胃癌寡转移局部治疗研究进展

胃癌是中国常见的恶性肿瘤,远处转移胃癌患者的预后较差.近些年有学者提出寡转移的概念,寡转移是指处于肿瘤转移的早期稳定阶段,转移灶数目与部位是有限的.对寡转移的肿瘤患者,治疗方式与全身广泛转移患者不同,手术或放疗等局部治疗可能取得较好的疗效.近些年,由于与胃癌多发转移治疗方式及预后等的不同,胃癌寡转移越来越多地被关注,然而胃癌寡转移认识仍不足.本文从胃癌寡转移的定义、诊断及局部治疗多方面进行综述,为胃癌寡转移的临床治疗提供思路.     

非小细胞肺癌寡转移的立体定向放射治疗研究

非小细胞肺癌(Non-small cell lung cancer,NSCLC)是除小细胞肺癌以外所有类型的肺癌,脑、骨、肝及肾上腺为最常见的远处转移部位。在NSCLC远处转移患者中,并非都是多发的、广泛的,有近7%的患者表现为肺外孤立性转移。这种特殊形式的晚期肿瘤转移状态称之为NSCLC寡转移。寡转移的治疗以局部治疗为主,局部治疗主要措施包括立体定向放疗、手术切除、射频消融等。本文主要探讨立体定向放射治疗(Stereotactic radiotherapy,SRT)对NSCLC在常见远处转移脏器寡转移的作用。     

肿瘤寡转移及其治疗策略

寡转移是肿瘤转移过程中的一种中间状态,它是局限原发灶及广泛转移灶之间生物侵袭性较温和的阶段,是肿瘤转移灶数目少于5个的特殊时期.寡转移治疗的关键是放疗、手术和射频消融等局部治疗,同时兼顾预防远处转移.miR-200家族表达可以预测晚期肿瘤患者是否处于寡转移状态.认识寡转移并且熟悉寡转移的治疗方法可以改变传统治疗晚期肿瘤的方法,同时使部分晚期患者有潜在治愈的可能.     

乳腺癌寡转移系统治疗联合SBRT的困惑和前景

转移性乳腺癌（metastatic breast cancer,MBC）被认为不可治愈,患者生存预后不佳。但在MBC中存在一部分人群,转移灶的数目和大小较局限,有潜在治愈可能,即寡转移乳腺癌（oligometastatic breast cancer,OMBC）。立体定向放射治疗（stereotactic body radiation therapy,SBRT）联合系统治疗有望延缓OMBC患者的疾病进展,改善生存。如何寻找真正的OMBC患者,SBRT是否覆盖所有转移病灶,联用何种系统治疗方式,都是当下值得探讨的问题。     

Ⅳ期非小细胞肺癌寡转移放射治疗的理论及研究现状

目的 以铂类为基础的系统化疗一直以来被当做Ⅳ期非小细胞肺癌(non-small cell lung cancer,NSCLC)主要的治疗方式,放疗只起姑息减症作用.近年来越来越多的临床研究指出对转移灶和转移器官数目有限的“寡转移”患者,其生物学行为不同于广泛转移的患者,预后相对较好.因此,加强原发病灶的局部治疗来提高局控率进而改善生存的研究也逐步凸显其必要性和重要性.本文主要探讨放射治疗在Ⅳ期寡转移NSCLC治疗中的理论及应用.方法 应用Science Direct、CNKI期刊全文数据库检索系统,以“非小细胞肺癌,寡转移,治疗”为关键词检索2005-01-2015-12年的相关文献,共131篇,其中英文文献72篇,中文文献59篇.纳入标准:(1)Ⅳ期NSCLC;(2)寡转移;(3)局部治疗.排除标准:(1)广泛转移NSCLC;(2)合并其他原发性癌.根据标准分析文献33篇.结果 针对局部病灶的治疗可将寡转移患者的中位生存期提高到13.5个月.近年来随着放射治疗技术与设备的不断发展,放射治疗已经与提高寡转移患者的局部控制率息息相关,也有越来越多的寡转移患者接受了局部病灶放疗.结论 放射治疗对提高寡转移患者的局部控制率与整体生存率起着确切的作用.为了提出更有说服力的循证医学证据,相关的临床试验也还在不断地进行中.     

立体定向放射技术治疗结直肠癌肝与肺寡转移的Ⅱ期临床研究

目的探讨立体定向放射治疗(SBRT)用于结直肠癌(CRC)寡转移的安全性和有效性。方法研究为前瞻性、单臂Ⅱ期临床研究。选取原发灶经组织病理学证实为CRC、肝或肺转移灶数目为1～5个、单个转移灶最大长径≤5 cm的患者。所有转移病灶均接受SBRT, 主要研究终点为3年局部控制率(LC), 次要研究终点为≥3级急性治疗相关不良反应, 1、3年生存率和无进展生存率。生存分析采用Kaplan-Meier法和Log rank检验。结果选取2016—2019年中国医学科学院肿瘤医院CRC患者48例, 共60个转移灶(37个肝转移灶和23个肺转移灶)接受了基于呼吸运动管理下的SBRT治疗。46例患者治疗了1～2个转移灶, 转移灶的中位长径为1.3 cm, 中位等效生物学剂量为100.0 Gy。全组患者的中位随访时间为19.5个月, 共25个转移病灶局部复发, 中位无局部复发生存时间为15个月, 1年LC、1年生存率和1年无进展生存率分别为70.2%(95%CI为63.7%～76.7%)、89.0%(95%CI为84.3%～93.7%)和40.4%(95%CI为33.0%～47.8%)。计划靶区体积和...     

SBRT治疗头颈部肿瘤肺寡转移初步结果

目的 初步研究体部立体定向放疗(SBRT)治疗头颈部肿瘤肺寡转移的疗效和安全性。方法 回顾性分析2014-2019年间在浙江省肿瘤医院行SBRT治疗头颈部肿瘤肺寡转移患者24例,采用Kaplan-Meier法生存分析。结果 24例患者中鼻咽来源12例,非鼻咽来源12例,共34个肺转移病灶行SBRT治疗。中位随访时间19.5个月,SBRT后出现新发病灶者13例,其中9例出现在SBRT治疗1年内。1年实际局控率为95%;中位无进展生存期15.2个月,1、2年无进展生存率分别为59%、46%;肺转移后2、3年总生存率分别为71%、51%。单因素分析显示原发灶位于鼻咽和原发灶治疗后无瘤间期>1年者有生存优势。全组SBRT后均未观察到>3级放射性损伤,轻度放射性损伤发生率为13%。结论 SBRT治疗头颈部肿瘤肺寡转移初步显示安全有效,原发肿瘤来源于鼻咽者可能有更好的疗效。     

脊柱转移癌放射治疗研究进展

对于脊柱转移癌患者,过去多采用传统外照射以达到缓解疼痛的姑息治疗目的.随着影像技术的进步,肿瘤治疗水平的提高,生存期也逐渐延长,导致脊柱转移癌发生率逐步增加,因此近些年脊柱转移癌的治疗方式逐步转变为一种更积极的模式,研究者更致力于提高局部照射剂量而减少周围正常组织的辐射,许多新兴的放疗方法都取得了令人振奋的结果.本文将对近年脊柱转移癌的放射治疗进展作一综述.     

恶性滋养细胞肿瘤脑转移的放射治疗

From 1982 to 1985, 26 patients with malignant trophoblastic tumor were treated. Of them, 8 patients developed brain metastasis. Seven out of these 8 patients were treated with 60Co whole brain radiotherapy. The total dose on the longitudinal mid-plane of brain was 3300 cGy/2-3 weeks. Four patients were cured, 3 of them have survived without recurrence or sequelae for 6.5, 6 and 4.5 years, respectively; the other one died of liver metastasis 1 year after radiotherapy. Radiotherapy is an effective method in the combined treatment for brain metastasis of malignant trophoblastic tumors.     

三维适形放射治疗在纵隔转移肿瘤中的临床应用

目的：探讨三维适形加量放射治疗在纵隔转移肿瘤中的应用。方法：66例纵隔转移肿瘤患者随机分为两组，普放组和普放 三维适形组。每组33例。结果：近期疗效两组分别为：完全缓解(CR)率11％、23％，部分缓解(PR)率60％、71％，无进展(NK)率29％、6％。两组1 2级急性放射性肺炎发生率37％、19％、1 2级急性放射性食管炎发生率52％、35％。两组间1 2级急性放射性肺炎和急性放射性食管炎有显著性差异。结论：三雏适形加量放射治疗在纵隔转移肿瘤中有良好的应用，近期疗效好于普放治疗，远期疗效有待进一步观察。     

Stereotactic body radiation therapy for liver metastases

Over the years, early diagnosis of metastatic disease has improved and the prevalence of oligometastatic patients is increasing. Liver is a most common site of progression from gastrointestinal, lung and breast cancer and in the setting of oligometastatic patients, surgical resection is associated with increased survival. Approximately 70-90% of liver metastases, however, are unresectable and an effective and safe alternative therapeutic option is necessary for these patients. The role of stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT) was investigated in the treatment of oligometastatic patients with promising results, thanks to the ability of this procedure to deliver a conformal high dose of radiation to the target lesion and a minimal dose to surrounding critical tissues. This paper was performed to review the current literature and to provide the practice guidelines on the use of stereotactic body radiotherapy in the treatment of liver metastases. We performed a literature search using Medical Subject Heading terms “SBRT” and “liver metastases”, considering a period of ten years.     

Use of stereotactic body radiation therapy for oligometastatic recurrent prostate cancer: A systematic review

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT) in the management of oligometastatic recurrent prostate cancer (PCa) by means of a systematic review. Six databases were searched (CENTRAL, Embase, LILACS, PubMed, Scopus and Web of Science). Additionally, hand‐searching and grey literature search were performed. The main outcomes were progression‐free survival (PFS) and toxicity rates. Androgen deprivation therapy‐free survival (ADT‐FS), local control, pattern of recurrence, cancer‐specific survival and overall survival were also assessed. Risk of bias and quality of evidence were judged with the aid of specific tools. Fourteen studies were included, involving 661 patients and 899 lesions (561 nodal, 336 bone, 2 liver). Median PFS and ADT‐FS were around 1 to 3 years. Local control rates varied from 82 to 100% among researches with low risk of bias. Acute and late grade 2 toxicity was observed in 2.4% and 1.1% of the patients, respectively. One case of acute and two cases of late grade 3 toxicity were registered. Only one randomized study addresses this topic. Although it does not meet all the eligibility criteria, it is useful for the discussion. A quantitative analysis was not possible, nor were subgroup analyses, due to the significant heterogeneity of the interventions and outcomes reported. Longer follow‐up period is required. SBRT seems to be a safe approach to metastatic lesions that might provide disease control and defer androgen deprivation therapy (ADT). Local control is better when higher radiation doses are employed.     

立体定向放疗在治疗肝转移癌中的应用现状及研究进展

肝脏是大多数实体恶性肿瘤转移的常见部位,研究证实,对于合并肿瘤肝转移的患者,除积极针对原发病灶进行综合治疗外,对肝转移癌进行局部治疗亦可提高患者的生存潜能.立体定向放疗(SBRT)作为一种无创的肿瘤局部治疗方式,具有生物等效剂量(BED)高、正常组织反应轻、治疗时间短等优势.现有研究在应用人群、剂量和分割方式、临床疗效...     

乳腺癌放射治疗的心脏损伤研究进展

放射治疗是乳腺癌综合治疗的重要组成部分，以往放射治疗技术使患者死于心血管疾病的几率增高，随着放射治疗技术的改进，放射治疗后心脏损伤有所降低。本文介绍了放射治疗技术进展对减轻心脏放射损伤的研究，分析影响乳腺癌患者心脏放射损伤的主要因素，回顾相关机构分析心脏损伤的研究结果，并对可能的原因以及减少心脏损伤措施进行探讨。     

后程超分割治疗与鼻咽癌大容积原发肿瘤疗效关系的研究

目的:探讨常规分割放疗(CFRT)与后程超分割放疗(LHRT)对鼻咽癌大容积(≥60cm3)原发肿瘤的疗效关系。方法:无远处转移的182例初治鼻咽癌(T2～4N0～3Mo)。治疗前根据CT资料勾画鼻咽癌原发肿瘤,容积(≥60cm3),采用CFRT或LHRT照射,N3的病例均加用辅助化疗,分析比较两组疗效。结果:鼻咽癌大容积≥60cm3原发肿瘤无论T分期,采用LHRT较CFRT治疗,患者原发灶5年控制率对比有统计学意义。N0～2的患者无远处转移生存率对比,亦有统计学意义。结论:鼻咽癌大容积原发肿瘤无论T分期,(N0～2)后程采用超分割照射可提高鼻咽癌控制率及无瘤生存率,但N3的患者虽鼻咽癌控率可提高,但无远处转移生存率未见统计学意义的差异。     

A prospective pilot study of curative-intent stereotactic body radiation therapy in patients with 5 or fewer oligometastatic lesions

BACKGROUND: It is hypothesized that oligometastatic disease represents a state of potentially curable, limited metastases. Stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT) is an option for patients who are not amenable to or do not want resection. METHODS: From 2001 to 2006, 121 patients with < or =5 detectable metastases were enrolled in 2 prospective studies that used curative-intent SBRT. Most patients were treated with 10 fractions of 5 Gray. Stereotactic radiosurgery was offered to patients with brain metastases. RESULTS: The 2-year overall survival (OS), progression-free survival (PFS), local control (LC), and distant control (DC) rates were 50%, 26%, 67%, and 34%, respectively; and the respective 4-year rates values were 28%, 20%, 60%, and 25%. A greater net tumor volume predicted significantly worse OS, PFS, LC, and DC. Patients with breast cancer fared significantly better with respect to OS, PFS, LC, and DC; and patients with adrenal metastases had significantly worse OS, PFS, and DC despite the small number of such patients enrolled. Neither the number of metastatic lesions nor the number of organs involved was a significant predictor of outcome. Among 45 patients who remained alive at the last follow-up, 29 patients had no evidence of disease, including 23 patients with > or =2 years of follow-up. CONCLUSIONS: Oligometastatic disease is a potentially curable state of distant cancer spread. In this hypothesis-generating analysis, patients with less volume burden of their metastatic disease and those with primary breast cancer fared better. SBRT delivered with curative intent in patients with limited metastases should be investigated further. The Southwest Oncology Group is developing a prospective protocol to treat women who have limited breast cancer metastases with SBRT.     

Cerebral necrosis following neutron radiation of an extracranial tumor

Summary Radiation necrosis of the brain is a rare complication of irradiation for extracranical tumors. We present a patient who emphasizes the potential hazard of neutron therapy, the sensitivity of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) which may detect white matter changes prior to the development of clinical symptoms, the potential diagnostic value of 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose/positron emission tomography, and the importance of a combined surgical and medical approach for proper treatment.     

宫颈癌盆腔放疗致急性放射性肠炎的临床观察

目的：总结宫颈癌盆腔放射治疗导致急性放射性肠炎的发生规律及防治方法。方法：回顾性分析行盆腔放疗的97例宫颈癌患者，分析腹痛、腹泻症状出现的时间及程度，评价急性放射性肠炎的分级，对比放疗前后血象和KPS的变化情况。结果：急性放射性肠炎多发生在放疗后1周至1个月内，Ⅰ度发生率为41％，Ⅱ度发生率15％，Ⅲ度发生率2％，总发生率为58％；放疗后患者WBC值平均下降23％，PLT值平均下降18％；46％的患者放疗后KPS下降。结论：宫颈癌盆腔放疗患者急性放射性肠炎发生率较高，应引起临床足够重视。     

Anginex synergizes with radiation therapy to inhibit tumor growth by radiosensitizing endothelial cells

We have demonstrated that the designed peptide anginex displays potent antiangiogenic activity. The aim of our study was to investigate the effect of anginex on established tumor vasculature as an adjuvant to radiation therapy of solid tumors. In the MA148 human ovarian carcinoma athymic mouse model, anginex (10 mg/kg) in combination with a suboptimal dose of radiation (5 Gy once weekly for 4 weeks) caused tumors to regress to an impalpable state. In the more aggressive SCK murine mammary carcinoma model, combination of anginex and a single radiation dose of 25 Gy synergistically increased the delay in tumor growth compared to the tumor growth delay caused by either treatment alone. Immunohistochemical analysis also demonstrated significantly enhanced effects of combined treatment on tumor microvessel density and tumor or endothelial cell proliferation and viability. In assessing physiologic effects of anginex, we observed a reduction in tumor perfusion and tumor oxygenation in SCK tumors after 5-7 daily treatments with anginex with no reduction in blood pressure. To test anginex as a radiosensitizer, additional studies using SCK tumors were performed. Three daily i.p. injections of anginex were able to enhance the effect of 2 radiation doses of 10 Gy, resulting in 50% complete responses, whereas the known antiangiogenic agent angiostatin did not enhance the radiation response of SCK tumors. Mechanistically, it appears that anginex functions as an endothelial cell-specific radiosensitizer because anginex showed no effect on in vitro radiosensitivity of SCK or MA148 tumor cells, whereas anginex significantly enhanced the in vitro radiosensitivity of 2 endothelial cell types. This work supports the idea that the combination of the antiangiogenic agent anginex and radiation may lead to improved clinical outcome in treating cancer patients.     

腺癌保乳术后调强放疗与三维适形放疗的疗效比较

目的 比较乳腺癌保乳术后调强放疗(IMRT)与三维适形放疗(3D-CRT)的疗效、不良反应及对基质金属蛋白酶-9(MMP-9)和基质金属蛋白酶组织抑制剂-1(TIMP-1)的影响.方法 选择96例接受乳腺癌保乳术的女性患者,按照随机数字表法将患者随机分为对照组和观察组,每组各48例.对照组予以3D-RCT,观察组予以IMRT,处方剂量均为50 Gy/25次.比较两组的照射剂量、不良反应、美容效果及治疗前后的血清MMP-9和TIMP-1水平.结果 观察组计划靶区(PTV)的V105%、V110%及V115%明显低于对照组(P﹤0.01),观察组患侧肺脏及左侧病灶者心脏接受的照射剂量明显低于对照组(P﹤0.01);观察组的皮肤反应率为12.5%(6/48),低于对照组的29.2%(14/48),差异有统计学意义(P﹤0.05);观察组美容优良率为97.9%(47/48),高于对照组的83.3%(40/48),差异有统计学意义(P﹤0.05).放疗后,两组患者的MMP-9及MMP-9/TIMP-1均较本组治疗前降低,但组间比较差异无统计学意义(P﹥0.05).结论 与3D-CRT相比,IMRT的PTV适形度和剂量均匀性较好,可降低危及器官的受照剂量,皮肤反应较少且美容效果好,值得临床推广.