扎实推进新时代学校卫生与健康教育工作创新发展

党的十八大以来,我国学校卫生与健康教育工作取得了制度体系日益完善、健康教育稳步推进、疾病防控不断强化等显著成绩,为后续工作的开展提供了宝贵经验.要严格把握党对加强和改进新时代学校卫生与健康教育工作的重点任务和具体要求,认真分析实际工作中出现的主要矛盾和问题,全面推进教育强国和健康中国建设.     

A comprehensive study of smoking in primary school children in Hong Kong: implications for prevention.

STUDY OBJECTIVE: To identify factors associated with smoking behaviour in primary school children in Hong Kong. DESIGN: A cross sectional survey in which both children and parents completed questionnaires. The main outcome measure was the smoking status of the children; and risk factors (knowledge of and attitude to smoking and demographic and socioeconomic background) were identified as predictors of ever/never smoking. SETTING AND SUBJECTS: Altogether 9598 primary school children, aged 8-13 years, and attending 27 schools from two districts in Hong Kong participated. MAIN RESULTS: The prevalence of ever-smoking was 12% (1119)-15% (760) in boys and 7% (359) in girls. It ranged from 3% in 8 year old girls to 52% in 13 year old boys. The factors associated with ever-smoking included the following: being a boy (adjusted odds ratio 2.21; 95% confidence interval 1.89, 2.59), increasing age per year (1.48; 1.40, 1.57), living in Kwai Tsing district (1.29; 1.10, 1.50), having one or more smokers at home (2.07; 1.78, 2.39), and having a father who was not working (1.41; 1.19, 1.67). Children who were ever-smokers had both seen and approved of their friends' smoking (8.79; 5.33, 14.50), had a more positive attitude towards smoking (3.35; 2.21, 5.09), and were more successful in recognising cigarette brand names and logos (1.67; 1.42, 1.96), but they lacked confidence (1.78; 1.32, 2.39). CONCLUSIONS: The influences on child smoking are multifactorial and programmes in Hong Kong are falling to curb them. The control of these risk factors must be incorporated in the smoking prevention policy of Hong Kong and supported by future enforced legislation.     

Evaluating health promotion in schools: a case study of design, implementation and results from the Hong Kong Healthy Schools Award Scheme

Health promoting schools (HPS) and Healthy Schools Award Schemes from a number of countries have demonstrated positive changes in children's health behaviours and the culture and organisation of the school. The Hong Kong Healthy Schools Award Scheme (HKHSA) aims to promote staff development, parental education, involvement of the whole school community, and linkage with different stakeholders to improve the health and well-being of the pupils, parents and staff, and the broader community, supported by a system to monitor the achievement. This concept is very much in line with the research literature on school effectiveness and improvement. The indicators examined to evaluate the success of the HKHSA reflect outcomes related to both health and education and are not limited to changes in population health status. The early results demonstrated significant improvements in various aspects of student health and also improvement in school culture and organisation. The evaluation framework described in this paper and data collected to assess how schools perform in the HKHSA scheme, provides insight into how HPSs could lead to better outcomes for both education and health.     

Facilitating health and education sector collaboration in support of comprehensive school health

Comprehensive school health (CSH) is embraced internationally as the most effective way of promoting the health of students and the school community. It is a framework for supporting improvements in students' educational outcomes while addressing their well-being in a planned, holistic way. While many successful CSH initiatives are brought about by passionate individuals at the grassroots level, these initiatives benefit greatly from effective cross-sector collaborations within and among governments to coordinate policy and funding from the health and education sectors. Governments represent just one group of professionals within the myriad of players involved in implementing CSH in Canada. To be effective contributors to the model, all levels of government need to work together to reduce duplication while at the same time minimizing gaps in the policies and practices that support school health promotion. Collaboration between the health and education sectors within and across governmental boundaries is proving to be an effective mechanism for achieving this. In its first five-year mandate, the Pan Canadian Joint Consortium for School Health has broken new ground in horizontal integration and, as a result, has identified a set of key factors necessary for successful cross-sector collaboration.     

"Exposing the cracks": Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome and the Hong Kong health system

PURPOSE: Hong Kong was particularly affected by the 2003 outbreak of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS). During the epidemic, it seemed as if the Hong Kong government and health system were barely coping, leading to calls of mismanagement and governance incapacity. In the wake of the SARS outbreak, two inquiries were conducted. The purpose of this article is to review the Hong Kong's response to SARS from the perspective of two inquiries. DESIGN/METHODOLOGY/APPROACH: An historical analysis of the institutional arrangements for health care delivery in Hong Kong is undertaken, followed by a chronology of developments in the SARS outbreak. The article then reviews outbreak management and the findings of the two inquiries. Finally, it considers whether the Hong Kong health system can be reformed to manage any future infectious disease epidemic better. FINDINGS: Both leadership and coherency were lacking in Hong Kong's response to SARS. These are age-old problems in the Hong Kong health sector. The prospects for mending the health system appear limited, given that leadership and coherency have been consistently absent features of post-1997 governance in Hong Kong. RESEARCH LIMITATIONS/IMPLICATIONS: This article reviews events in the immediate period following the SARS outbreak. A future follow-up study of the Hong Kong government and health system's capacity to respond to infectious disease outbreaks would be useful. PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS: This article provides a review that will be useful to policymakers and researchers. ORIGINALITY/VALUE: No other article reviews the Hong Kong health system's SARS response.     

Should adolescents be vaccinated against hepatitis A: the Hong Kong experience

Hong Kong is a well developed city in the center of an endemic region for hepatitis A. The age at which hepatitis A occurs has shifted from childhood and adolescence to adults like many western countries. There is a high chance of outbreaks with the introduction of infection from neighbouring countries. Reducing the susceptibility of a population by vaccination can eliminate the diseases but updated sero-epidemiological data is needed to analyse the level of natural immunity, and identify those susceptible to infection for preventive measures. This study conducted amongst secondary school children seeks to identify those who are at risk and to obtain data on the present sero-prevalence of anti-HAV. Overall prevalence of anti-HAV in this age group was 7% increasing with age. Analysed by multiple regression model, those students living in mainland China over 3 years had odds ratio of 31.6 (95% c. i. 17.4-57.3) compared with those born in Hong Kong. Students with a father in a skilled occupation and an education level of secondary school or above, and both parents with secondary education or above, had an odds ratio of 0.22 (95% c.i. 0.07-0.7) and 0.35 (95% c.i. 0. 17-0.72) associated with presence of anti-HAV, respectively. Improved socio-economic state exposes higher proportion of the population at risk. Immunisation is worthwhile to be considered for the adolescents in Hong Kong. Prevaccination screening is cost effective only for those adolescents who are most likely to have natural immunity.     

“健康教育进校园”活动的实践经验

“健康教育进校园”活动既是落实“健康中国战略”,为人民群众提供全方位全周期健康服务的重要实践,也是医学类专业人才培养的全新探索。广州医科大学医学生物学科普馆积极开展医学科普进校园活动,以健康需求为导向,搭建广州市中小学生医学类科普教育框架,同时努力提升广州医科大学医学类大学生社会实践活动质量,增强健康科普进校园活动效果,更好地培养德才兼备,全面发展的医学类本科人才。本文介绍了广州医科大学医学生物学科普馆以健康生活为导向的“健康教育进校园”活动的实践与探索,旨在为健康科普进校园活动提供经验。     

Problems of primary health care in a newly developed society: Reflections on the Hong Kong experience

Hong Kong has emerged as a newly developed society in Asia and its modern scientific health care system has had a substantial expansion. Recently, the rise of medical costs has made the health authority come to stress the development of PHC. This paper focusses on three major aspects of the PHC development in Hong Kong: (1) public health and preventive care; (2) food supply and nutrition; and (3) first-contact medical care and referral network.It is argued that in a newly developed society, the emphasis on developing both the quality and the quantity of PHC in the scientific biomedical stream is justifiable. However, at least two kinds of problems need to be taken into consideration, i.e. the prevalence of traditional beliefs and practices and the ever-rising demands of the public for health services.     

中国学校健康教育工作要求和内容的变化发展及建议

通过对1990年1月至2017年7月间国家相关部委发布的学校健康政策文件的梳理,分析其中关于学校健康教育工作要求和健康教育内容的变化发展情况.相关政策的出台对于明确学校健康教育的定位、任务和要求,从课程、课时、师资的设立和配备,建立评估考核机制,拓展教育内容和形式等各方面推动学校健康教育规范化发展发挥了积极的指导作用,但存在落实不到位的问题.需加强顶层设计,完善政府牵头、多部门协调的综合性学校健康促进政策,进一步明确学校健康教育的内容、管理与评价要求,切实做好学校健康教育健康促进工作.     

Bringing comprehensive health education to the New York City Public Schools: a private-public success story.

The New York Academy of Medicine has pioneered a far-sighted effort which successfully introduced two model health education curricula into the New York City Public Schools at both the elementary and middle school levels. The curriculums for kindergarten through sixth grades, Growing Healthy, are currently being used in 525 of New York''s 625 elementary schools, and the curriculum for seventh and eighth grades, Being Healthy, is in place in 60 of 200 junior high schools. These curricula offer a comprehensive approach to health education that promotes emotional well-being as well as physical health by improving health behaviors, attitudes, and academic performance of students through hands-on and interactive activities which develop decision-making skills and the ability to make healthful choices. The program has met with ongoing success and expanding influence, as the result of several important factors. First, the New York Academy of Medicine took a leadership role in supporting a venture outside its own walls and became an active advocate for comprehensive health education in the public schools. The Academy''s standing as a prestigious yet independent medical association brought influence to the organizing efforts and contributed the credibility needed to get the program off the ground. Second, the Division of Student Support Services of the New York City Public Schools gave strong acceptance and cooperation leading to ongoing financial support and institutionalization of the program. Added to that is the enthusiasm of teachers, administrators, and other in-school personnel who have made the lessons of Growing Healthy and Being Healthy meaningful by reaching hundreds of thousands of students across New York City. Another important factor is the oversight and longevity which has been provided by the unusual gathering of doctors, educators, public health specialists, funders, and city administrators who created an effective private-public coalition 15 years ago and have remained committed to working together. Last through its ongoing efforts, the Academy''s Office of School Health Programs has stayed at the forefront of developments in health education. By continuing to evaluate their activities and by constantly integrating new materials into the existing curricular framework, they have demonstrated that a comprehensive health education program can be both meaningful to children and responsive to community needs by reflecting current public health issues and concerns.     

珠港澳健康教育与健康促进区域合作模式的探讨

当今国家之间、地区之间的政治、经济、文化、卫生等领域的依存度日益加深,通过区域之间全方位、宽领域、多层次的广泛合作,取得共同发展已成为趋势。随着人口流动速度的加快以