陶瓷作业工人肺功能测试结果分析

目的了解陶瓷作业工人肺功能损害的情况,为预防尘肺病发生提供依据。方法选择某陶瓷厂200名接尘工人,平均年龄为（32.31±8.25）岁,另选取非接尘工人50名为对照组,平均年龄为（34.88±9.75）岁,采用意大利的spirolabII型的肺功能仪,测试的项目包括肺活量（VC）、用力呼吸肺活量（FVC）、第1s用力呼气量（FEV1）、一秒率（FEV1%）、最大呼气中段流速（FEF25-75）、最大呼气25%、50%、75%肺活量时流量（FEF25%、FEF50%、FEF75%）;应用SPSS13.0统计软件统计分析。结果接尘组的肺功能指标FEV1、FEV1%、FEF25-75、FEF50%、FEF75%明显低于对照组,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）;接尘工龄在10年～、15年～、20年～组的工人肺功能指标中VC、FVC、FEF25-75、FEF50%、FEF75%的测试均值明显低于接尘工龄〈5年组,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。结论陶瓷粉尘对作业工人的肺功能有损害作用,且随着接尘工龄的增加肺功能受损害程度增加。     

某陶瓷企业接尘工人肺功能分析

目的 了解某陶瓷企业粉尘对工人肺功能的影响，为尘肺防治提供科学依据。方法对147例陶瓷生产工人和50名对照组分别进行肺功能测定。结果 肺通气功能测定显示暴露工龄5a～组和10a～组VC、FVC、PEF、FEF 75％明显低于对照组，10a～组FEV，低于其他3组，暴露组FEF25-75、FEF25%。明显低于对照组。暴露组肺通气功能和小气道通气功能异常率高于对照组，其中10a～组与对照组的差异有统计学意义。结论 粉尘对该企业接尘工人的肺功能有危害，且随着工龄增加损伤程度加重。     

某水泥厂非吸烟接尘工人呼吸系统损害的调查

目的 探讨接尘不吸烟工人呼吸系统的损害。方法 对水泥厂122名接尘不吸烟工人及对照组进行呼吸系统询问调查和肺功能测定。结果 接尘组工人呼吸症状阳性率明显高于对照组，肺功能明显下降，FVC、FEV1、FEF25-75、明显下降，差异均有显著性。结论 水泥粉尘作业工人呼吸系统和肺功能损害是严重的，应采取防护措施。     

含酶洗衣粉作业工人的肺功能情况调查

目的了解含酶洗衣粉作业工人肺功能情况.方法对某含酶洗衣粉厂接触酶尘工龄1a以上的289名工人及无明显尘毒接触、劳动强度相似的149名工人进行健康调查.结果含酶洗衣粉接触组肺功能指标FVC、FEV1.0、FEV1.0%、MMEF与对照组差异无显著性,接触组FVC、FEV1.0%、MMEF在不同工龄组差异有显著性,线性相关性检验显示,随着工龄的增加,FVC有显著降低趋势.结论提示接触含酶洗衣粉粉尘对工人FVC的影响具有时间-剂量的累积作用.     

对苯二胺对工人肺功能和健康相关生活质量的影响

目的分析对苯二胺职业接触人员的肺功能以及健康相关的生活质量情况。方法选取某染发剂生产企业中使用对苯二胺作为生产原料的染发剂生产车间的接触工人(100人)以及同一企业内不接触对苯二胺的工人(24人)作为主要对象,使用36项健康调查简表(SF-36)对工人的健康相关生活质量问卷进行调查,并进行职业健康检查,肺功能测试指标包括用力肺活量(FVC),1秒钟用力呼气量(FEV1.0),以及FEV1.0/FVC。结果调查工人中对苯二胺接触组和对照组的收缩压的差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。接触组的各项肺功能指标FVC、FEV1.0、FEV1.0/FVC都低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),接触组躯体疼痛(P=0.002)、一般健康状况(P=0.029)、精力(P=0.038)、精神健康(P=0.003)在均低于对照组,差异有统计学意义。结论对苯二胺职业接触可能会对职业人群肺功能产生潜在危害,并影响工人的健康相关生活质量。     

深圳市某木门制造企业接尘工人职业健康检查结果

目的 分析木尘对作业工人的健康损害,探讨健康监护指标.方法 对深圳市某木门制造企业接触木尘作业工人257名及对照组243人进行职业健康检查.结果 接触木粉尘作业工人临床症状以咳嗽、咳痰、气促、胸部不适为主,检出率分别为18.7％、17.9％、19.1％和19.5％;接尘工人肺功能指标FEV1.0、FVC、FEV1.0/FVC分别为(3 124.3 ±432.7)ml、(4 012.6±465.6)ml、(77.9±8.32)ml,明显低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(t值分别为5.405、3.054、4.122,均P值＜0.01),接尘工人肺功能损害随年龄、工龄呈增长而升高,差异有统计学意义(x2值分别为30.142和14.316,均P＜0.01);高千伏X线胸片结果显示观察组肺纹理增多增粗比例明显高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(x2=6.733,P值＜0.01).观察组还确诊2例尘肺,5例肺结核;对照组确诊1例肺结核.结论 木尘对作业工人呼吸系统和心血管系统有一定的损害,木粉尘暴露是否可致肺组织纤维化病变仍不确定.     

深圳市宝安区1 150名粉尘作业工人职业病危害调查

目的 了解深圳市宝安区粉尘作业工人职业病危害状况,为制定本地职业病防治措施提供科学依据.方法 对1 150名接尘工人进行健康检查.分析粉尘作业接尘工龄、工种、肺功能相关指标.结果 接尘组与对照组相比,FEV1.0/FVC明显降低,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05).与二氧化硅组相比,其他组临床症状(咳嗽、咳痰、气促、胸部不适、其他反应)均减少,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05).与1年工龄组相比,5年工龄以上者肺功能异常检出率明显增高,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05). 结论 粉尘对接尘工人健康有一定危害,尤其是二氧化硅;肺功能损伤与接触粉尘种类和工龄有关.用人单位应注意加强对职业病的管理,减少职业病的发生.     

某煤矿集团接尘工人肺功能观察指标调查分析

目的 了解煤矿接尘工人肺功能损害情况,分析肺功能测定在接尘工人健康监护中的意义.方法 采用横断面调查法,对某煤矿集团18对矿井8 520名煤矿接尘工人进行职业健康检查,分析肺功能用力肺活量(FVC)、第1秒用力呼气量(FEV1)实测值占预计值的百分比和FEV1/FVC% 3项常用指标.结果 纯掘进工＞30年接尘工龄组FVC、FEV1均值较同工种＜30年各接尘工龄组及其总体差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05);胸片异常组FVC、FEV12项指标较胸片正常组总体均值差异有统计学意义(P＜0.001);煤矿工人肺功能异常以FVC、FEV1双项异常为主.结论 FVC、FEV1 2项指标可作为接尘工人肺功能监测主要观察指标,肺功能检测在接尘工人健康监护中具有重要意义.     

焦炉逸散物对作业工人肺功能及呼吸系统症状影响的配对研究

目的　探讨焦炉逸散物对作业工人肺功能及呼吸系统症状的影响。方法　按吸烟指数、年龄、身高和体重配对 ,对焦炉工和对照组进行问卷调查、肺功能测定和焦炉逸散物累积接触剂量 (指数 )估算。结果　接触组肺功能FVC、FEV1 0 、MMF、FEF2 5% 、FEF50 % 、FEF75% 和各项肺功能实测值占预计值百分比均明显低于对照组 (P <0 0 5或P<0 0 1)。焦炉工咳嗽、咳痰阳性率随累积接触剂量的增加而升高 (P <0 0 5 ) ;累积接触剂量≥ 60 0 0时 ,各项肺功能指标异常率明显高于对照组 (P <0 0 5 )。结论　焦炉逸散物可引起肺功能的降低和呼吸系统异常症状发生率升高。     

煤矿工人累积接尘剂量与肺功能累计异常率的关系研究

目的 探讨煤矿工人累积接尘剂量与肺功能累计异常率的关系。方法 选取唐山市某煤矿接尘工人376名为接尘组,非接尘工人179名为对照组,均行肺功能检测用力肺活量、第1秒用力呼出量、第1秒用力呼出量占肺活量比值(FVC、FEV1.0、FEV1.0%),收集所有人员的相关资料并建立数据库,使用SPSS 16.0软件对数据进行分析和处理,比较两组人员肺功能异常的情况,分析煤矿工人累积接尘剂量与肺功能累计异常率的关系。结果 接尘组吸烟率(48.7%)与对照组(45.3%)比较,差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。接尘组肺功能异常率(51.6%)明显高于对照组(12.8%),接尘组FVC、FEV1.0、FEV1.0%均明显低于对照组。FVC、FEV1.0、FEV1.0%,10a~工龄组均明显低于10a工龄组;20a~工龄组均明显低于10a工龄组和10a~工龄组;30a~工龄组%均明显低于10a工龄组、10a~工龄组、20a~工龄组,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。接尘组肺功能累计异常率随着累积接尘量的增加而增加,累计异常率从100mg/(m3·a)~组的0.54%增加至1 700mg/(m3·a)~组的97.96%。结论 煤矿工人累积接尘剂量与肺功能累计异常率存在明显正相关性。工龄时间越长,累积接尘剂量越大,肺功能累计异常率越高,肺功能指标改变越明显。累积接尘剂量的监测,可用于预测煤矿工人肺功能异常发病的危险性和高危人群。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The occurrence of antimicrobial substances in toilet,sink and shower drainpipes of clinical units: A neglected source of antibiotic residues

Antibiotics represent one of the most important drug groups used in the management of bacterial infections in humans and animals. Due to the increasing problem of antibiotic resistance, assurance of the antibacterial effectiveness of these substances has moved into the focus of public health. The reduction in antibiotic residues in wastewater and the environment may play a decisive role in the development of increasing rates of antibiotic resistance. The present study examines the wastewater of 31 patient rooms of various German clinics for possible residues of antibiotics, as well as the wastewater of five private households as a reference.To the best of our knowledge, this study shows for the first time that in hospitals with high antibiotic consumption rates, residues of these drugs can be regularly detected in toilets, sink siphons and shower drains at concentrations ranging from 0.02?μg·L^?1 to a maximum of 79?mg·L^?1. After complete flushing of the wastewater siphons, antibiotics are no longer detectable, but after temporal stagnation, the concentration of the active substances in the water phases of respective siphons increases again, suggesting that antibiotics persist through the washing process in biofilms. This study demonstrates that clinical wastewater systems offer further possibilities for the optimization of antibiotic resistance surveillance.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.