髋关节后脱位合并股骨头骨折的治疗

目的：探讨髋关节后脱位合并股骨头骨折的治疗方法。方法：自1996年-2002年共收治25例，18例资料完整，根据Pipkin分型，Ⅰ型4例，Ⅱ型5例，Ⅲ型2例，Ⅳ型7例。根据骨折分型和治疗时间以及患者年龄，决定治疗方案。结果：按照Epstein评分标准，Ⅰ型：优3例，良1例；Ⅱ型：优1例，良2例，可1例，差1例；Ⅲ型：2例全髋关节置换术后分别2年和5年，行走无痛，关节活动范围正常，假体无松动。Ⅳ型：良4例，可1例，差2例。结论：髋关节后脱位合并股骨头骨折的治疗方法应根据骨折类型，骨折时间，患者年龄等确定。     

髋关节后脱位合并股骨头骨折的治疗

目的探讨髋关节后脱位合并股骨头骨折的治疗方法及效果。方法2000年1月至2006年12月,共收治12例髋关节后脱位合并股骨头骨折患者,根据Pipkin分型,I型3例,Ⅱ型6例,Ⅲ型2例,Ⅳ型1例。结果全部病例获随访6-38个月,平均18.6个月。根据Epstein疗效评价标准,优4例,良5例,可2例,差1例,优良率为75％。结论治疗效果的关键是早期诊断和早期复位,按股骨头骨折类型选择合适的治疗方式,我们认为可吸收螺钉是治疗股骨头骨折理想的内固定材料。     

可吸收螺钉内固定治疗髋关节后脱位合并股骨头骨折

目的探讨可吸收螺钉内固定治疗髋关节后脱位并股骨头骨折的疗效。方法对2009年10月至2013年1月15例髋关节后脱位并股骨头骨折患者,先后行手法复位及切开复位可吸收螺钉内固定治疗,并定期复查,观察疗效。15例患者中男9例,女6例;年龄22~45岁,平均42岁。根据Thompson-Epstein分型,入选病例均为Ⅴ型髋关节后脱位,即髋关节后脱位合并股骨头骨折。股骨头骨折Pipkin分类,Ⅰ型7例,Ⅱ型6例,Ⅳ型2例。结果 15例随访8~24个月,平均18个月。依据Thompson-Epstein评分标准对所有患髋进行功能评定,优6例,良6例,可2例,差1例,优良率80%。结论早期明确诊断,尽早复位髋关节,切开复位可吸收螺钉内固定治疗髋关节后脱位并股骨头骨折可以获得较满意的效果,髋关节功能好。     

髋关节后脱位合并股骨头骨折12例治疗体会

目的探讨使用可吸收螺钉治疗髋关节脱位合并股骨头骨折的临床效果。方法 2006年2月至2009年12月,采用可吸收螺钉治疗髋关节脱位合并股骨头骨折患者12例。根据Pipkin分型,型2例,型5例,型3例,型2例。结果本组病例均获随访,随访时间8～30个月,平均19个月。根据Thompson Epstein评价系统,优4例,良3例,可3例,差2例。结论髋关节后脱位并股骨头骨折应力争早期解剖复位、固定,可吸收螺钉是治疗股骨头骨折的理想方法。     

髋关节后脱位合并股骨头骨折术后近期疗效

目的总结髋关节后脱位合并股骨头骨折手术后近期疗效。方法2001年3月-2003年5月收治8例髋关节后脱位合并股骨头骨折,年龄23-46岁。按Pipkin分型,其中型4例,型3例,型1例;合并多发肋骨骨折2例,颅脑损伤、腰椎压缩骨折、患侧坐骨神经损伤各1例。分别采用不同的手术入路给予治疗。结果术后经9-24个月随访,7例骨折愈合;1例4个月骨折块坏死吸收。按赵炬才等髋关节功能评价标准优6例,良2例。结论对髋关节后脱位合并股骨头骨折,应早期复位髋关节脱位,骨折块行有效的内固定,术后结合早期功能锻炼,可减少股骨头缺血坏死和创伤性关节炎的发生。     

30例Pipkin骨折手术治疗体会

[目的]探究髋关节后脱位合并股骨头骨折(Pipkin骨折)手术治疗的近期效果及体会。[方法]分析30例Pipkin骨折的临床资料。根据影像学资料,按Pipkin骨折分型,Ⅰ型10例,Ⅱ型9例,Ⅲ型4例,Ⅳ型7例。Ⅰ、Ⅱ型患者急诊在麻醉下行手法复位,Ⅲ、Ⅳ型及复位失败者行股骨髁上牵引术;病情稳定后,29例患者行切开复位内固定术,股骨头骨折采用Herbert螺钉或可吸收螺钉内固定,股骨颈骨折者采用3枚空心螺钉固定,髋臼骨折重建钢板固定;1例患者行全髋关节置换术。术后根据黄建国等疗效评定标准评估疗效。[结果]29例切开复位内固定患者均获得随访,平均随访27个月,疗效优15例(51.7%),良8例(27.6%),可4例(13.8%),差2例(6.9%)。[结论]正确诊断,尽早行手法复位,根据Pipkin骨折分型采取适当的手术入路及固定方式,是治疗成功关键。     

可吸收螺钉治疗股骨头骨折伴髋关节后脱位

目的探讨应用可吸收螺钉治疗股骨头骨折伴髋关节后脱位的效果。方法髋后外侧入路手术治疗26例股骨头骨折伴髋关节后脱位患者,股骨头骨折均采用可吸收螺钉固定;Ⅲ型合并股骨颈骨折者采用钛质空心螺钉固定,Ⅳ型合并髋臼骨折者采用髋臼三维记忆内固定系统固定髋臼骨折。结果26例均获随访,时间15～48个月。按D′Aubigue-Postel评分法：优10例,良13例,中1例,差2例（1例股骨头缺血性坏死,1例股骨头缺血性坏死合并髋周异位骨化）。未出现可吸收螺钉断裂及异物反应现象,无深部感染及创伤性关节炎等并发症发生。结论股骨头骨折伴髋关节后脱位采用髋后外侧入路、可吸收螺钉及髋臼三维记忆内固定可获得理想的治疗效果。     

双侧髋关节后脱位合并股骨头Pipkin Ⅱ型骨折一例并文献复习

髋关节脱位占关节脱位的2％～5％,而双侧髋关节同时脱位约占髋关节脱位的1％～2％[1],再合并双侧股骨头骨折则更是少见.股骨头骨折通常采用Pipkin分型[2]:Ⅰ型,股骨头骨折块位于中央凹下方;Ⅱ型,骨折位于中央凹上方;Ⅲ型,任意类型的股骨头骨折合并股骨颈骨折;Ⅳ型,股骨头骨折合并髋臼骨折.2014年6月,我院收治一例双侧髋关节后脱位合并PipkinⅡ型双侧股骨头骨折,术后随访2年多,病人恢复良好,现报告如下.     

髋关节后脱位合并股骨头骨折的外科治疗

目的:探讨各种不同类型髋关节后脱位合并股骨头骨折的外科治疗效果。方法:自1995年5月～2004年1月,共收治29例该类病例,根据Pipkin分4型:Ⅰ型11例,Ⅱ型10例,Ⅲ型4例,Ⅳ型4例。结果:本组共23例获得随访,随访时间6个月～9年,随访内容包括:临床及影像学检查。根据美国矫形外科学院评定标准,结果:优10例,良8例,可3例,差2例。优良率为78.3％。结论:早期切开复位,可吸收钉固定股骨头骨折是治疗髋关节后脱位合并股骨头骨折理想方法。     

髋关节后脱位合并股骨头骨折的手术治疗

[目的]探讨髋关节后脱位合并股骨头骨折的手术治疗方法与效果。[方法]1997年7月～2005年10月,共收治17例髋关节后脱位合并股骨头骨折病例,采用可吸收螺钉固定股骨头骨折12例,钛螺钉固定2例,3例骨片较小无法固定给予摘除。应用重建钢板固定髋臼骨折3例。[结果]所有患者获1～7年随访,骨折均愈合,无感染。采用Epstein标准进行功能评定,优6例,良7例,可3例,差1例,优良率达76.5%。[结论]髋关节后脱位合并股骨头骨折根据分型选择手术治疗方法,手术入路应综合多方面因素进行选择,可吸收螺钉是较理想的内固定物,术后应早活动,晚负重。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.