热区边防部队夏季膳食中16种无机元素摄入量的分析

热区边防部队夏季膳食中１６种无机元素摄入量的分析邱仞之，万为人，华旭初第一军医大学热带医学研究所（广州５１０５１５）李增禧，梁业成，盛小禹中国广州分析测试中心ＡｂｓｔｒａｃｔＴｈｅｏｂｓｅｒｖａｔｉｏｎｓｏｆｃｏｌｌｅｃｔｉｎｇｓａｍｐｌｅｓｆｏｒｃ...     

安徽农民膳食中无机元素全年摄入量调查

对歙县、庐江、凤阳、利辛四县部分农户的Ｋ、Ｎａ、Ｃａ、Ｍｇ、Ｐ、Ｆｅ、Ｚｎ、Ｃｕ、Ｍｎ９种无机元素摄入量进行为期一年的调查，显示Ｋ、Ｃａ、Ｍｇ、Ｚｎ摄入量不足，Ｃａ尤为明显。Ｃａ、Ｚｎ、Ｃｕ、Ｆｅ、Ｍｎ的食物来源以植物性食物为主，吸收率低，应适当增加Ｃａ及微量元素含量高且易吸收的动物性食物的摄取量。江淮地区钠摄入量过高，应降低食盐的摄取量。     

核桃仁中无机元素含量的测定

样品消化液用原子荧光、火焰光度和ICP法测定核桃仁中28种无机元素的含量,其中钾、磷、镁、钙、钠和锰、铁、锌、铜、锶、镍、铬、钒、钻、钼15种人体必需宏、微量元素含量之和分别为14．16mg／g,占所测元素加和量的99．93％;有害人体的微量元素铅未检出;镉、汞、铍含量极低。核桃生熟皆宜,食药两用,我国盛产,值得大力开发利用。     

大枣中无机元素含量的测定

样品消化液中用原子荧光、火焰光度、ICP法测定大枣中24种无机元素的含量，其中15种人体必需的宏、微量元素含量之和为13007ug／g，占所测定元素加和量的99．69％；3种有害微量元素含量极低，远低于致毒允许量。大枣食药两用，我国盛产，值提广为开发利用。     

麦芽中无机元素含量的测定

样品消化液用火焰光度、原子荧光和ICP-AFS法测定麦芽中28种无机元素，除铜、硼、锎、铅未检出外，其余元素皆含有或富含，钾、磷、镁、钙、钠和铁、锌、锰、铜、锶、镍、钒、铬、钻14种人体必需宏、微量元素含量之和为11．85mg／g，占所测元素加和量的98．5％；有害微量元素铍、汞、镉含量极低，其含量之和为0．067μg／g，仅占加和量的5．5／百万，远低于致毒量。麦芽是一种主要的消食药，全国各地均产，开发前景广阔。     

辽宁省五味子无机元素含量动态变化研究

目的:对辽宁省不同产地,不同生长期的五味子中无机元素含量动态变化进行研究。方法:采用ICP—MS电感耦合等离子体质谱仪对无机元素进行测定。结果:辽宁省5个产地的五味子样品中5种重金属元素Cu、As、Cd、Hg、Pb含量及5种元素总含量均未超标;主成分法分析表明:Ca、V、Mn、Fe、Co、Ni、Cu、Zn、As、Se、Cd、Pb这12种元素是五味子药材的特征无机元素。结论:辽宁省栽培种五味子不同生长期果实中无机元素含量变化有一定的规律性。     

孕妇乳母血清和乳汁中Fe Zn Cu Ca Se含量分析

对秦巴山区 70名孕妇的 1 0 1名哺乳 6个月以内的乳母进行了膳食调查和血清、乳汁中Fe、Zn、Cu、Ca、Se含量测定。结果各种元素摄入量均显不足 ,孕期 Cu高于乳期而乳期 Se低于孕期。乳汁中 Ca、Zn高于母血而母血中 Cu、Se高于乳汁。揭示孕乳期母体对元素各有特殊需求 ,应注意相应元素的供给。     

乳母膳食与乳汁中矿物质含量研究

目的探讨膳食矿物质摄入水平及对乳汁矿物质含量的影响。方法选择婴儿月龄在30天~50天母乳喂养的健康乳母为调查对象,共56人,年龄23~35岁。于产后30天由专人进行入户调查。采用24小时回顾法,记录调查对象每餐摄入食物的种类和数量,并同时采集乳汁,用火焰原子吸收光度法测其钙、铁、锌、镁、铜、锰的含量。结果济南市乳母膳食中禽蛋摄入较高149g,豆类较低14g。与营养素推荐摄入量(RNI)比较,膳食能量摄入偏低(77.5%)。膳食矿物质铜、铁、锰、镁的摄入量均达到RNI的90%,钙摄入量较低,仅为RNI的62.5%。乳汁中钙、铁、锰、镁、铜、锌含量分别为0.39g/L、1.35mg/L、17.5μg/L、36mg/L、0.33mg/L、2.18mg/L。膳食矿物质摄入量与乳汁中矿物质含量的相关性分析结果显示,膳食钙、锌、锰的摄入量与乳汁中含量显著相关(P<0.01)。结论济南市乳母膳食组成中禽蛋摄入较高,豆类摄入偏低,膳食钙、维生素B1摄入不足。     

婴幼儿指血无机元素含量检测分析

[目的]了解婴幼儿体内无机元素的含量状况,有针对性地做好营养指导工作.[方法]对来医院做健康检查的421例0～3岁婴幼儿无名指采血100μl,用BH 5100 Plus型原子吸收光谱仪及其配套试剂,检测血中无机元素的含量并对结果进行分析.[结果]婴幼儿指血钙、镁、铁、铜、锌平均含量分别为67.24μg/ml、37.40μg/ml、432.86μg/ml、0.80μg/ml、6.02μg/ml;锌、钙、铜元素低标者分别为29.40%、7.60%、7.40%,锌、铁元素高标者分别为5.70%、4.00%;除铜元素2～和3～岁年龄组的低标百分人数(分别为13.92%和12.20%)明显高于0～和1～岁年龄组(分别为5.17%和4.72%)外(P＜0.05),其余元素的平均含量以及低标、高标的百分人数在不同性别、不同年龄婴幼儿中的差异无统计学意义(P＞0:05).[结论]部分婴幼儿存在锌、钙、铜、铁元素低标或高标的情况,其中锌元素低标和高标的异常人数比例都最高;应当注意调整婴幼儿的饮食结构,确保维持各种营养素的平衡,合理的补充无机元素尤其是锌元素.     

不同产地金毛狗脊中无机元素的含量测定

采用原子吸收分光光度计测定了三地金毛狗脊中 K、Na等 1 5种无机元素含量。结果显示 ,云南、广西、福建 3个产地的金毛狗脊和炮制药材的无机元素比较丰富 ,大多数无机元素在不同产地之间的含量差异不大。所测 1 5种元素中均以 K的含量最高 ,其次是 Mn     

Breast Milk Iodine Concentration (BMIC) as a Biomarker of Iodine Status in Lactating Women and Children <2 Years of Age: A Systematic Review

Background: Iodine is needed for the production of thyroid hormones, which are essential for infant growth and development. Given that there are wide variations in breast milk iodine concentration (BMIC) and urinary iodine concentration (UIC), it is unclear if BMIC is associated with UIC in populations residing in iodine sufficient or deficient areas. Aim: To investigate if BMIC can be used as a biomarker for iodine status in lactating women and children <2 years of age. Methods: Electronic databases; PubMed, Web of Science and Scopus were searched until year 2021, for studies investigating the relationship between BMIC and UIC. Studies were reviewed for eligibility, according to inclusion and exclusion criteria, followed by data extraction, according to the PRISMA guidelines. Results: Overall, 51 studies met the criteria for inclusion in the systematic review. BMIC ranged from 18 to 1153 µg/L. In iodine-deficient and iodine-sufficient lactating women, BMIC ranged from 26 to 185 µg/L and 15 to 1006 µg/L, respectively. In most studies, the categorisation of iodine status assessed by median UIC was consistent with the categorisation of iodine status assessed by median BMIC cut off of ≥100 µg/L, to determine iodine sufficiency in lactating women and children <2 years of age. Conclusions: The systematic review indicated that BMIC is a promising biomarker of iodine status in lactating women and children <2 years of age. However, these data need to be interpreted cautiously, given the study limitations in the included studies. Future studies should consider investigating the optimal median BMIC, as there is a lack of high-quality observational and intervention studies in lactating women and infants.     

陕西澄城县农村乳母膳食与乳汁营养素的调查分析

目的 了解陕西农村哺乳期乳母膳食和乳汁营养素的状况。方法 采取整群抽样的方法，对陕西澄城县农村乳母进行膳食调查、身体营养状况和乳汁营养素测定。运用CDGSS3.0营养软件计算膳食成分，利用SPSS11．0软件进行统计学处理。结果 陕西澄城县农村乳母膳食能量和蛋白质，尤其是优质蛋白质摄人严重不足；乳母身体消瘦发生率为23．64％；乳汁中蛋白质偏低而乳糖偏高；乳汁中能量与乳脂的变化一致；膳食和乳汁中相对应的营养素和能量相关系数差异无显著性。结论 在今后的农村工作中，应加快提高农村生活水平，加强乳母营养知识的教育，改善乳母的膳食营养状况。     

Endocrine-Disrupting Organochlorine Pesticides in Human Breast Milk: Changes during Lactation

The aim of the present study was to assess infant safety associated with the occurrence of endocrine-disrupting organochlorine pesticides (OCP) in breast milk. Moreover, the association between pregnant mothers’ dietary habits and these compounds levels in breast milk was investigated. Breast milk was collected at various stages of lactation. The samples were analyzed by the GC-MS method. The OCP concentrations ranged from < limit of detection (LOD) to 6.81 ng/g lipids. The highest OCP concentrations in breast milk occurred primarily within the first month of lactation, and decreased over the lactation period. It was found that the maternal consumption of certain food products—in particular pork, beef, poultry, eggs, and dairy products—could have affected the content of 1,1’-(2,2,2-Trichloroethane-1,1-diyl)bis(4-chlorobenzene), called DDT and its metabolites in the breast milk. The levels of beta-endosulfan were positively correlated with fish and poultry consumption. The redundancy analysis indicated that the diets of the pregnant women had an important impact on pesticide residues in the breast milk. There is a potential possibility of lowering the content of organochlorine compounds in breast milk by adhering to nutritional recommendations, e.g., avoiding the excessive consumption of fish and other raw food materials of unknown origin.     

Concentrations of Phthalate Metabolites in Milk,Urine, Saliva,and Serum of Lactating North Carolina Women

Background

Phthalates are ubiquitous in the environment, but concentrations in multiple media from breast-feeding U.S. women have not been evaluated.

Objectives

The objective of this study was to accurately measure and compare the concentrations of oxidative monoester phthalate metabolites in milk and surrogate fluids (serum, saliva, and urine) of 33 lactating North Carolina women.

Methods

We analyzed serum, saliva, urine, and milk for the oxidative phthalate metabolites mono(3-carboxypropyl) phthalate, mono(2-ethyl-5-carboxypentyl) phthalate (MECPP), mono(2-ethyl-5-hydroxyhexyl) phthalate, and mono(2-ethyl-5-oxohexyl) phthalate using isotope-dilution high-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectroscopy. Because only urine lacks esterases, we analyzed it for the hydrolytic phthalate monoesters.

Results

We detected phthalate metabolites in few milk (< 10%) and saliva samples. MECPP was detected in > 80% of serum samples, but other metabolites were less common (3–22%). Seven of the 10 urinary metabolites were detectable in ≥ 85% of samples. Monoethyl phthalate had the highest mean concentration in urine. Metabolite concentrations differed by body fluid (urine > serum > milk and saliva). Questionnaire data suggest that frequent nail polish use, immunoglobulin A, and fasting serum glucose and triglyceride levels were increased among women with higher concentrations of urinary and/or serum phthalate metabolites; motor vehicle age was inversely correlated with certain urinary phthalate concentrations.

Conclusions

Our data suggest that phthalate metabolites are most frequently detected in urine of lactating women and are less often detected in serum, milk, or saliva. Urinary phthalate concentrations reflect maternal exposure and do not represent the concentrations of oxidative metabolites in other body fluids, especially milk.     

产妇血和乳汁中胃动素和胃泌素浓度测定及其意义

<正> 至今有关母乳中胃肠激素研究较少,国内未见报道。我们应用放射免疫法测定了45例正常产妇血及乳汁中胃动素和胃泌素浓度,以期为普及母乳喂养提供新依据。 1 材料和方法 1.1 研究对象 1992年4～7月,选我院单胎妊娠自然分娩的产妇45例,平均25.51岁(22～28岁);胎龄39.60周(36～41周);产程12.35小时(5.20～17.35小时);平均出血量0.17L(0.08～0.35L);     

Comparative Proteomic Analysis of Proteins in Breast Milk during Different Lactation Periods

Breast milk is an unparalleled food for infants, as it can meet almost all of their nutritional needs. Breast milk in the first month is an important source of acquired immunity. However, breast milk protein may vary with the stage of lactation. Therefore, the aim of this study was to use a data-independent acquisition approach to determine the differences in the proteins of breast milk during different lactation periods. The study samples were colostrum (3–6 days), transitional milk (7–14 days), and mature milk (15–29 days). The results identified a total of 2085 different proteins, and colostrum contained the most characteristic proteins. Protein expression was affected by the lactation stage. The proteins expressed in breast milk changed greatly between day 3 and day 14 and gradually stabilized after 14 days. The expression levels of lactoferrin, immunoglobulin, and clusterin were the highest in colostrum. CTP synthase 1, C-type lectin domain family 19 member A, secretoglobin family 3A member 2, trefoil factor 3 (TFF3), and tenascin were also the highest in colostrum. This study provides further insights into the protein composition of breast milk and the necessary support for the design and production of infant formula.     

Century Wide Changes in Macronutrient Levels in Indian Mothers’ Milk: A Systematic Review

The purpose of this systematic review was to understand Indian mothers’ milk composition and report changes in it over the past 100 years. A review was conducted in accordance with PRISMA and registered with PROSPERO (CRD42022299224). All records published between 1921 and 2021 were identified by searching databases Google Scholar, ResearchGate, PubMed, and the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. All observational, interventional, or supplementation studies reporting macronutrients (protein, fat, lactose) in milk of Indian mothers, delivering term infants, were included. Publications on micronutrients, preterm, and methods were excluded. Milk was categorized into colostrum, transitional, and mature. In all, 111 records were identified, of which 34 were included in the final review. Fat ranged from 1.83 to 4.49 g/100 mL, 2.6 to 5.59 g/100 mL, and 2.77 to 4.78 g/100 mL in colostrum, transitional, and mature milk, respectively. The protein was higher in colostrum (1.54 to 8.36 g/100mL) as compared to transitional (1.08 to 2.38 g/100 mL) and mature milk (0.87 to 2.33 g/100 mL). Lactose was lower in colostrum (4.5–6.47 g/100 mL) as compared to transitional (4.8–7.37 g/100 mL) and mature milk ranges (6.78–7.7 g/100 mL). The older studies (1950–1980) reported higher fat and protein in colostrum as compared to subsequent time points. There were variations in maternal nutritional status, diet, socioeconomic status, and regions along with study design specific differences of time or methods of milk sampling and analysis. Additionally, advancements in methods over time make it challenging to interpret time trends. The need for conducting well-designed, multicentric studies on nutrient composition of Indian mother’s milk using standardized methods of sampling and estimation for understanding the role of various associated factors cannot be undermined.     

Dynamic Changes in Human Milk Oligosaccharides in Chinese Population: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

The aim of this systematic review was to summarize concentrations of human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) in the Chinese population. We searched articles originally published in both Chinese and English. When compiling data, lactation was categorized into five stages. We found that 6′-sialyllactose, lacto-N-tetraose, and lacto-N-neotetraose decreased over lactation. Conversely, 3′-fucosyllactose increased over lactation. Our study represents the first systematic review to summarize HMO concentrations in Chinese population. Our findings not only provide data on HMO profiles in Chinese population but suggest future directions in the study of the metabolism of HMOs.     

母乳锌、铜、铁、钙、镁测定及意义

目的微量元素对儿童生长发育至关重要。母乳是婴儿摄取营养物质的最佳来源，监测母乳中微量元素含量，有利于婴儿的生长发育。本研究旨在探讨城乡因素对母乳中微量元素的影响及测定意义。方法采用原子吸收分光光谱仪对2003年12月至2005年3月山西省儿童医院皮肤科收治的99例城乡婴儿母亲母乳中锌（Zn）、铜（Cu）、铁（Fe）、钙（Ca）、镁（Mg）含量进行测定。结果城乡婴儿母亲的母乳中，锌、铜、铁、钙、镁含量比较，差异无显著意义（P〉0．05）。结论随着人们生活水平的日益提高，城乡婴儿母亲母乳中微量元素的含量相当。