ免疫反应，再用ＤＡＢ－氯化钴稳定后作免疫电镜包埋。电镜观察发现：在神经垂体内ＧＡＢＡ样免疫反应产物呈电子密度高的颗粒状沉淀，定位于神经末梢内的小清亮羹泡周围和线粒体膜上；ＶＰ样免疫反应产物呈电子密度高的不规则形块状或针状散在于神经分泌末梢内。ＧＡＢＡ样神经末梢分布于神经分泌末梢之间或紧贴毛细血管和垂体细胞，可与神经分泌末梢紧密接触甚至形成突触。ＶＰ样神经分泌末梢内含小透亮囊泡和大颗粒囊泡，并可与ＧＡＢＡ样轴突末梢形成突触。在这种情况下，ＧＡＢＡ样轴突为突触前成分，突触前、后膜呈对称性，突触间隙宽度小于２０ｎｍ，内含电子致密物质。以上结果证实，在大鼠神经垂体内ＶＰ释放受到ＧＡＢＡ神经的直接突触调控。     

甲状腺乳头状癌的组织病理学和神经内分泌标记物的表达

目的：研究甲状腺乳头状癌的神经内分泌标记物的表达。方法：用免疫组化方法观察ＣｇＡ、５－ＨＴ、ＣＴ、ＡＣＴＨ、Ｓｙｎ、Ｐ物质在甲状腺乳头状癌的表达。结果：ＣｇＡ阳性１２例,Ｓｙｎ阳性８例,Ｐ物质阳性５例,ＣｇＡ、ＳＳ、５－ＨＴ同时阳性２例。ＣＴ,ＡＣＴＨ阳性各５例和３例。阳性细胞多为毛玻璃样核细胞。神经内分泌物质在甲状腺乳头状癌中可能发挥重要作用,毛玻璃样核细胞可能与神经内分泌细胞有关。     

豚鼠胃和小肠5—羟色胺及其受体免疫组织化学双标记研究

实验用邻片免疫组织化学双标记法，对豚鼠胃和小肠５－羟色胺（５－ＨＴ）及５－ＨＴ受体进行双标记研究。结果显示，胃底腺壁细胞，小肠的绒毛上皮细胞和小肠腺上皮细胞均呈５－ＨＴ受体阳性，５－ＨＴ阳性内分泌细胞散在分布于５－ＨＴ受体阳性的细胞间，一些５－ＨＴ阳性的内分泌细胞同样呈５－ＨＴ受体阳性。胃及小肠肌层的平滑肌细胞呈５－ＨＴ阴性反应但呈５－ＨＴ受体阳性反应，肌间神经丛的神经纤维呈５－ＨＴ阳性，神经元胞     

蛇胸腺的神经内分泌细胞

为了进一步了解蛇胸腺实质组织的内分泌特性，用１６种激素和神经递质的抗血清对其进行组织化学观察。结果显示，蛇胸腺含有一些呈ＣＣＫ、ＣＲＦ、Ｅｎｄ、Ｇａｓ、Ｇｌｕ、ＧＲＰ、５－ＨＴ、Ｍｏｔ，Ｎｅｕ和ＳＳ免疫反应的细胞，其中以ＣＣＫ、ＣＲＦ，５－ＨＴ、Ｇａｓ、Ｍｏｔ和ＳＳ反应较强，ＣＣＫ，ＣＲＦ、５－ＴＨ和Ｇａｓ阳性细胞较多。这类细胞形态结构与胸腺上皮细胞明显不同，而与弥散神经内分泌细胞相似。这表明蛇胸     

突触体素、S一100蛋白和神经特异性烯醇化酶免疫反应神经纤维在人免疫器官的分布

目的探讨人免疫器官突触体素、S-100蛋白和神经特异性烯醇化酶(NSE)免疫反应神经纤维的支配和免疫反应细胞的分布,为神经内分泌和免疫系统相互作用提供形态学资料.方法应用免疫组织化学ABC法观察正常免疫器官包括胸腺、脾脏、淋巴结各30例.10%福尔马林固定,石蜡包埋.结果胸腺,突触体素、S-100蛋白和NSE免疫反应神经纤维从胸腺被膜随小叶间隔和血管到胸腺皮质,再延伸到髓质形成神经纤维网,在胸腺组织散在分布突触体素、S-100蛋白和NSE免疫反应细胞.淋巴结,免疫反应神经纤维沿被膜和门部结缔组织小梁及血管进入皮质后主要分布于副皮质区环绕淋巴滤泡,进一步分支到达髓质.在髓质髓窦内有NSE免疫反应细胞.脾脏,免疫反应神经纤维沿着血管的各级分支进入脾实质,主要沿着脾动脉的分支而分布在白髓、红髓和边缘区,穿插于淋巴细胞之间.结论在人免疫器官可能存在神经内分泌免疫系统相互作用和调控.     

大鼠生后发育期间胃肠道生长抑素,5—羟色胺及胃泌素免疫反应细胞 …

本文用免疫组织化学ＰＡＰ法对正常Ｗｉｓｔａｒ大鼠生后发是胃肠道生长抑素（ＳＳ）５－羟色胺（５－ＨＴ）及胃泌素（Ｇａｓ）免疫反应（ＩＲ）细胞进行了定位研究和形态学观察。结果显示,ＳＳ－ＩＲ细胞于生后１ｄ已分布于胃肠各段。生后１ｄ－４５ｄ,胃窦部的ＳＳ－ＩＲ细胞随生后龄的增长而逐渐增多,而其余肠道的ＳＳ－ＩＲ细胞均以１８ｄ为最多;５－ＨＴ－ＩＲ细胞在生后发育期间可见于胃肠道各段,以十二指肠分布最为密集     

胚胎及新生大鼠胃肠道5-羟色胺及胃泌素免疫反应细胞的形态学研究

本研究用免疫组织化学ＰＡＰ法，较系统地观察了５－羟色胺、胃泌素免疫反应细胞在胚胎及新生大鼠胃肠道的个体发生及分布。结果表明：５－羟色胺免疫反应细胞最早见于第１９ｄ胚胎的小肠各段。胚胎第２１ｄ及新生期分布于胃肠道各段。５－羟色胺免疫反应细胞形态多样。胚胎期胃肠道中胃泌素免疫反应细胞也始见于第１９ｄ胚胎鼠的胃和小肠。胚胎第２１ｄ和新生期，胃泌素免疫反应细胞渐多，但也仅见于胃和小肠各段，结肠和直肠中未见胃泌素免疫反应细胞。本文对大鼠胃肠道两种免疫反应细胞在胚胎发育中的可能功能进行了讨论。     

人胎儿结肠及直肠内胰岛淀粉样多肽及5-羟色胺免疫反应细胞的研究

目的 探讨胰岛淀粉样多肽(IAPP)在人胎结肠、直肠中的个体发生及其与其他生物活性物质的关系。方法 用免疫组织化学SABC法，对31例9～27周人胎结肠及直肠中IAPP免疫反应(IR)细胞和5-羟色胺(5-HT)-IR细胞进行定位研究。结果 人胎9周结肠内已可见较多的5-HT-IR细胞，而IAPP-IR细胞于18周出现，直肠内5-HT-IR细胞和IAPP-IR细胞均于11周出现。随胎龄增长，5-HT-IR细胞由少至多，20周达到高峰，21周后逐渐减少；而IAPP-IR细胞在整个胎期始终分散存在，数量较少。经邻片比较观察发现，IAPP-IR细胞与部分5-HT-IR细胞定位一致。免疫组织化学双染法显示有的细胞内IAPP与5-HT共存。结论 胎儿期结肠及直肠的内分泌细胞已开始合成IAPP，并在部分细胞内IAPP和5-HT有共存。     

Changes in vasoactive intestinal peptide and arginine vasopressin expression in the suprachiasmatic nucleus of the rat brain following footshock stress

The neuropeptides, arginine vasopressin (AVP) and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) are synthesized by neurons of the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) of the hypothalamus and are important regulators of SCN function. Previous studies have demonstrated that acute exposure to stressors can disrupt circadian activity rhythms, suggesting the possibility of stress-related alterations in the expression of these neuropeptides within SCN neurons. In this study, we examined the effect of intermittent footshock stress on AVP mRNA and heterogeneous nuclear RNA (hnRNA) and VIP mRNA expression in neurons of the SCN. Young adult male Sprague/Dawley rats were subjected to 15 s of scrambled intermittent footshock (0.50 mA pulses, 1 pulse/s, 300 ms duration) every 5 min for 30 min. Animals were sacrificed 75 or 135 min after the onset of stress and brains examined for AVP mRNA and hnRNA, and VIP mRNA using in situ hybridization. Footshock stress increased AVP hnRNA levels at the 75 min time point whereas AVP mRNA was elevated at both the 75 and 135 min time points. In contrast, footshock stress decreased the number of cells expressing VIP mRNA in the SCN without changing hybridization level per cell. These data indicate that the disruptive effect of stress on activity rhythms correlate with alterations in the expression of regulatory peptides within the SCN.     

Histogenesis of stromal cells in cerebellar hemangioblastomas. An immunohistochemical study.

Fifteen cerebellar hemangioblastomas were examined by immunohistochemistry for expression of neuron-specific enolase (NSE) and various neuropeptides using the avidin-biotin-complex peroxidase reaction with the following antibodies: NSE, synaptophysin, serotonin, substance P, vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), neuropeptide YY, neurotensin, and leu-enkephalin. In all tumor biopsies most of the stromal cells were positive for NSE. About 30% of the stromal cells showed a weak cytoplasmic synaptophysin positivity. Approximately 25% of the stromal cells were labeled with antibodies against substance P and neuropeptide YY. The partly strong reactivity was localized preferentially in perinuclear regions. These positive cells were mainly distributed in small cell clusters but were also scattered in the tumor parenchyma. In all tumor biopsies scattered cells exhibited strong perinuclear enkephalin positivity, corresponding probably to mast cells, whereas stromal cells were entirely negative. For serotonin, VIP, and neurotensin no specific reaction was seen. On the basis of these findings it is proposed that hemangioblastomas have a neuroendocrine component.     

人胎小肠内胰岛淀粉样多肽及5-羟色胺免疫反应细胞的个体发生

目的 探讨胰岛淀粉样多肽免疫反应(IAPP-IR)细胞和5-羟色胺(5-HT)免疫反应细胞(EC细胞)在人胎小肠中的个体发生及IAPP与5-HT的关系。方法 免疫组织化学技术。结果 胎期小肠内IAPP-IR细胞仅见于十二指肠。16周开始，在十二指肠绒毛上皮细胞间可见单个散在的IAPP-IR细胞；22～27周，其细胞数量则逐渐增多，主要分布于肠腺中。EC细胞可见于胎期小肠各段，并随着胎龄增长，其细胞密度大小依次为十二指肠、空肠、回肠。11周，在小肠3段绒毛上皮和尚未分化完全的肠腺细胞间已可见该种细胞；17～21周，数量达最多，主要分布于绒毛根部和肠腺的上皮细胞问；22周后，EC细胞呈渐少趋势。免疫组织化学邻片单染比较，未见IAPP和5-HT在同一细胞内有共存现象。结论 IAPP、5-HT在人胎小肠的内分泌细胞中已有表达。IAPP-IR细胞及EC细胞随着胎儿的发育而发生不同变化。     

人胎阑尾IAPP-、SS-及5-HT免疫反应性细胞的免疫组织化学研究

为了探讨胰岛淀粉样多肽，在胎阑尾中的个体发及其与其他生物活性物质的关系，用免疫组织ＰＡＰ法，对３６例１２－３８周人胎阑尾中ＩＡＰＰ免疫反应性细胞，生称抑素ＩＲ细胞５－羟色胺－ＩＲ细胞进行定位研究。结果表明，肥１２周，阑尾上皮中已可见到ＳＳ－ＩＲ细胞，而ＩＡＰＰ－及５－ＨＴ－ＩＲ细胞于１４周才见到。在整个胎期，阑尾中的ＩＡＰＰ－及ＳＳ－ＩＲ细胞始络分散存在，数量较少，而５－ＨＴ－ＩＲ细胞数量随胎龄增     

人胎结肠及直肠内SP-及5-HT免疫反应细胞的个体发生

目的　探讨人胎结肠、直肠粘膜P物质免疫反应 (SP IR)细胞的个体发生及其与 5 羟色胺免疫反应(5 HT IR)细胞的关系。方法　取 92 7周因故终止妊娠的人胎结肠、直肠组织 31例 ,用免疫组织化学SABC法及邻片单染法进行定位研究。结果　胎期直肠的SP IR细胞于 11周出现 ,14周结肠内可见。 15 2 7周 ,结肠及直肠中的SP IR细胞始终分散存在 ;与结肠相比 ,同一胎龄直肠SP IR细胞数量较多 ;邻片比较观察发现直肠内部分SP IR细胞与 5 HT IR细胞定位一致。结论　在胎儿期结肠及直肠的内分泌细胞已开始合成SP ,且SP和 5 HT在直肠部分细胞内有共存     

Nerve growth factor restores mRNA levels and the expression of neuropeptides in the suprachiasmatic nucleus of rats submitted to chronic ethanol treatment and withdrawal

Chronic ethanol treatment and withdrawal from alcohol decrease the synthesis and expression of neuropeptides in the hypothalamic suprachiasmatic nucleus. Given the existing evidence that neurotrophins modulate the synthesis and expression of neurotransmitters/neuromodulators in the mature brain, we have hypothesized that such alterations might result from the reduced biological activity or brain content of neurotrophic factors. To test this possibility, nerve growth factor (NGF) was delivered intraventricularly, over a 4-week period, to rats submitted to ethanol treatment for 6 months and to withdrawn rats. Vasopressin (AVP) and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP), and the respective mRNAs were detected by immunocytochemistry and in situ hybridization histochemistry, and their levels estimated using stereological methods and densitometry. In ethanol-treated and withdrawn rats, NGF produced increases in the number of AVP- and VIP-immunostained neurons to values identical to those of controls. Corresponding variations were detected in AVP and VIP mRNA levels, which indicates that NGF restored the expression of AVP and VIP by enhancing neuropeptide synthesis. These findings show that NGF can correct the changes induced by chronic ethanol treatment and withdrawal in the gene expression and protein content of the neuropeptides synthesized by suprachiasmatic neurons. They also reveal that NGF plays an important role in the maintenance of the neurochemical phenotype of the suprachiasmatic nucleus in the adult rat. Because suprachiasmatic neurons do not express trkA, NGF might have exerted its effects either through direct signalling of suprachiasmatic neurons via p75^NTR activation or, indirectly, by enhancing the activity of the cholinergic and/or glutamatergic afferents to the suprachiasmatic nucleus, or both.