Open-globe injuries and intraocular foreign bodies involving the posterior segment

Open globe injuries involving the posterior segment remain a major cause of visual loss in young adults. They occur more frequently in male than in female populations. The majority is due to domestic accidents, since work-related injuries have been decreasing due to proper education and use of safety equipment. However, leisure-related open globe injuries are on the increase. Prompt recognition and treatment of open globe injuries are essential. At presentation, it is necessary to collect etiological data such as cause, nature, time and place of injury. Anti-tetanus immunization must be confirmed. The presenting visual acuity and clinical examination data must be recorded. The lesion type is classified in accordance with the Birmingham Eye Trauma Terminology. Ocular ultrasound or computed tomography is performed for patients suspected of having an intra- or periocular foreign body. Functional prognosis is negatively influenced by a posterior or large rupture, the presence of an intraocular foreign body, the presence of retinal lacerations or retinal detachment, or the occurrence of posttraumatic infectious endophthalmitis. Recent advances in microsurgical techniques such as pars plana vitrectomy and new visualization techniques may improve the anatomical and functional prognosis for these patients. However, postoperative proliferative vitreoretinopathy remains a major concern: it is responsible for a significant rate of secondary retinal detachment with negative consequences for visual prognosis.     

影响眼内异物伤视力预后的因素

目的探讨影响眼内异物伤视力预后的相关因素。方法对59例（59眼）眼内异物病例进行回顾性分析。结果49例磁性异物中32例从巩膜外路切口摘出,其余17例及10例非磁性异物经玻璃体切出。术后随访3～30个月平均（12．0±4．7）月,最好矫正视力：光感－0．02者6例,0．02～0．05者13例,0．05～0．3者18例,〉0．3者22例,术后视力较术前有明显改善（P〈0．05）。术后的主要并发症是增生性视网膜病变（PVR）、视网膜脱离、黄斑前膜及继发性青光眼。结论眼球伤口部位、异物的位置、眼内炎、PVR、视网膜脱离、黄斑前膜等是影响眼内异物伤视力预后的主要因素。     

Prognosis of penetrating eye injuries with posterior segment intraocular foreign body

Purpose To identify the prognostic factors concerning the anatomy and visual acuity of eyes subject to trauma related posterior intraocular foreign body. Patients and methods The records of 28 eyes of 27 patients who underwent pars plana vitrectomy and intraocular foreign body removal during a 5 year period were retrospectively reviewed. Ocular trauma score was calculated for each eye. Results The most common initial findings were corneal wound (68%), lens injury (50%), retinal lesion (50%), vitreous hemorrhage (25%), and endophthalmitis (14%). Multiple foreign body causing perforating injury with retained posterior segment foreign body occurred in 7% of the cases. The foreign body was found on the surface of the retina in 39% of the cases. Postoperative complications were retinal detachment (46%), proliferative vitreoretinopathy (25%), and phthysis (4%). No eye was enucleated and 1 eye (4%) lost light perception. The final best corrected visual acuity became better or equal to 0.5 Snellen E in 34% of the eyes. The mean follow-up was 19 months (1.5–60 months). Conclusions Prognosis was significantly worse in cases with lower trauma score, initial visual acuity less than 0.1 Snellen E, large foreign body, upset of bacterial endophthalmitis, and with proliferative vitreo-retinopathy. Visual outcomes in our cases were better than estimated follow-up visual acuity based on ocular trauma score parameters. None of the authors has a financial or proprietary interest in any material or method mentioned in the article.     

开放性眼外伤合并球内异物67例手术疗效及预后因素分析

目的 探讨开放性眼外伤合并球内异物的手术疗效,并进一步分析影响眼内炎和视网膜脱离并发症的相关因素.方法 回顾性分析67例开放性眼外伤合并球内异物患者,探讨球内异物取出方式和疗效,并进一步研究影响眼内炎和视网膜脱离的相关因素.结果 经角膜缘和球壁取出异物7例,经巩膜磁吸术取出11例,经玻璃体视网膜手术取出为49例;术后平均最佳矫正视力为3.63±0.85,较术前最佳视力（2.70±1.17）提高（P＜0.05）;眼内炎的发生和异物取出时间有相关性（P＜0.05）;视网膜脱离的发生和开放性眼外伤损伤区域有相关性（P＜0.05）.结论 根据球内异物的性质、部位和眼外伤伤口、玻璃体视网膜情况选择合适的手术方式,取出异物,缝合伤口,可以最大限度恢复视功能;眼内炎和视网膜脱离的发生分别与异物取出时间和开放性眼外伤的损伤部位有关.     

Early versus late removal of retained intraocular foreign bodies.

PURPOSE: To compare early versus late removal of retained intraocular foreign bodies (IOFBs). METHODS: Sixty-two patients presenting with open-globe injuries due to lacerations by retained IOFBs were consecutively operated by the same surgeon between 1989 and 1997. Minimum follow-up was more than 3 months. In 43 patients, the IOFB was removed during the first 24 hours after the accident. In 19 patients, in whom the wound had been closed during a first operation, the IOFB was removed later than 24 hours after the accident. The study groups did not vary significantly in age, refractive error, type and size of IOFB, prevalence of traumatic cataract and peripheral or central corneal lacerations, or visual acuity on presentation. RESULTS: Endophthalmitis developed significantly more often in the late intervention group than in the early intervention group (3/19 [15.7%] versus 1/43 [2.3%]; P = 0.0467; chi-square test). Considering patients with retinal lesions due to the IOFB (n = 47), proliferative vitreoretinopathy occurred significantly more often in the late intervention group than in the early intervention group (6/13 [46.2%] versus 6/34 [17.6%]; P = 0.0449). CONCLUSIONS: Confirming previous reports, the results of the current study suggest that removing retained IOFBs within the first 24 hours after the injury may in some clinical situations reduce the risks of infectious endophthalmitis and proliferative vitreoretinopathy.     

First operation anatomic success and other predictors of postoperative vision after complex retinal detachment repair with vitrectomy and silicone oil tamponade

PURPOSE: To evaluate the role of first operation anatomic success compared with success after reoperation and preoperative characteristics in achieving ambulatory vision (>/=4/200) and good vision (>/=20/100) after repair of complex retinal detachment with vitrectomy and silicone oil tamponade. METHODS: A prospective, observational, multicenter study of patients who underwent vitrectomy with silicone oil for retinal detachments associated with cytomegalovirus necrotizing retinitis or a non-cytomegalovirus necrotizing retinitis etiology, including proliferative diabetic retinopathy, giant retinal tear, proliferative vitreoretinopathy, and ocular trauma. RESULTS: A higher rate of ambulatory vision was achieved in the first operation anatomic success cases, compared with the reoperation cases, for eyes with cytomegalovirus necrotizing retinitis (72% vs 50%, P < 0.01) and eyes without cytomegalovirus necrotizing retinitis (51% vs 38%, P = 0.04). For eyes with cytomegalovirus necrotizing retinitis, preoperative ambulatory vision (RR = 2.3, P < 0.0001) and reoperation (RR = 0.4, P = 0.05) were independent predictors of postoperative ambulatory vision. For eyes without cytomegalovirus necrotizing retinitis, preoperative ambulatory vision (RR = 4.0, p < 0.0001) and retinal detachment etiology (P = 0.02) were prognostic factors. Compared to eyes with trauma, eyes with giant retinal tear, proliferative vitreoretinopathy and proliferative diabetic retinopathy were 2.8 (P < 0.003), 2.2 (P = 0.01) and 1.6 (P = 0.17) times as likely to achieve postoperative ambulatory vision, respectively. Within the giant retinal tear group, a higher rate of ambulatory vision was achieved in the first operation anatomic success cases compared with the reoperation cases (66% vs 31%, P = 0.03). Although not statistically significant, similar outcomes occurred in the proliferative diabetic retinopathy (48% vs 25%) and proliferative vitreoretinopathy groups (54% vs 45%). Similar prognostic relationships were found for good visual acuity outcomes. CONCLUSIONS: First operation anatomic success, preoperative visual acuity, and giant retinal tear or proliferative vitreoretinopathy as the retinal detachment etiology are important factors that predict visual outcome.     

23G玻璃体切除术治疗金属异物致眼球穿通伤的疗效及预后

目的：总结金属异物所致眼球穿通伤的特点,评价23G玻璃体切除术治疗金属异物所致眼球穿通伤的疗效和安全性,并应用眼外伤评分系统分析影响患者终视力的因素。

方法：前瞻性连续分析2014-07-01/2016-06-01在我院住院的金属异物所致眼球穿通伤需行23G玻璃体切除手术的患者38例38眼,收集患者年龄、性别、眼别、受伤场所、异物大小、伤口长度、异物位置、初视力与终视力、黄斑情况等资料。应用眼外伤评分系统(ocular trauma score,OTS)评估患者预后。随访时间均超过6mo。

结果：患者38例38眼中,眼外伤主要发生在工作场所,共33例(87%); 其次为运动场所,共3例(8%)。球内异物行23G玻璃体切除术术后矫正视力≥0.1者共21眼(55%)。术前出现视网膜脱离、异物较大(>5.0mm)、晶状体损伤是预后差的重要因素。异物位于玻璃体者23眼(61%),位于视网膜者15眼(39%)。就诊时即出现视网膜脱离者21眼(55%),眼内炎者7眼(18%),球内异物(intraocular foreign bodies,IFOB)直径>5.0mm者7眼(18%),术后出现较严重PVR者6眼(16%),黄斑前膜者5眼(13%)。相同OTS评分下,术后6mo视力明显优于术前; 无论术前还是术后6mo视力,OTS评分越高,视力越好。

结论：金属异物所致眼球穿通伤多发生在40岁以下年轻男性,以工作场所为主,未采用防护措施是受伤的主要原因。影响最终视力的主要因素是受伤后出现视网膜脱离、异物>5.0mm和术后PVR的出现。23G玻璃体切除术治疗金属异物所致眼球穿通伤安全、可靠、有效。OTS评分可有效用于金属异物所致眼球穿通伤患者,并作出合理、有用的术后视力预测。     

Open globe injuries with positive intraocular cultures: factors influencing final visual acuity outcomes

PURPOSE: To investigate the clinical features influencing final visual acuity outcomes of eyes with positive intraocular cultures after open globe injuries. DESIGN: Retrospective, consecutive, interventional case series. PARTICIPANTS: Thirty-seven patients. METHODS: The medical records were reviewed of all patients with positive intraocular cultures after open globe injuries treated at Bascom Palmer Eye Institute between January 1, 1995, and December 31, 2001. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Final visual acuity. Clinical features investigated included the following: (1). presence or absence of clinical endophthalmitis; (2). virulence of the cultured organism (coagulase-negative Staphylococci, Corynebacterium, and Propionibacterium acnes were classified as nonvirulent organisms, whereas all other organisms were classified as virulent organisms); (3). presence of intraocular foreign body (IOFB); (4). presence of retinal detachment; (5). interval between ocular injury and surgical repair; (6). severity of vision loss at presentation; (7). zone of injury; (8). wound length; and (9). presence of vitreous hemorrhage. RESULTS: The study included 37 eyes of 37 patients with a mean age of 30 years (range, 18 months-85 years) and a median follow-up of 13 months (range, 1-71 months). Study eyes were stratified into two groups: group 1 eyes (n = 16) were those in which clinical endophthalmitis did not develop, whereas group 2 eyes (n = 21) were those in which clinically diagnosed endophthalmitis developed at some point during their clinical course. Presenting visual acuity was similar in the two groups (mean logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution [logMAR] acuity, 1.91 and 2.22 [Snellen equivalents, 2/162 and 2/331] respectively; P = 0.33). Final acuities in the two groups were different, but not to a statistically significant level (mean logMAR acuity, 1.14 and 2.05 [Snellen equivalents, 20/276 and 2/224], respectively; P = 0.069). In group 1, final visual acuity ranged from 20/20 to no light perception (median acuity, 20/186); 12 eyes (75.0%) achieved a final visual acuity of 20/400 or better. In group 2, final visual acuity ranged from 20/25 to no light perception (median acuity, 7/200); of 20 eyes with known final visual acuity, 10 (50.0%) retained 20/400 or better vision. In group 1, three eyes (19%) eyes had virulent organisms, and 13 eyes (81%) had nonvirulent organisms. In group 2, 12 eyes (57%) had virulent organisms, and nine eyes (43%) had nonvirulent organisms. A final acuity of 20/60 or better was achieved in 14 eyes (41%), and a final acuity of 20/400 or better was achieved in 22 eyes (59%). Better presenting visual acuity (P = 0.038), culture of a nonvirulent organism (P = 0.011), lack of a retinal detachment (P = 0.002), absence of clinical endophthalmitis (P = 0.069), and shorter wound length (P = 0.024) were associated with better visual acuity outcome. In four of six eyes (67%) with both an IOFB and clinical endophthalmitis (group 2), the final visual acuity was no light perception (IOFB was not itself significantly associated with final visual acuity; P = 0.11). CONCLUSIONS: Among eyes with positive intraocular cultures after open globe injury, the visual prognosis is guarded. Clinical features associated with better visual acuity outcomes include better presenting visual acuity, culture of a nonvirulent organism, lack of a retinal detachment, absence of clinical endophthalmitis, and shorter wound length.     

Transscleral fixation of a foldable intraocular lens in aphakic vitrectomized eyes

PURPOSE: To evaluate the clinical outcomes of transscleral fixation of a foldable intraocular lens (IOL) in eyes that had pars plana lensectomy combined with pars plana vitrectomy for severe vitreoretinal disease. SETTING: Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea. METHODS: The medical records of 21 patients who had a transscleral fixation of a foldable IOL after previous vitrectomy combined with lensectomy for severe posterior segment pathology were reviewed. The underlying vitreoretinal diseases were complicated proliferative diabetic retinopathy (n = 9), proliferative vitreoretinopathy (n = 5), traumatic retinal detachment (n = 3), intraocular foreign body (n = 2), and uveitic retinal detachment (n = 2). The postoperative best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) was compared with the preoperative BCVA. Autorefractometry and keratometry measurements and central endothelial cell counts were evaluated 1 day preoperatively and 6 months postoperatively. RESULTS: The mean age of the patients was 54.5 years. The preoperative aphakic period ranged from 2 to 22 months. The visual acuity reached the preoperative BCVA by 2 months after surgery and was better than the preoperative BCVA at 6 months (P =.006) and at the final visit (P =.003). Six months postoperatively, the mean myopic shift by cycloplegic autorefractometry was -1.0 diopter (D) and the mean scalar shift in surgically induced keratometric cylinder, 1.0 D. The mean central corneal endothelial loss at 6 months was 6.7% (range 2.4% to 22.2%). The only vitreoretinal complications were a transient vitreous hemorrhage and a reopened macular hole that was reattached after fluid-gas exchange. CONCLUSION: Transscleral fixation of a foldable IOL was safe and led to favorable visual outcomes in aphakic vitrectomized eyes with previous severe vitreoretinal disease.     

Visual outcome and prognostic factors after vitrectomy for posterior segment foreign bodies

PURPOSE: To identify the prognostic factors that predict final visual outcome in eyes with posterior segment intraocular foreign body (IOFB) injuries managed by primary pars plana vitrectomy. METHODS: Ninety-six consecutive patients with posterior segment IOFB injuries were retrospectively reviewed. Factors analyzed included initial visual acuity (VA), time between injury and presentation, site of entrance wound, uveal prolapse, vitreous prolapse, traumatized iris, endophthalmitis, location and size of IOFB, use of scleral buckling and/or an encircling band, gas tamponade, lensectomy, number of surgical procedures, and development of retinal detachment. Data were analyzed using univariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis. RESULTS: After a mean follow-up of 8.6 months, 63 eyes (65.6%) achieved VA of 20/200 or better, and 9 eyes (9.4%) had total retinal detachment complicated by inoperable proliferative vitreoretinopathy. On univariate analysis, predictors of poor vision (hand movements or less) were poor initial VA, corneoscleral entrance wound, uveal prolapse, vitreous prolapse, traumatized iris, and development of retinal detachment. In contrast, predictors of good visual outcome (20/200 or better) were absence of uveal prolapse, no endophthalmitis, and no retinal detachment. Multivariate analysis identified corneoscleral entrance wound, uveal prolapse, and development of retinal detachment as the only factors significantly associated with poor visual outcome. Absence of uveal prolapse was the only factor significantly associated with good visual outcome. CONCLUSIONS: Final visual outcome is greatly determined by the severity of the primary injury. On multivariate analysis, significant predictive factors of final VA were corneoscleral entrance wound, presence or absence of uveal prolapse, and development of retinal detachment.     

Scleral perforation during retrobulbar and peribulbar anesthesia: risk factors and outcome in 50,000 consecutive injections.

PURPOSE: To measure the frequency of scleral perforation and identify related risk factors during local anesthetic injection for intraocular surgery. SETTING: Multispecialty eye hospital. METHODS: All patients (n = 50,000) having retrobulbar (26,857) or peribulbar (23,143) injections at the King Khaled Eye Specialist Hospital were reviewed. Cases of scleral perforation were analyzed for potential technical and ophthalmic risk factors, management of injuries, and visual and anatomic outcomes. Mean follow-up was 14.4 months (range 8 to 24 months). RESULTS: Seven (0.014%) needlestick injuries were identified, all of which had posterior staphyloma as the only identifiable risk factor. Applying a previously measured prevalence of 10.7% for posterior staphyloma in our surgery patients gave a scleral perforation rate of 0.13% (7 of 5350) for staphylomatous eyes. All perforated globes had originally planned cataract extraction within 8 weeks of injury. Additional management consisted of observation (2 cases), cryotherapy (2 cases), and vitreoretinal procedures for retinal detachment (3 cases) and subretinal hemorrhage (1 case). At last follow-up, all retinas were attached and 3 cases (42.8%) had a visual acuity of worse than 20/160. Both cases requiring multiple retinal detachment surgeries developed proliferative vitreoretinopathy and poor visual acuity. CONCLUSIONS: Eyes with posterior staphyloma sustained needlestick injuries at a rate of 1 in 760 compared with 0 injection perforations in more than 44,000 nonstaphylomatous eyes.     

Factors influencing anatomic and visual results in primary scleral buckling

PURPOSE: To identify the factors influencing anatomical and visual results in cases of rhegmatogenous retinal detachment undergoing primary scleral buckling. METHODS: A retrospective study of 233 eyes of 226 patients was done. The data were evaluated by univariate analysis and stepwise logistic regression analysis. RESULTS: Retinal reattachment was achieved with primary scleral buckling in 197 eyes (84.5%). The extent of retinal detachment, preoperative proliferative vitreoretinopathy (PVR), preoperative visual acuity and relative afferent pupillary defects were identified as influencing anatomical results, by univariate analysis. The predictive roles of extent of retinal detachment (P<0.0001) and preoperative PVR (P=0.0085) were shown to be significant by step-wise logistic regression. As well as the above factors, the patient's age, the duration of symptoms and the status of the macula were predictors of visual results, by univariate analysis. Stepwise logistic regression analysis confirmed the predictive roles of preoperative visual acuity (P<0.0001) and the extent of retinal detachment (P=0.0089). CONCLUSIONS: Cases with a larger extent of retinal detachment, more advanced preoperative PVR and poorer preoperative visual acuity have less favorable anatomical and functional results.     

松弛性视网膜切开术治疗视网膜脱离合并严重前增殖性玻璃体视网 …

目的 探讨松弛性周边视网膜切开术联合眼内激光治疗视网膜脱离合并严重前增殖性玻璃体视网膜病变的效果。方法 对４４例视网膜脱离合并严重前增殖性玻璃体视网膜病变的患者行松弛性周边视网膜切开术,联合眼内激光和硅油填充治疗。观察术后视网膜解剖复位,视功能及术后眼压变化情况。其中２２例取出了硅油。结果 ４４例全部获得视网膜复位（其中８例合并皱褶）,３８例获得不同程度的视力改善。２２例取出硅油后,有２１例视网膜     

復合性眼内异物傷的聯合手術

目的探討復合性眼内异物傷的各種聯合手術方法,統計其結果.方法對眼内异物傷伴有角膜瘢痕、外傷性白内障、玻璃體渾濁、PVR、牽引性視網膜裂孔、視網膜脱離或和眼内炎等,分别進行异物摘出與晶狀體切除、玻璃體切除、視綱膜復位、人工晶狀體植入、角膜移植等三聯、四聯或五聯手術.術後隨訪觀察,統計效果.結果復合性磁性及非磁性眼内异物傷45例(45眼)其中36例(80%)術後視力達0.5～1.0.術後視力達0.05者42例(93.33%).結論合并晶狀體、玻璃體、視綱膜或/及角膜外傷的復合性眼内异物傷,進行聯合手術是安全的,效果良好,視力恢復尚滿意.關鍵詞眼内异物傷聯合手術     

Densiron intraocular tamponade: a case series

Purpose: To report on the use of Densiron (heavy silicone oil), a new endotamponade agent with proposed benefits in complex retinal detachments involving inferior proliferative vitreoretinopathy. Method: Retrospective case note review. Results: Ten cases (10 eyes) in which Densiron was used in eyes which had failed initial retinal detachment surgery. The overall success rate of long‐term total reattachment was 70%. Mean preoperative visual acuity was logMAR 2.03 (SD 0.406), which improved to a mean postoperative visual acuity of logMAR 1.00 (SD 0.571) (P = 0.001). Conclusion: Densiron was well tolerated with few side‐effects and appears to be a useful agent in patients with inferior proliferative vitreoretinopathy.     

Traumatic pediatric retinal detachment following open globe injury

PURPOSE: It was the aim of this study to describe the clinical features and surgical outcomes of retinal detachment following open globe injuries in a pediatric population. METHODS: The study was a retrospective chart review of 33 children who had undergone surgery for retinal detachment after open globe injury. RESULTS: The mean age was 11 years (range 4-18) and the mean follow-up period was 57.1 months (range 6-204). Twenty-five patients (76%) were males. Of the open globe injuries, 21 (64%) were penetrations, 6 (18%) intraocular foreign bodies, and 6 (18%) ruptures. Eighteen retinal detachments (55%) were identified by B-scan. Eighteen eyes (55%) had total retinal detachment and 23 eyes (70%) showed macular involvement. Twenty-one eyes (64%) presented with proliferative vitreoretinopathy (PVR) grade C or worse. Retinal reattachment was successful in 12 eyes (36%). Best-corrected visual acuity of 20/100 or better was noted in 4 eyes (12%) preoperatively and in 12 eyes (35%) postoperatively. Features seen in patients with a poor surgical outcome included undetermined or light perception only preoperative vision (p = 0.012), diagnosis by B-scan (p = 0.003), the presence of PVR grade C or worse (p = 0.001), total retinal detachment (p = 0.001), and macula-off status (p = 0.016). CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggest that retinal detachment caused by open globe injuries in the pediatric population is associated with worse surgical results and unsatisfied visual outcomes. Early vitrectomy, before a diagnosis of retinal detachment is made by serial echographic examinations, may be considered to reduce the incidence of PVR. Further clinical research is required to identify ways to improve the outcomes for these patients.     

Intravitreal triamcinolone acetonide for exudative age related macular degeneration

AIM: To evaluate the effect of intravitreal triamcinolone acetonide on the visual acuity of patients with exudative age related macular degeneration, to assess the duration of a possible effect, and to evaluate clinical side effects of the treatment. METHODS: The study included 67 patients (71 eyes) who presented with exudative age related macular degeneration of predominantly or total occult type (n = 68) or classic type (n = 3), and who received once, or repeatedly, an intravitreal injection of 25 mg of crystalline triamcinolone acetonide. Mean follow up time was 7.46 (SD 3.54) months (range 3.1-19.57 months). RESULTS: Visual acuity increased significantly (p <0.001) from 0.16 (0.11) to a mean maximum of 0.23 (0.17). Postoperative visual acuity was highest 1-3 months after the injection. 47 (66.2%) eyes gained in maximal visual acuity and 11 (15.5%) eyes lost in visual acuity. Intraocular pressure increased significantly (p <0.001) from 15.1 (3.1) mm Hg at baseline to a maximal value of 23.0 (8.25) mm Hg. At the end of follow up, intraocular pressure again decreased significantly (p<0.001) to 16.8 (4.9) mm Hg. No cases of postoperative infectious endophthalmitis, rhegmatogenous retinal detachment, or proliferative vitreoretinopathy occurred. Owing to a decrease in visual acuity after an initial increase, six patients received a second intravitreal triamcinolone acetonide injection after which visual acuity increased again in three eyes. CONCLUSIONS: Intravitreal injection of 25 mg of crystalline triamcinolone acetonide merits further study for the treatment of exudative age related macular degeneration.     

Penetrating keratoplasty surgery combined with vitrectomy after failing previous corneal surgery

PURPOSE: The preoperative and postoperative factors influencing visual outcome were analyzed in 15 eyes of 15 patients with graft opacity after keratoplasty associated with vitreoretinal disease who underwent combined surgery of fresh corneal retransplantation and vitrectomy. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The data obtained consisted of diagnosis, preoperative visual acuity, corneal and vitreoretinal findings at the time of surgery, interval between the first visit and surgery, intraocular pressure before surgery, gonioscopic findings, results of bacterial culture of surgical specimens, surgical procedure for vitrectomy, corneal and vitreous findings after surgery, visual acuity 6 months after surgery, intraocular pressure after surgery, and additional surgical techniques. RESULTS: The cause of corneal opacity was graft rejection in all patients, who had been treated with high-dose administrations of steroids and cyclosporin. The preoperative diagnosis was proliferative vitreoretinopathy (PVR) in eight eyes and fungal endophthalmitis in seven eyes. Corneal transparency was achieved in 7 eyes (46.6%) 6 months after surgery. Vitreoretinal findings improved in 9 eyes (60%) and PVR recurred in 6 eyes (40%). Visual acuity improved in 7 eyes (46.6%), did not change in 2 eyes (13.3%), and deteriorated in 6 eyes (40%). The six eyes with decreased visual acuity developed phthisis bulbi. Preoperative intraocular pressure was 2.1 mmHg on average in the phthisis bulbi group, significantly lower than in the group with superior prognosis. Goniosynechia was noted before surgery and did not improve after surgery in all six eyes. CONCLUSIONS: The outcome was poor in eyes with goniosynechia and ocular hypotony, and combined surgery is not indicated for either anatomic or visual preservation in such cases. Care should be taken not to overlook intraocular infection in patients undergoing immunosuppressive therapy against graft rejection. The early detection of retinal detachment is also important in eyes exhibiting hypotony after surgery.     

广角观察系统在外伤性玻璃体手术中的应用

目的探讨广角观察系统(wide_angle viewing system)在外伤性玻璃体手术中应用的意义。方法2003年8月~2005年2月期间在手术显微镜下应用广角观察系统完成45例(45眼)外伤性玻璃体切除手术。45眼中11眼为眼内异物,6眼为眼内炎,17眼为视网膜脱离,其余眼均有严重玻璃体积血并且2周以上无明显吸收者。结果45眼经过3~18月随访,视力增加者38眼(84.44%),不变者5眼(11.11%),视力减退者2眼(4.44%)。结论外伤性玻璃体视网膜手术应用广角观察系统有许多优越性。     

Management of posterior segment intraocular foreign bodies: 14 years' experience

BACKGROUND: Penetrating ocular injuries with retained posterior segment foreign bodies are challenging cases requiring urgent attention by vitreoretinal surgeons. Posteriorly located injuries can result in serious immediate and delayed vitreoretinal sequelae, such as retinal detachment and endophthalmitis. We report our experience with posterior segment intraocular foreign bodies. METHODS: We reviewed the records of all patients with penetrating ocular injury with retained intraocular foreign bodies treated at a university-based referral practice in Toronto between April 1981 and December 1995. We noted the pre- and postoperative Snellen visual acuity, type and volume of foreign body, diagnostic technique, surgical management, and pre- and postoperative complications. RESULTS: Forty-one patients (all male with a mean age of 38 [range 8 to 78] years) were treated during the study period. The length of follow-up ranged from 1 to 118 (mean 20) months. Eighteen patients (44%) experienced a delay in diagnosis or management, or both, of 1 day to 3 years. The rates of retinal detachment and endophthalmitis were 41% (17/41) and 17% (7/41) respectively; culture gave positive results in 5 cases. Two of the eyes required enucleation. A final visual acuity of 6/60 or better was obtained in 33 eyes (80%) and of 6/12 or better in 21 eyes (51%). Multiple linear regression analysis showed that only immediate retinal detachment and the presence of a relative afferent pupillary defect had a significant independent effect on final visual acuity. In our previous series (1971-81) the retinal detachment rate was 14% (4/28), and there were no cases of culture-positive endophthalmitis; final visual acuities of 6/60 or better and of 6/12 or better were obtained in 46% and 32% of the eyes respectively. INTERPRETATION: Reasons for the better outcomes in our more recent series may include improved localization of posterior segment foreign bodies with computed tomography, more frequent intravitreal surgery with improved vitrectomy techniques and the use of the intraocular magnet.