广州工厂职工健康自评和吸烟者戒烟意愿研究

目的 调查工厂职工的健康状况和戒烟意愿,为开展控烟工作提供科学依据.方法 采用横断面调查方法对668名广州不同工作类型工厂职工的吸烟行为、自评健康状况和戒烟意愿进行问卷调查,吸烟者尼古丁依赖性用fTND问卷进行调查,自评健康和戒烟难度与某些因素的关系用logistic回归模型分析.结果 (1)男性工人吸烟者348人,吸烟率为65.0%;女性工人吸烟者4人,吸烟率为3.0%.与朋友或其他吸烟者在一起、在家或休闲时以及饭后吸烟最常见,占男性经常吸烟者的90.6%.(2)男性经常吸烟和戒烟者自评健康状况比普通同龄人差者占10.7%,高于偶吸和从不吸烟者(5.1%),调整年龄和文化程度后,OR值为2.22(95%CI 1.08～4.59).(3)男性经常吸烟者想过戒烟的占50.5%,其中自评健康状况比同龄人差、差不多和好者分别占73.3%、50.0%和37.2%,差异有统计学意义(P=O.009).自评戒烟难度≤30分、31～60分和60分以上的分别占26.9%、24.9%和48.2%,自评戒烟难度(≤30分和＞30分)比数比随周围同事吸烟人数和尼古丁依赖性的增加而增大.结论 男性职工经常吸烟或戒烟者自评健康较偶吸或从不吸烟者差,自评健康较差者多数想过戒烟,戒烟难度主要与周围同事吸烟和尼古丁依赖有关.     

上海市区中老年男性吸烟状况与肥胖关系的横断面研究

目的 评价上海市区中老年男性吸烟状况与肥胖的关系.方法 利用2002-2006年开展的上海市男性健康队列基线调查资料,分析61 491名40～74岁研究对象的吸烟情况与身体测量数据、体重变化等的关联.吸烟状况和体重变化数据采用问卷方式进行收集,身高、体重、腰围、臀围由调查员面访时对被访者进行测量而得.多元回归模型用于估计吸烟与肥胖间的关联强度,并调整可能的混杂因素.结果 调整年龄等可能的混杂因素后,吸烟组的体质指数(BMI)(23.4±3.1)和成人期体重增加值[(11.6±9.7)kg]均低于从未吸烟者组的BMI(24.0±2.9)和成人期体重增加值[(12.7±8.9)kg],两组平均BMI相差0.60(95%CI:-O.67～-0.54),体重增加相差1.46 kg(95%CI:-1.65～-1.27).吸烟组腰围臀围比(WHO)高于不吸烟组,平均差值达0.006 08(95%CI:0.005 08～0.007 09),差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.01).开始吸烟年龄越早,日吸烟支数越多,吸烟年数越长,总吸烟包年数越高,两组WHR的差值越大(趋势检验,P＜0.05).戒烟者的BMI、WHR和体重增加z值在戒烟的头几年均高于从未吸烟者,但随后可恢复至未吸烟者的水平.结论 吸烟与体重呈负相关,但可能加重中心性肥胖.戒烟虽伴暂时的体重上升,但随戒烟时间的延长,该效应消失.     

Factors Associated With Quitting Smoking in Indonesia

Objectives:The aim of this study was to identify factors associated with quitting smoking in Indonesia Methods:Data on 11 115 individuals from the fifth wave of the Indonesia Family Life Survey were analyzed. Quitting smoking was the main outcome, defined as smoking status based on the answer to the question “do you still habitually (smoke cigarettes/smoke a pipe/use chewing tobacco) or have you totally quit?” Logistic regression was performed to identify factors associated with successful attempts to quit smoking. Results:The prevalence of quitting smoking was 12.3%. The odds of successfully quitting smoking were higher among smokers who were female (adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 2.69; 95% confidence interval [CI], 2.08 to 3.33), were divorced (aOR, 2.45; 95% CI, 1.82 to 3.29), did not chew tobacco (aOR, 3.01; 95% CI, 1.79 to 5.08), found it difficult to sacrifice smoking at other times than in the morning (aOR, 1.29; 95% CI, 1.14 to 1.46), and not smoke when sick (aOR, 1.32; 95% CI, 1.14 to 1.54). About 59% of variance in successful attempts to quit smoking could be explained using a model consisting of those variables. Conclusions:Female sex, being divorced, not chewing tobacco, and nicotine dependence increased the odds of quitting smoking and were associated with quitting smoking successfully. Regular and integrated attempts to quit smoking based on individuals’ internal characteristics, tobacco use activity, and smoking behavior are needed to quit smoking.     

苏州市流动人口吸烟行为及烟草危害认知现况调查

目的 了解苏州市流动人口吸烟行为及对烟草危害认知现况,为苏州市制定控烟措施提供科学依据.方法 在苏州市全域,采用PPS抽样方法共抽取1800名流动人口进行调查.调查问卷采用《江苏省成人烟草流行调查》,采取面对面PAD调查.应用SPSS 22.0软件进行数据分析.结果 2019年苏州市流动人口现在吸烟率为23.07％,每...     

重庆市2014年成年人吸烟、戒烟行为及认知现状调查

目的 了解2014年重庆市成年人吸烟、戒烟状况的流行水平及对烟草知识的认知水平,为制定有效的控烟措施提供科学依据。方法 利用中国慢性病及其危险因素监测(2014)调查数据,采取多阶段分层随机抽样方法,对重庆市9个监测点5 400名≥18岁居民进行问卷调查,采用现在吸烟率、被动吸烟率、戒烟率、成功戒烟率等指标,根据2010年第六次普查人口进行加权,使用复杂抽样设计方法进行统计学分析。结果 重庆市≥18岁居民的现在吸烟率为27.4%,其中男性为53.5%,女性为1.1%,40～50岁组男性最高(58.4%);农村高于城市,渝东南翼高于其他地区;现在每日吸烟率分别为27.5%,被动吸烟率为52.4%。现在吸烟者的人均每日吸烟量为17.5支,男女性分别为17.6和13.5支。男性以40～50岁组和初中文化组每日吸烟量最多,分别为20.1、18.9支。现在吸烟者人均每日吸烟量≥20支(重度吸烟)的比例男性高于女性,农村高于城市。男性重度吸烟比例为59.3%,其中以40～50岁组和初中文化组的男性最高,分别为66.8%和65.2%。每日吸烟者中,开始吸烟的平均年龄为(20.8±7.2)岁,女性晚于男性,农村晚于城市。开始吸烟的年龄< 25岁的占80.2%,15～25岁占70.3%。吸烟者的戒烟率为20.1%,成功戒烟率为13.7%,打算戒烟率为25.1%。戒烟率和成功戒烟率均呈随吸烟者年龄增长而上升的趋势,男性18～40岁组的成功戒烟率最低(4.8%)。人群对吸烟、被动吸烟引起其他疾病的认知普遍偏低,对主动吸烟引起3种疾病的知晓率为19.6%,对被动吸烟引起3种疾病的知晓率为21.9%。结论 重庆市≥18岁居民吸烟和被动吸烟状态仍处于高水平,吸烟率呈现明显上升趋势,对烟草知识的认知不足,烟草控制面临巨大挑战。     

Predictors of quitting smoking: The NHANES I followup experience

There are no published prospective studies on the predictors of spontaneously quitting cigarette smoking in a nationally-representative U.S. population. This paper describes such a study, using a cohort taken from the First National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES I, 1971–1975) and traced by the NHANES I Epidemiologic Followup Survey (1982–1984). “Successful” quitting (for at least 1 year at time of followup) was ascertained among 4779 adults (age 25–74 years) who were smokers at the time of NHANES I and not disabled at followup. Independent predictors of quitting (by proportional hazards multiple regression) were: (1) older age; (2) White race; (3) fewer cigarettes smoked/day; (4) higher household income; and (5) hospitalization in the followup period. Predictors of relapse (ex-smokers at NHANES I who were smoking again at time of followup) were: (1) younger age; (2) urban residence; and (3) female gender. These findings have implications for intervention strategies, public health projections and further research.     

Characteristics of daily and occasional smoking among youths

OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to develop a more detailed understanding of the characteristics of occasional smokers, and how the characteristics of occasional smokers differ from those of daily smokers. This information can then be used in youth smoking programmes to better address these differences in a manner that would target appropriate youth with appropriate cessation methods. METHODS: A questionnaire was administered to 976 university students, aged between 18 and 25 years, in Ankara, Turkey. The topics covered included age, sex and tobacco use characteristics. Daily and occasional smokers were defined according to traditional definitions of smoking. RESULTS: Among the 976 students surveyed, 482 (49.4%) reported being active smokers. Among these smokers, 199 (41.3%) were classified as occasional smokers and 283 (58.7%) were daily smokers using the traditional definitions of smoking. Many of the active smokers had relatives or friends who also smoked, specifically, 46.5% had a father who smokes, 13.3% had a mother who smokes, 26.8% had an older brother or sister who smokes, and 69.7% had two or more close friends who smoke. Although more than 51.3% of smokers planned on quitting smoking, only 26.1% had previously tried to quit smoking but 64.7% believed they could successfully quit. Daily smokers reported that they made fewer attempts to quit smoking than occasional smokers. More often than occasional smokers, daily smokers reported that they smoke because they like the image, they are addicted, smoking relieves stress and/or their friends smoke. Occasional smokers reported that they smoke less at home or at the university than in other places, and smoke more often with friends than when alone or with family members. This pattern is encouraged by the family structure in Turkish society, where smoking by adolescents at home in the presence of family members is frowned upon. CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrates substantial differences between occasional and daily smokers. If effective future smoking prevention and cessation programmes that target youth are going to be developed, data like those gathered in this study are critical. Basic information regarding cigarette consumption patterns, while important, is insufficient to understand behaviour and key factors that trigger smoking among the youth population.     

2007-2015年四次横断面调查中陕西省居民吸烟变化情况分析

目的 分析2007-2015年陕西省成年人烟草流行现状及趋势变化。方法 利用2007、2010、2013和2015年全国慢性病及其危险因素监测数据,计算4次调查的吸烟率、吸烟量、戒烟率及二手烟暴露率,用趋势χ²检验计算其变化趋势,以抽样权重及2010年第六次人口普查数据计算加权率,以敏感性分析加以验证。结果 2007年陕西省成年人吸烟率为38.26%,2013年降至30.95%,但2015年上升到34.11%（趋势性χ²检验：Z=2.46,P=0.014）;2007-2015年,陕西省吸烟者吸烟量从16.90支/d,上升到17.76支/d;成年人戒烟率从11.02%上升到16.95%（趋势性χ²检验：Z=-4.18,P<0.01）;二手烟暴露率从2010年48.10%上升到2015年的63.88%（趋势性χ²检验：Z=-10.60,P<0.01）。敏感性分析趋势不变。结论 2007-2015年,陕西省成年人吸烟率和吸烟量保持在比较高的水平且变化不大,虽然吸烟人群的戒烟率逐渐提高,但非吸烟人群中二手烟暴露率迅速增加。     

天津市2016年35~79岁居民吸烟归因死亡及戒烟效果分析

目的 分析吸烟对天津市35~79岁居民死亡的影响以及戒烟效果。方法 收集2016年天津市35~79岁居民死亡病例39 499例,调整5岁年龄组、受教育程度、婚姻状况后,分析吸烟导致不同疾病死亡的风险和超额死亡,以及不同年份戒烟的效果。结果 35~79岁男性死亡者中,有13.56%（1 589例）的死亡是由于吸烟所引起,其中吸烟引起肺癌的超额死亡百分比最高（47.60%）;吸烟者肺癌的死亡风险是不吸烟者的2.75（95% CI：2.47~3.06）倍;女性死亡中,有7.29%（183例）的死亡是由于吸烟所引起,其中吸烟引起肺癌的超额死亡百分比最高（28.90%）;吸烟者肺癌的死亡风险是不吸烟者的4.04（95% CI：3.49~4.68）倍。男性死亡中,戒烟者患病的危险为吸烟者的0.80（95% CI：0.72~0.90）倍,男性戒烟≥ 10年者其OR值（0.74,95% CI：0.63~0.86）小于戒烟年限为1~9年者（OR=0.85,95% CI：0.74~0.98）,差异无统计学意义。结论 吸烟是导致天津市居民死亡的重要危险因素之一。戒烟可以明显起到保护作用。     

山东省部分地区农村男性吸烟者既往戒烟次数的影响因素分析

目的 探讨山东省农村男性吸烟者既往戒烟次数的影响因素。方法 2010年8月在济南市平阴县、临沂市莒南县、济宁市梁山县各抽取3个自然村,对其中≥15岁居民逐户进行面对面问卷调查,获得其一般人口学资料、烟草暴露情况、吸烟的态度和危害认知情况;采用Hurdle计数模型探讨既往戒烟次数的影响因素。结果 1 798名男性现在吸烟者中,既往从未戒过烟者1 267人（70.47%）,至少戒过一次者531人（29.53%）。Hurdle模型logistic回归部分表明,婚姻、教育和吸烟危害认知是影响是否戒烟的主要因素,已婚者相对于未婚者尝试过戒烟的可能性更大（β=0.705,P=0.002）,教育程度（β=0.214,P=0.026）和吸烟危害认知程度（β=0.237,P=0.009）越高尝试过戒烟的可能性越大;零截尾Poisson回归分析表明,开始吸烟年龄和吸烟危害认知是戒烟次数的影响因素,开始吸烟年龄越小（β=-0.167,P=0.035）、吸烟危害认知程度越高（β= 0.146,P=0.020）其戒烟次数越多。结论 山东省农村男性吸烟者中尝试戒烟的比例较低;影响是否戒烟与戒烟次数的因素不完全相同。应根据吸烟者过去是否有过戒烟经历及戒烟次数,采取针对性的干预措施。     

老年人吸烟及戒烟与相关死亡的前瞻性研究

目的：前瞻性探讨男性老年人吸烟及戒烟与烟草有关疾病死亡的相互关系。方法：研究对象为1987年西安市22个军队干休所的全部男性离体干部,共计1268人,基线调查时,388人为不吸烟者,419人为吸烟者,461人为戒烟者。终点指标为全死因和与烟草有关疾病死亡。结果：截止1999年,共观察14163人年,平均随访11年。共死亡299人,943人存活,26人失访。在调整了年龄,血压、体重指数,总胆固醇,甘油三酯、饮酒,体育锻炼和既往病史等因素后,多元Cox生存分析模型显示：既往吸烟与该人群相关死亡的对危险度（95％CI）分别为总死亡1．34（1．02－1．76）、慢性阻塞性肺病（COPD）3．23（0．95－10．91）,肺癌、2．31（0．95－5．61）、冠心病1．60（0．81－3．19）。其死亡危险性随既吸烟量的增多和吸烟年限的延长而升高,存在明确的剂量反应关系。与继续吸烟者相比,戒烟总死亡和冠心病死亡和危险性分别下降56％和93％,但COPD的死亡危险却升高了174％。结论：（1）吸烟是中国男性老年人的主要死因之一,而戒烟降低总死亡和心血管病死亡;（2）戒烟者COPD死亡危险高于继续吸烟者的原因可能与“无病吸烟者作用”和“因病戒烟作用有关。     

中国戒烟门诊现状调查

目的 了解我国戒烟门诊运行现状和面临的挑战,为今后的控烟工作提供证据支持。方法 2013年采用电话调查的方式对我国201家戒烟门诊进行问卷调查,采用半结构式访谈的方法对6家戒烟门诊负责人进行访谈,并采用面对面调查方式对北京地区398名吸烟者进行问卷调查。使用SPSS 19.0软件进行统计学分析。结果 全国仍在正常运行的戒烟门诊有94家,51%的戒烟门诊设置在呼吸内科,平均配备出诊医生或护士3.24人,近一个月平均每周接诊量为6.92人。针对北京戒烟门诊和吸烟者调查显示,戒烟门诊病例的一个月戒烟成功率在50%以上;公众对戒烟门诊知晓率为48%;如果要戒烟,会选择去戒烟门诊的比例为21.9%;不选择的主要原因是认为吸烟不是“疾病”。结论 戒烟门诊就诊量少,导致戒烟门诊数量大幅下降,政府和医院应共同努力加大戒烟门诊的宣传力度,提高公众对戒烟门诊的认识和接受程度,建立良好的戒烟门诊转诊机制,提高医务人员戒烟咨询能力。     

Demographic,psychological and smoking characteristics of users of an on-line smoking cessation programme in the Spanish language

ObjectiveTo determine the characteristics of users of a smoking cessation programme run by the Open University of Spain (Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia [UNED]).MethodsWe examined the demographic, psychological and smoking characteristics of 23,763 smokers who participated in the on-line smoking cessation program of the UNED. The programme was open to any smoker, free of charge, and was fully automated and with direct access.ResultsA total of 93.5% of the users were Spaniards, with an equal percentage of participation among men and women. The mean age was 39 years. Somewhat less than half were married and had a university education. The participants smoked a mean of 19.3 cigarettes per day, showing a mid-range level of nicotine dependence according to the Heaviness of Smoking Index. The results of the Anxiety and Depression subscales of the Symptom Checklist-90-Revised (SCL-90-R) and Perceived Stress Scale were not clinically significant. In a secondary analysis of the data, we found gender differences in all the variables measured.ConclusionsThe results of this study confirm the digital divide, with lower participation among people with a lower educational level. No association was observed between stress, anxiety or depression and cigarette consumption.     

南京市居民吸烟状况调查分析

目的了解南京市居民吸烟现况,探讨吸烟行为的影响因素。方法采取自行设计的调查问卷,在广场、医院、学校、社区等调查点抽取800名居民进行吸烟状况调查。结果调查的800人中吸烟率为28．3％,其中男性吸烟率（45．6％）高于女性（4．2％）。绝大多数吸烟者（91．6％）每日吸烟量不超过20支,男女性的每日吸烟量差异无统计学意义。男性开始吸烟的平均年龄（22．03±6．56）岁低于女性的平均年龄（28．93±10．15）岁。丧偶或离异者吸烟率最高,达51．9％。在吸烟者中戒烟3次及以上的人数占38．196（86／226）。结论南京市居民吸烟率仍然很高,烟草控制仍然面临着巨大的挑战,应加大控烟力度,加强控烟法规的执行,开展多种形式的健康教育,才能有效降低居民吸烟率。     

Smoking, smoking cessation, and use of smoking cessation aids and support services in South Derbyshire, England

OBJECTIVES: To describe smoking behaviour, motivation to quit and quit rates, and the effect of advice and support for smoking cessation among smokers from more and less disadvantaged socio-economic groups in South Derbyshire, a mixed urban and rural area of central England. STUDY DESIGN: Cross-sectional study. METHODS: A cross-sectional study with a random, stratified sample of people aged 25-44 years and people aged 65-74 years with over-sampling of populations living in disadvantaged areas. Main outcome measures included the proportion of smokers wishing to quit and quitting in the last year; reported advice to quit from family and friends and health professionals; and awareness and use of NHS smoking-cessation services. RESULTS: Over half of smokers aged 25-44 years, about one-third of women smokers and 40% of male smokers aged 65-74 years wished to quit. This varied little by socio-economic status. Quit rates were generally lower among smokers of lower socio-economic status (SES), especially among people aged 25-44 years. Smokers of lower SES reported slightly less advice to quit from family and friends, and more so from health professionals. Awareness and use of cessation services was about 30% and 5%, respectively, among smokers and recent quitters. Awareness varied little but accessing services was generally higher among smokers of lower SES. CONCLUSIONS: Despite evidence that health professionals and cessation services were targeting smokers with lower SES and of similar motivation to quit, quit rates were lower. Broader tobacco control interventions targeting the social and environmental contexts that create and maintain socio-economic differentials in smoking are required.     

How place matters for smoking cessation: Barriers to smoking cessation among low-income Black women

African Americans start smoking later in life, yet they are less likely to quit smoking than other racial/ethnic groups. Drawing upon 40 in-depth interviews with former and current Black women smokers in the South Side of Chicago, this study examines external barriers to successful smoking cessation among socioeconomically disadvantaged Black women smokers. Beyond individual factors (e.g., stressors), this study finds interpersonal and structural factors that influence Black women's cessation efforts, including the high prevalence and normality of smoking and access to cheaper, loose cigarettes in their communities. Findings highlight the importance of considering local contexts for future tobacco research and policies.     

Engaging nurses in smoking cessation: Challenges and opportunities in Turkey

This paper discusses the training of nurses in smoking cessation as part of routine patient care in Turkey. Formative research was carried out prior to training to identify challenges faced by smokers when trying to quit. Site visits to government hospitals and cessation clinics were conducted to observe health care provider-patient interactions involving behavior change.Four culturally sensitive cessation training workshops for nurses (n = 54) were conducted in Istanbul. Following training, nurses were debriefed on their experiences delivering cessation advice. Challenges to cessation counseling included lack of time and incentives for nurse involvement; lack of skills to deliver information about the harm of smoking and benefits of quitting; the medicalization of cessation through the use of pharmaceuticals; and hospital policy which devalues time spent on cessation activities. The pay-for-performance model currently adopted in hospitals has de-incentivized doctor participation in cessation clinics.Nurses play an important role in smoking cessation in many countries. In Turkey, hospital policy will require change so that cessation counseling can become a routine part of nursing practice, incentives for providing cessation are put in place, and task sharing between nurses and doctors is clarified. Nurses and doctors need to receive training in both the systemic harms of smoking and cessation counseling skills. Opportunities, challenges and lessons learned are highlighted.     

某社区居民吸烟情况分析

[目的 ]　了解某社区居民的吸烟率 ,吸烟者的原因、戒烟打算及接受劝烟服务情况。　 [方法 ]　于 2 0 0 3年 7月对社区 13～ 74岁居民进行整群随机抽样 ,面对面问卷调查 ,共调查了 13 96人。　 [结果 ]　该社区 13～ 74岁居民的吸烟率为 2 5 .5 %。其中男性为 60 .8% ,女性为 0 %。 2 0岁及以下未发现吸烟者。吸烟者主要吸烟原因是好奇、社交需要、解乏、时髦。有 76.1%的吸烟者未考虑在未来 6个月内戒烟 ,只有 17.7%的吸烟者考虑在未来 6个月内戒烟。过去 6个月中 ,只有 5 .3 %的吸烟者接受过医务人员的劝烟服务。　 [结论 ]　吸烟是本社区的一个重要公共卫生问题。戒烟干预的主要对象是 2 0岁以上的男性 ,采取临床场所戒烟与社区控烟相结合的综合策略 ,以提高吸烟者戒烟意愿、动机为重点。     

北京市怀柔区中小学校控烟现况调查

目的了解北京市怀柔区中小学学生吸烟情况及对烟草相关知识的了解情况,找到适合不同类型学校特点的有效控烟干预方法,为政府部门制定相关政策、措施提供数据支持和科学依据。方法抽取怀柔辖区内的小学4所840人,初中4所684人,高中3所430人,职业学校1所252人。每所学校男女生比例尽量符合1：1。调查采用封闭式匿名问卷,由学生自行填写。问卷根据学生的学习阶段不同分为小学低年级（1～3年级）、小学高年级（4～6年级）、和中学3种。结果怀柔区小学生低年级的尝试吸烟率为15.21%,小学高年级的尝试吸烟率为0.10%,现在吸烟率0.49%;中学生的尝试吸烟率为29.51%,现在吸烟率17.20%。结论中学生控烟工作应是我区学校控烟工作的重点。