抑癌基因RASSF1A微卫星变异与宫颈癌发生发展的关系

目的 探讨抑癌基因RASSF1A微卫星变异在宫颈癌发生发展中的作用及其与HPV感染的关系.方法 选择RASSF1A基因的两个微卫星多态标记位点,采用PCR技术对宫颈组织进行杂合性丢失与微卫星不稳定性的检测,同时检测宫颈组织中HPV16的感染状况.结果 两位点的LOH发生率在宫颈癌组织临床分期及病理分级之间差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).双位点的LOH及MSI在宫颈癌有无淋巴结转移间差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).RASSF1A基因的LOH发生率在HPV16感染阳性组中明显高于阴性组(P＜0.05).结论 RASSF1A基因的改变是宫颈癌发生过程中的较晚期事件,RASSF1A基因的LOH与MSI对于宫颈癌的筛查、早期诊断及判断预后可能具有临床实用价值.RASSF1A基因的LOH与HPV16感染二者共同作用在宫颈癌的发生发展过程中更有意义.     

遗传性肾癌的基因研究进展

肾癌是泌尿外科常见肿瘤，具有遗传性和散发性两种发病形式，遗传性肾癌的基因研究对阐明肾癌的发生机制有重要的意义。不同病理类型的遗传性肾癌具有各自的临床特点，其发病涉及不同的基因。透明细胞癌涉及VHL基因，I型乳头状肾癌涉及Met基因，Ⅱ型乳头状肾癌涉及FH基因，嫌色细胞癌涉及BHD基因。加强对各类遗传性肾癌基因的认识，对肾癌的早期诊断，治疗具有重要的意义。     

5′HOXD基因与单纯性马蹄内翻足的相关性分析

目的检测HOXD10、HOXD12、HOXD13基因内4个已知单核苷酸多态(single nucleotide poly-morphisms,SNP)rs2593778、rs847154、rs847151、rs13392701在单纯性马蹄内翻足核心家系中的分布情况,分析各个SNP位点及所构成单倍型与单纯性马蹄内翻足的相关性。方法应用限制性片段长度多态性技术结合测序,分析84个单纯性马蹄内翻足核心家系4个SNP位点基因型;应用ETDT软件统计分析各SNP位点基因型与单纯性马蹄内翻足的相关性;应用TRANSMIT软件构建单倍型并统计分析单倍型频率是否存在差异。结果位于HOXD12基因5′侧翼序列的SNP位点rs847154和位于HOXD13第1外显子的SNP位点rs13392701在单纯性马蹄内翻核心家系中存在传递不平衡(P<0.05);位于HOXD12基因第1外显子的SNP位点rs847151未检测到多态;位于HOXD10第1外显子的SNP位点rs2593778经ETDT分析无统计学意义。结论HOXD12基因5′侧翼序列的SNP位点rs847154和位于HOXD13第1外显子的SNP位点rs13392701与单纯性先天性马蹄内翻足有明显的相关性,提示HOXD12、HOXD13可能是单纯性马蹄内翻足重要的易感基因。     

云南人群中PTPN22和PADI4基因多态性与类风湿关节炎的关联研究

目的 探讨云南人群PTPN22和PADI4基因的7个SNP多态与类风湿关节炎易感性的相关性.方法 选取192例类风湿关节炎患者和288名正常人进行病例对照研究.分别用PCR-RFLP法检测PTPN22基因的rs33996649和1858位点、PADI4基因的rs11203366和rs874881位点,用焦磷酸测序法检测PADI4基因的rs1635579、rs2428736和rs2240340共7个SNP位点的基因型.结果 在7个SNP位点中,PADI4基因的rs2240340位点的等位基因频率和基因型频率在病例组和对照组间差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论 在云南人群中PADI4基因的rs2240340多态性与类风湿关节炎的易感性存在相关性.     

中国北方汉族人群中载脂蛋白M基因多态性分布特征及连锁不平衡分析

目的研究中国北方汉族人群中载脂蛋白M基因（apolipoprotein M,APOM）多态性分布特征及其连锁不平衡关系。方法采用PCR扩增基因组DNA直接测序法结合PCR-限制性片段长度多态方法对330名中国北方汉族健康人群的APOM基因单核苷酸多态性（single nucleotide polymorphism,SNP）进行分析。结果中国北方汉族人APOM基因存在1号内含子rs805264位点、5号内含子rs707922位点及rs707921位点3个多态位点,不同种族及地区APOM基因SNP差异有统计学意义。APOM基因rs805264位点、rs707922位点及rs707921位点SNP在中国北方汉族人群中呈现明显的连锁不平衡,主要有G-G-C、A-T-A两种单体型。结论APOM基因SNP在中国北方汉族人群中存在显著连锁不平衡。     

食管鳞癌及其前驱病变基因杂合子缺失的研究

目的 通过对食管黏膜高级别上皮内瘤变和鳞状细胞癌中的等位基因杂合子缺失(LOH)的检测,以期发现与食管鳞状细胞癌关系密切的抑癌基因。方法 应用显微切割,PCR扩增、凝胶电泳、放射自显影等技术,对照分析正常体细胞、食管鳞状上皮高级别上皮内瘤变和食管鳞状细胞癌组织中LOH的变化,并就各位点杂合子缺失率与患者的临床病理参数分别进行单因素分析。结果 高级别上皮内瘤变中7个位点的LOH依次为D13S802(40%)、D9S171(33%)、D13S267(320%)、D13S221(31%)、D9S942(30%)和D17S520(240%),而D17S1798在本组上皮高级别上皮内瘤变中未发现杂合子缺失。在食管鳞状细胞癌组织中,上述7个位点的LOH率依次为D13S267(71%),D13S802(58%),D17S520(55%)、D13S221(45%)、D9S942(43%)、D9S171(33%)和D17S1798(11%)。应用SPSS软件对7个微卫星序列的等位基因LOH率与患者的病理学分级、临床病理分期及是否有淋巴结转移进行单因素分析,差异均无显著性(P>0.05)。结论 (1)从正常黏膜到上皮内瘤变再到食管鳞癌的发生过程中,同时伴随基因异常的逐步积累。(2)13q12.12上的D13S802附近可能存在着主要与食管鳞状细胞癌早期发生有关的抑癌基因。(3)13q12.3上的D13S267附近、17p13.1上的D17S520和17p13.3上的D17S1798附近的基因可能与食管     

遗传性肾癌的基因研究进展

肾癌是泌尿外科常见肿瘤,具有遗传性和散发性两种发病形式,遗传性肾癌的基因研究对阐明肾癌的发生机制有重要的意义。不同病理类型的遗传性肾癌具有各自的临床特点,其发病涉及不同的基因。透明细胞癌涉及VHL基因,Ⅰ型乳头状肾癌涉及Met基因,Ⅱ型乳头状肾癌涉及FH基因,嫌色细胞癌涉及BHD基因。加强对各类遗传性肾癌基因的认识,对肾癌的早期诊断,治疗具有重要的意义。     

5''HOXD基因与单纯性马蹄内翻足的相关性分析

目的检测HOXD10、HOXD12、HOXD13基因内4个已知单核苷酸多态（single nueleotide polymorphisins,SNP）rs2593778、rs847154、rs847151、rs13392701在单纯性马蹄内翻足核心家系中的分布情况，分析各个SNP位点及所构成单倍型与单纯性马蹄内翻足的相关性。方法应用限制性片段长度多态性技术结合测序，分析84个单纯性马蹄内翻足核心家系4个SNP位点基因型；应用ETDT软件统计分析各SNP位点基因型与单纯性马蹄内翻足的相关性；应用TRANSMIT软件构建单倍型并统计分析单倍型频率是否存在差异。结果位于HOXD12基因5’侧翼序列的SNP位点rs847154和位于HOXD13第1外显子的SNP位点rs13392701在单纯性马蹄内翻核心家系中存在传递不平衡（P〈0．05）；位于HOXD12基因第1外显子的SNP位点rs847151未检测到多态；位于HOXD10第1外显子的SNP位点rs2593778经ETDT分析无统计学意义。结论HOXD12基因5’侧翼序列的SNP位点rs847154和位于HOXD13第1外显子的SNP位点rs13392701与单纯性先天性马蹄内翻足有明显的相关性，提示HOXD12、HOXD13可能是单纯性马蹄内翻足重要的易感基因。     

孕酮受体基因多态性在宁夏回、汉族人群中的分布特征

目的:探讨孕酮受体基因(PGR基因)rs590688、rs1042838、rs11224592三个单核苷酸多态性(SNP)位点在宁夏回、汉族人群的分布特征并与1000Genomes网站上公布的其他群体分布频率进行比较分析。方法:采用TaqMan探针基因分型方法分析宁夏回、汉族人群867例(回族335例,汉族532例)PGR 3个SNPs位点rs590688、rs1042838、rs11224592基因型及等位基因频率的分布情况。结果:宁夏回、汉族人群PGR基因rs590688和rs1042838两个位点基因型及等位基因频率分布差异无统计学意义;rs11224592位点基因型及等位基因频率在宁夏回、汉族人群的分布差异有统计学意义;3个SNP位点的基因型及等位基因分布频率在男、女性别间差异无统计学意义。宁夏人群PGR基因rs590688、rs1042838、rs11224592位点基因型及等位基因分布频率与1000Genomes网站公布的其他群体相比较,rs590688位点与欧洲人群及非洲人群差异均有统计学意义;rs1042838位点与欧洲人群的差异有统计学意义;rs11224592位点与非洲人群的差异有统计学意义。结论:PGR基因rs590688、rs1042838、rs11224592位点基因型及等位基因频率在宁夏回、汉族人群的分布中,rs590688和rs1042838两个位点的分布无民族差异;rs11224592位点的分布具有民族差异;3个SNP位点的分布无性别差异。PGR 3个SNP位点基因型及等位基因频率在不同种族和地区的分布不同。     

DNMT3单核苷酸多态性与乳腺癌临床病理特征的相关性研究

目的:探讨DNA甲基化转移酶3(DNMT3)基因多态性位点与乳腺癌临床病理特征的相关性。方法:采用SNaPshot技术检测68例乳腺癌患者(乳腺癌组)和80例健康体检者(对照组)外周血中DNMT3基因rs13420827、rs11887120、rs1550117、rs2424908、rs2424913和rs6087990多态性位点的基因分型。Hardy-Weinberg检验分析六个位点基因型的遗传平衡性，比较两组间各个位点基因型的分布差异，以及不同临床病理特征的乳腺癌患者各基因差异。结果:Hardy-Weinberg遗传平衡定律检验结果显示，除rs2424913和rs6087990,两组对象中其余四个位点均符合遗传平衡，所选对象具有衡定性及群体代表性。DNMT3基因位点rs1550117在病例组和对照组基因型差异比较有统计学意义(P<0.05)。进一步分析发现基因型AA在乳腺癌组和对照组比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),提示位点rs1550117基因型AA能降低患乳腺癌的风险；两组间其余各位点基因型比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。乳腺癌组中不同位点临床病理例...     

Comprehensive mutational analysis of the VHL gene in sporadic renal cell carcinoma: relationship to clinicopathological parameters

To delineate more precisely the somatic von Hippel-Lindau disease (VHL) gene alteration as well as to elucidate its etiologic role in renal tumorigenesis, we examined a total of 240 sporadic renal cell carcinomas (RCCs) for somatic VHL gene alterations by DNA-SSCP followed by sequencing, methylation-specific PCR assay, microsatellite LOH study, and Southern blot analysis. Intragenic mutation of the VHL gene was found exclusively in clear-cell or variant-type RCCs at a frequency of 51% (104/202). Hypermethylation of the VHL promoter region was detected in an additional 11 clear-cell RCCs. Microsatellite analysis demonstrated that LOH of the VHL locus was found in 140/155 (90%) informative clear-cell RCCs. The VHL gene therefore seems to be inactivated in a two-hit manner by intragenic mutation or hypermethylation plus allelic loss in clear-cell RCC. Genomic rearrangement of the VHL gene detected by Southern analysis was not found (0/216 cases); this is in contrast to germ lines in which Southern aberrations consisted of 7-19% of the mutations. Clinicopathologic data demonstrated that VHL mutation/LOH did not vary according to tumor progression in clear-cell RCC, including tumor diameter, stage, grading, distant metastasis, and lymph node metastasis. Interestingly, VHL mutation was significantly less frequent in RCCs occurring in younger (< or = 55 years) than that in older (> or = 56 years) patients. These data suggested that the inactivation of the VHL tumor-suppressor gene is a specific genetic change in clear-cell RCC, and that it may occur at an early or first step in the clear-cell tumorigenic pathway rather than as a late event.     

Loss of heterozygosity of the BRCA1 and FHIT genes in patients with sporadic breast cancer from Southern Brazil

Aim: The evaluation of allelic losses at the FHIT and the BRCA1 genes and at three other loci at the 17q region in a series of 34 sporadic breast cancer cases from Southern Brazil. METHODS: The samples were evaluated for loss of heterozygosity (LOH) at the FHIT and the BRCA1 genes and at three other microsatellite markers at 17q, and the findings were correlated with clinicopathological parameters. RESULTS: The BRCA1 intragenic marker, D17S855, had the highest frequency of LOH, detected in 10 of 24 informative cases, followed by the D17S579 (six of 23 informative cases), D17S806 (five of 21 informative cases), and D17S785 markers (five of 21 informative cases). LOH at the FHIT intragenic marker, D3S1300, was found in six of 25 informative cases. In four of the six cases with LOH of the FHIT gene, there was concomitant loss of the BRCA1 intragenic marker. CONCLUSIONS: The frequency of allelic losses in the FHIT and BRCA1 loci in the Southern Brazilian population is similar to that described in the general population. No correlations were found when the total LOH frequency was compared with tumour size, grade, or presence of axillary lymph node metastasis. Further studies using larger sporadic breast cancer samples and additional markers would be useful to confirm these findings, in addition to establishing more specific associations with clinicopathological parameters in this specific population.     

青少年肾细胞癌的临床病理及分子遗传学研究

目的 探讨青少年肾细胞癌的临床病理特征、遗传学改变、鉴别诊断及预后.方法 对46例青少年肾细胞癌进行光镜观察及免疫组织化学染色,随访并复习相关文献.对46例肿瘤进行von Hippel-Lindau(VHL)基因区域杂合性缺失(LOH)及VHL基因突变筛查.结果 共诊断19例Xp11.2易位/TFE3基因融合相关性肾癌(Xp11 RCC)、9例透明细胞癌、17例乳头状肾细胞癌(PRCC)和1例不能分类肾细胞癌.19例Xp11 RCC均TFE3阳性,而TFEB阴性.8例肿瘤具有巢状和乳头状结构形态类似t(X;17)ASPL-TFE3型肾癌,6例肿瘤组织学类似t(X;1)PRCC-TFE3型肾癌,4例肿瘤形态像透明细胞癌,1例肿瘤组织学形态文献中未被检索到,表现为细胞核呈毛玻璃样,核仁不明显,可见核沟,肿瘤间质见大量黏液.LOH及VHL突变检测结果显示,仅1例透明细胞癌和1例2型PRCC存在LOH,并且该2型PRCC的VHL基因的一个剪切位点存在胚系突变,553+5 G→C.其余45例均未检测出VHL突变.统计学分析表明TFE3阳性肾细胞癌比TFE3阴性肾细胞癌更倾向于高病理分期(pT3/pT4),并且预后较差(P=0.035).结论 青少年肾细胞癌表现出不同的组织学形态以及分子遗传学背景.其中Xp11 RCC为最常见的肾癌亚型.TFE3阳性肾细胞癌的预后要差于TFE3阴性肾细胞癌.     

Molecular cytogenetic characterization of early and late renal cell carcinomas in von Hippel-Lindau disease

Deletions of 3p25, gains of chromosomes 7 and 10, and isochromosome 17q are known cytogenetic aberrations in sporadic renal cell carcinoma (RCC). In addition, a majority of RCCs have loss of heterozygosity (LOH) of the Von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) gene located at chromosome band 3p25. Patients who inherit a germline mutation of the VHL gene can develop multifocal RCCs and other solid tumors, including malignancies of the pancreas, adrenal medulla, and brain. VHL tumors follow the two-hit model of tumorigenesis, as LOH of VHL, a classic tumor suppressor gene, is the critical event in the development of the neoplastic phenotype. In an attempt to define the cytogenetic aberrations from early tumors to late RCC further, we applied spectral karyotyping (SKY) to 23 renal tumors harvested from 6 unrelated VHL patients undergoing surgery. Cysts and low-grade solid lesions were near-diploid and contained 1-2 reciprocal translocations, dicentric chromosomes, and/or isochromosomes. A variety of sole numerical aberrations included gains of chromosomes 1, 2, 4, 7, 10, 13, 21, and the X chromosome, although no tumors had sole numerical losses. Three patients shared a breakpoint at 2p21-22, and three others shared a dicentric chromosome 9 or an isochromosome 9q. In contrast to the near-diploidy of the low-grade lesions, a high-grade lesion and its nodal metastasis were markedly aneuploid, revealed loss of VHL by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), and contained recurrent unbalanced translocations and losses of chromosome arms 2q, 3p, 4q, 9p, 14q, and 19p as demonstrated by comparative genomic hybridization (CGH). By combining SKY, CGH, and FISH of multiple tumors from the same VHL kidney, we have begun to identify chromosomal aberrations in the earliest stages of VHL-related renal cell tumors. Our current findings illustrate the cytogenetic heterogeneity of different VHL lesions from the same kidney, which supports the multiclonal origins of hereditary RCCs. Published 2001 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

Role of chromosome 3p12-p21 tumour suppressor genes in clear cell renal cell carcinoma: analysis of VHL dependent and VHL independent pathways of tumorigenesis.

AIMS: Chromosome 3p deletions and loss of heterozygosity (LOH) for 3p markers are features of clear cell renal cell carcinoma but are rare in non-clear cell renal cell carcinoma. The VHL tumour suppressor gene, which maps to 3p25, is a major gatekeeper gene for clear cell renal cell carcinoma and is inactivated in most sporadic cases of this disease. However, it has been suggested that inactivation of other 3p tumour suppressor genes might be crucial for clear cell renal cell carcinoma tumorigenesis, with inactivation (VHL negative) and without inactivation (VHL positive) of the VHL tumour suppressor gene. This study set out to investigate the role of non-VHL tumour suppressor genes in VHL negative and VHL positive clear cell renal cell carcinoma. METHODS: Eighty two clear cell renal cell carcinomas of known VHL inactivation status were analysed for LOH at polymorphic loci within the candidate crucial regions for chromosome 3p tumour suppressor genes (3p25, LCTSGR1 at 3p21.3, LCTSGR2 at 3p12 and at 3p14.2). RESULTS: Chromosome 3p12-p21 LOH was frequent both in VHL negative and VHL positive clear cell renal cell carcinoma. However, although the frequency of 3p25 LOH in VHL negative clear cell renal cell carcinoma was similar to that at 3p12-p21, VHL positive tumours demonstrated significantly less LOH at 3p25 than at 3p12-p21. Although there was evidence of LOH for clear cell renal cell carcinoma tumour suppressor genes at 3p21, 3p14.2, and 3p12, both in VHL negative and VHL positive tumours, the major clear cell renal cell carcinoma LOH region mapped to 3p21.3, close to the lung cancer tumour suppressor gene region 1 (LCTSGR1). There was no association between tumour VHL status and tumour grade and stage. CONCLUSIONS: These findings further indicate that VHL inactivation is not sufficient to initiate clear cell renal cell carcinoma and that loss of a gatekeeper 3p21 tumour suppressor gene is a crucial event for renal cell carcinoma development in both VHL negative and VHL positive clear cell renal cell carcinoma.     

APC gene loss of heterozygosity, mutations, E1317Q, and I1307K germ-line variants in sporadic colon cancer in Croatia

Colorectal carcinomas are characterized by multiple genetic aberrations that occur during tumorigenesis. Several tumor suppressor genes associated with colorectal carcinoma have been identified: MCC, APC, p53, nm23-H1, DCC, DPC4. We examined 73 cases of sporadic human colon cancer and corresponding normal tissue samples to evaluate the loss of heterozygosity (LOH) at the APC gene loci. The purpose of this study was also to evaluate whether the LOH at the APC gene is associated with clinicopathological characteristics in sporadic colon cancer. We also investigated presence and the frequency of the most common APC gene mutations and APC E1317Q and I1307K germ-line variants in Croatian colorectal cancer patients. Five markers in all patients were found to be heterozygous and informative for LOH analysis. LOH at the APC locus was detected in 30.1% of tumors were examined. The majority of APC gene LOH was observed in Dukes' B (55.6%) and in the moderately differentiated tumors (42.9%). Only 1309 APC gene mutation was detected in our samples. In one tumor sample, a new sporadic mutation of the APC gene in codon 1374 was detected. APC E1317Q and I1307K germ-line variants were not detected in our population. But APC E1317Q sporadic mutation was found in one tumor sample.     

Somatic von Hippel-Lindau disease gene mutation in clear-cell renal carcinomas associated with end-stage renal disease/acquired cystic disease of the kidney

It has been documented that renal cell carcinomas (RCCs) occur frequently in patients treated with long-term dialysis, especially in cases of end-stage renal disease (ESRD)/acquired cystic disease of the kidney (ACDK). To address the molecular pathogenesis of ESRD/ACDK-associated RCCs, we examined 14 RCCs (7 clear-cell and 7 papillary carcinomas) in patients receiving dialysis for somatic mutations of the von Hippel-Lindau disease (VHL) gene as well as of the tyrosine kinase domain of the MET oncogene. Direct sequencing analyses revealed that three tumors exhibited VHL frameshifts (618delA, 386-395del10-bp, and 723-724insTC). One of the VHL mutated tumors showed additional loss of heterozygosity at the VHL gene locus. Histopathologic and clinical data demonstrated that the three tumors having VHL mutations were clear-cell RCCs occurring in ESRD with 55, 106, and 156 months of dialysis history, respectively. We did not find any tumors with mutations in the tyrosine kinase domain of the MET. These results demonstrated that the VHL tumor-suppressor gene is also involved in a subset of clear-cell RCCs occurring in ESRD/ACDK, as in the case of sporadic clear-cell RCCs. However, mutations of the MET oncogene could not be found in the seven ESRD/ACDK-associated papillary RCCs examined.     

Allelic deletion and mutation of the von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) tumor suppressor gene in pancreatic microcystic adenomas.

An association between pancreatic microcystic (serous) adenomas (MCAs) and von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) disease has been suggested. However, genetic alterations of the VHL gene in MCAs of the pancreas have never been reported. In this study, we performed genetic analysis of 12 pancreatic MCAs. In 2 cases, VHL disease was documented clinically, and 10 cases were sporadic. For LOH analysis, tumor and normal pancreatic cells were procured from formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded material using tissue microdissection. After DNA extraction, the samples were amplified by polymerase chain reaction using the polymorphic markers D3S2452, D3S1110, D3S192, and D3S656. In addition, the sporadic tumors were analyzed for VHL gene mutations using probes 3b/10b and K55/K56. Both MCAs associated with VHL disease showed LOH with at least one of the microsatellite markers tested. Among the 10 sporadic cases, 7 tumors showed LOH at the VHL gene locus. A somatic VHL gene mutation on exon 2 was documented in one sporadic case. The study provides the first direct genetic evidence for the role of the VHL gene in MCA tumorigenesis. Furthermore, VHL gene alterations may be detected in both VHL-associated and sporadic pancreatic MCAs.