膀胱不同容量时宫颈癌调强放射治疗宫颈动度研究

目的:分析采用调强放射治疗(Intensity modulated radiation therpy,IMRT)技术治疗的宫颈癌患者不同的膀胱充盈程度以及治疗期间病变退缩对宫颈动度的影响,为临床应用提供参考.方法:收集IIB期以上的初治宫颈癌患者10例,分成两组,第一组为在直肠保持充盈状态下,分别在膀胱充盈,半充盈和空虚的三种状态下做带膜CT,分析宫颈病变及宫体在膀胱不同充盈状态下的动度.第二组为在自然状态下观察治疗期间宫颈病变缩小对宫颈病变和宫体动度的影响.结果:(1)膀胱不同充盈状态对宫颈病变动度的影响为在左右方向运动幅度最小,运动最大幅度为1.48mm;在前后方向其运动幅度大,随着膀胱充盈状态的增加,宫颈病变主要向身体的背侧运动,最大幅度为19.10mm;在头脚方向其运动幅度大,随着膀胱充盈状态的增加,宫颈病变主要向身体的脚方向运动,最大幅度为18.50mm.对官体的动度的影响为在左右方向其运动幅度最小,运动最大幅度为3.43mm;在前后方向其运动幅度大,随着膀胱充盈状态的增加,宫体主要向身体的背侧运动,最大幅度为20.83mm;在头脚方向其运动幅度大,随着膀胱充盈状态的增加,宫体主要向身体的头方向运动,最大幅度为12.23mm.(2)宫颈病变在治疗前、治疗中(外照射治疗20Gy完成后)动度差别不大,宫体在治疗过程中运动变化大,最大差值为30.12mm.结论:(1)随着膀胱充盈程度的增加,官颈病变主要向后下方运动;宫体主要向后上方运动;(2)在治疗过程中,宫颈病变退缩对其动度的影响小但对宫体的影响大;(3)宫颈癌IMRT治疗时,CTV至FTV的外放边界是不均匀的,需要考虑器官的动度以及病变退缩等因素.     

部分乳腺外照射不同呼吸状态银夹构成几何体中心位移比较

目的 探讨自主呼吸控制(ABC)部分乳腺外照射(EB-PBI)不同呼吸状态选定银夹位移对术腔中全部银夹所构成几何体中心位移的影响。方法 对本院行保乳术后ABC辅助EB-PBI的 27例患者行适度深吸气呼吸控制(mDIBH)、深呼气呼吸控制(DEBH)、自由呼吸(FB)状态CT模拟定位扫描,并分别获得图像各2套。基于每套CT图像勾画术腔中全部银夹并形成以银夹为顶点的不规则几何体。图像间在自动配准基础上基于选定银夹手动配准,获得自动加手动配准时几何体中心三维方向上位移。用Kruskal-Wallis H及Kolmogorov-Smirnov Z 检验位移差异。结果 mDIBH与mDIBH、FB与FB、DEBH与DEBH状态间几何体中心三维方向位移相似(H=0.00~1.76,P=0.184~0.954),而mDIBH与DEBH状态间则不同(Z=11.31~23.00,P=0.000~0.001)。mDIBH与mDIBH和mDIBH与DEBH间、FB与FB和mDIBH与DEBH间、DEBH与DEBH和mDIBH与DEBH间,4个选定银夹配准所对应的几何体中心位移在前后、头脚方向差异均不同(Z=4.76~25.54,P=0.000~0.029)。结论 ABC辅助EB-PBI放疗分次内同一呼吸状态间银夹构成几何体各方向位移均相似,而两种极端呼吸状态间前后方向及头脚方向位移均不同。     

宫颈癌HT中膀胱和直肠充盈状态对其受量影响

目的 比较宫颈癌HT分次治疗间膀胱和直肠体积与计划体积差异,评估膀胱和直肠充盈状态对其受量影响。方法 选取2012—2016年于陆军总院行HT的宫颈癌患者20例。每次疗前行MVCT与计划CT图像配准后重新计算剂量分布并勾画肿瘤及膀胱、直肠并测量体积和位置。应用Planned Adaptive模块进行剂量重建,得到每幅MVCT图像和当次MVCT对应剂量,将融合MVCT图像及每幅MVCT图像所对应剂量分布传输至形变软件MIM6.0中进行剂量叠加得到总剂量,并与计划时所用KVCT的比较。组间比较采用配对t检验或方差分析。结果 当膀胱体积差异值>400 ml或差异比>60%时膀胱质心向脚、背向位移增大,Dmean和V50升高(P<0.05)。当直肠体积差异值>30 ml或差异比>30%时直肠质心向头、腹向位移增大,直肠V45和V50升高(P<0.05),导致直肠受量增加。结论 膀胱充盈状态对膀胱受量影响虽不大,但体积应控制在400 ml或60%以内。定位与治疗时适度充盈膀胱更容易满足重复性,直肠充盈仅>30 ml或30%便会造成直肠剂量增加,保证直肠空虚状态可有效降低直肠受量。     

术前CT和MRI检查对浸润性宫颈癌的诊断价值

目的探讨术前CT和MRI对浸润性宫颈癌的临床诊断价值。方法选取2016年3月至2017年12月间辽宁省阜新市第二人民医院收治的61例浸润性宫颈癌患者。观察浸润性宫颈癌患者术前CT和MRI与浸润性宫颈癌患者术后病理结果比较情况,以及两种诊断方式对患者术前分期的符合率。结果 CT在诊断子宫体侵犯和盆腔淋巴结转移与病理学结果的一致性高,Kappa值分别为0. 871和0. 850,在诊断阴道浸润的效果与病理学结果一致性较差,Kappa值为0. 258; MRI在诊断阴道浸润、子宫体侵犯与病理学结果的一致性较好,Kappa值分别为0. 796和0. 654,在诊断盆腔淋巴结转移效果与病理学结果一致性较差,Kappa值为0. 308。术前MRI在阴道浸润的敏感度和准确度均高于CT诊断,CT诊断子宫体侵犯的特异度和准确度,及CT诊断盆腔淋巴转移的特异度和转移准确度方面均高于术前MRI诊断,差异均有统计学意义(均P <0. 05)。CT在宫颈癌A期的诊断符合率为52. 4%,低于MRI的90. 5%,差异有统计学意义(P <0. 05)。但两者术前诊断方式在宫颈癌B期和C期的诊断符合率进行比较,差异无统计学意义(P> 0. 05)。结论在对于浸润性宫颈癌患者的术前诊断的准确度上,MRI要优于CT,且在病理分期上MRI诊断符合度要高于CT诊断,因此,MRI诊断具有更高的可靠性。但是在对浸润性宫颈癌患者进行术前分期的时候,不建议只采用一种诊断技术,建议MRI结合其他影像学诊断技术的术前诊断方式。     

分次内和分次间摆位误差在宫颈自适应放疗中的研究

目的:在图像引导的自适应放疗中,评估宫颈癌患者分次内、分次间的摆位误差。方法:从2014年1月至9月选取16例诊断为IIb-IIIb期的宫颈癌患者,所有病人均未行手术治疗,而是采用三维调强放疗作为根治性治疗。每个病人在放疗前后行10次20个CBCT扫描图像,与计划CT进行配准融合,得到三维方向矢量误差,用X（左右）、Y（腹背）、Z（头脚）、CR（旋转角度）表示。计算摆位误差的平均变化及标准差。结果:收集320套CBCT图像,每个病人平均20套。所选CBCT扫描图像显示:患者在左右、头脚、腹背方向的分次内摆位误差分别为(0.11±0.14)cm、(0.17±0.18)cm、(0.20±0.19)cm;在左右、头脚、腹背方向的分次间摆位误差分别为(0.11±0.13）cm、（0.17±0.20）cm、（0.25±0.20）cm。结论:在图像引导的自适应放疗中,患者在各个方向的摆位误差均数为0.15cm,这一大幅度的误差需要在放疗中被考虑到。     

肺癌PET—CT定位的临床价值

目的:探讨18F-FDG PET-CT在肺癌放疗定位中的应用价值.方法:16例肺癌患者以PET-CT检查和定位,扫描数据刻盘输入治疗计划系统,将PET-CT融合图像、PET图像和CT图像进行对比分析.结果:16例中,12例获得了与PET-CT检查前一致的临床分期, 4例临床分期提高;9例纵膈淋巴结直径≥1.0cm(1.0-4.2cm)显示为高放射性摄取,4例同时有≥1.0cm和<1.0cm的纵膈淋巴结均显示为高放射性摄取,3例纵膈淋巴结<1.0cm的显示无放射性摄取;在伴有肺不张的6例中,5例清楚区分了肿瘤组织与肺不张组织,1例合并阻塞性肺炎与肿瘤组织无法区分;3例化疗后病例清楚显示原发灶和纵膈淋巴结残存或消失.PET-CT融合图像前后方向位移25%(4/16),头脚方向位移31.3%(5/16).结论:PET-CT用于肺癌定位可以进一步明确临床分期,准确定位定性肿瘤病灶,确定淋巴结性质,区分肿瘤与肺不张,鉴别治疗后有无肿瘤残存等,进而使放疗靶区勾画准确,放疗计划设计合理.     

宫颈癌近距离放疗前MRI图像与定位CT图像靶区勾画的差异性及CT计划的可行性探究

目的 比较宫颈癌三维近距离放疗前诊断性MRI图像与定位CT图像勾画肿瘤靶区的差异性,以探讨CT定位进行宫颈癌三维近距离放疗的可行性.方法 回顾性分析2017年至2019年我院收治的符合纳入和排除标准的100例宫颈癌患者,比较MRI和CT图像勾画的靶区差异,探讨CT定位放疗计划的靶区和危及器官剂量及毒副反应发生率.绘制受...     

MRI平扫结合弥散加权成像对宫颈癌的应用价值

目的:探讨常规磁共振成像(MRI)平扫结合弥散加权成像(DWI)在宫颈癌分期和病理特征等方面的价值。方法:选取宫颈癌患者56例,行MRI平扫及DWI序列扫描并且测量表观扩散系数（ADC）。将临床妇科检查、MRI、MRI联合DWI分期与术后病理分期比较,分析宫颈癌病理类型、宫颈鳞癌分化程度、宫颈鳞癌分期与ADC值的关系。结果:对Ⅰb 期、Ⅱa期的诊断,MRI平扫结合DWI最具优势,宫颈鳞癌的平均ADC值小于腺癌,鳞癌随着分化程度的增高平均ADC值增加,以上结果差异均具有统计学意义（P＜0.05）,对宫颈鳞癌Ⅰa、Ⅰb 、 Ⅱa 期三组平均ADC值进行方差分析,差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）。结论:MRI联合DWI对宫颈癌的分期最有优势,ADC值对宫颈癌病理类型及鳞癌的分化程度具有指导作用,但是对鳞癌的病理分期无价值。     

锥形束CT重建影像CT值空间均匀性分析

目的 锥形束CT对均匀模体进行扫描后重建图像的CT值在空间分布是否均匀.方法 使用SynergyTM的锥形束CT对IBA调强验证均匀固体水模体进行扫描,将结果通过放疗网络传至治疗计划系统.测量重建图像的CT值在三维空间的分布,并与扇形束CT扫描重建图像的测量结果进行对比,从而得到锥形束CT重建影像CT值空间均匀性.结果 该模体在扇形束cT扫描重建图像中CT值分布均匀,波动范围在±50内.相同扫描条件下锥形束CT重建图像的CT值在水平方向具有一定的对称性,在垂直方向和头脚方向均不具有对称性.不同kV值扫描重建图像的CT值有一定差别,不同滤过时重建影像的CT值有明显差别.结论 锥形束CT扫描重建的CT值在空间分布不均匀.     

磁共振成像在子宫内膜癌的诊断及分期中的作用研究

目的:探讨MRI在子宫内膜癌的诊断、分期中的作用.方法:回顾性研究273例经术后病理检查明确诊断的子宫内膜癌患者,根据其术前MRI表现,以FIG02009新分期方法结合病理分期结果进行评估.结果:273例患者中Ⅰa期136例,Ⅰb期46例,Ⅱ期51例,Ⅲa期8例,Ⅲb期7例,Ⅲcl期8例,Ⅲ2期4例,Ⅳa期6例,Ⅳb期7例,MRI对子宫内膜癌分期正确率为93.4％,与病理分期比较无显著统计学差异(P＞0.05).结论:MRI对子宫内膜癌的诊断及分期具有较高准确性,在临床治疗方式及预后评估中具有重要意义.     

经腹筋膜外宫颈切除术32例临床分析

为了探讨经腹筋膜外宫颈切除术的临床意义及价值,回顾分析因宫颈上皮内瘤变(CIN)Ⅲ和Ⅰ A1期宫颈鳞癌行经腹筋膜外宫颈切除术的32例患者的临床资料.结果显示,32例患者的平均手术时间80.0 min(65～l10 min),平均出血量90.5 mL(50～180 mL),术后肠功能恢复时间28 h(22～36 h),住院时间7 d(5～10 d).切除宫颈病理显示,切缘均未查见CIN及癌灶.术中膀胱损伤1例(3.1％),因出血结扎一侧子宫动脉1例(3.1％),术后官颈残端粘连1例(3.1％).患者均成功保留子官体,随诊中未发现复发者.初步研究结果表明,经腹筋膜外宫颈切除术既可完整切除宫颈病变,又可保留子宫体,是已完成生育但要求保留子宫的年轻的CINⅢ和Ⅰ A1期宫颈癌的一种安全有效术式.     

Inter- and intrafractional tumor and organ movement in patients with cervical cancer undergoing radiotherapy: a cinematic-MRI point-of-interest study

PURPOSE: Internal tumor and organ movement is important when considering intensity-modulated radiotherapy for patients with cancer of the cervix because of the tight margins and steep dose gradients. In this study, the internal movement of the tumor, cervix, and uterus were examined using serial cinematic magnetic resonance imaging scans and point-of-interest analysis. METHODS AND MATERIALS: Twenty patients with Stage IB-IVA cervical cancer underwent pelvic magnetic resonance imaging before treatment and then weekly during external beam radiotherapy. In each 30-min session, sequential T(2)-sagittal magnetic resonance imaging scans were obtained. The points of interest (cervical os, uterine canal, and uterine fundus) were traced on each image frame, allowing the craniocaudal and anteroposterior displacements to be measured. The mean displacements and trends were analyzed using mixed linear models. Prediction intervals were calculated to determine the internal target margins. RESULTS: Large interscan motion was found for all three points of interest that was only partially explained by the variations in bladder and rectal filling. The intrascan motion was much smaller. Both inter- and intrascan motion was greatest at the fundus of the uterus, less along the canal, and least at the cervical os. The isotropic internal target margins required to encompass 90% of the interscan motion were 4 cm at the fundus and 1.5 cm at the os. In contrast, smaller margins of 1 cm and 0.45 cm, respectively, were adequate to encompass the intrascan motion alone. CONCLUSION: Daily soft-tissue imaging with correction for interfractional motion or adaptive replanning will be important if the benefits of intensity-modulated radiotherapy are to be maximized in women with cervical cancer.     

An assessment of interfractional uterine and cervical motion: Implications for radiotherapy target volume definition in gynaecological cancer

PURPOSE: To assess interfractional movement of the uterus and cervix in patients with gynaecological cancer to aid selection of the internal margin for radiotherapy target volumes. METHODS AND MATERIALS: Thirty-three patients with gynaecological cancer had an MRI scan performed on two consecutive days. The two sets of T2-weighted axial images were co-registered, and the uterus and cervix outlined on each scan. Points were identified on the anterior uterine body (Point U), posterior cervix (Point C) and upper vagina (Point V). The displacement of each point in the antero-posterior (AP), supero-inferior (SI) and lateral directions between the two scans was measured. The changes in point position and uterine body angle were correlated with bladder volume and rectal diameter. RESULTS: The mean difference (+/-1SD) in Point U position was 7mm (+/-9.0) in the AP direction, 7.1mm (+/-6.8) SI and 0.8mm (+/-1.3) laterally. Mean Point C displacement was 4.1mm (+/-4.4) SI, 2.7mm (+/-2.8) AP, 0.3 (+/-0.8) laterally, and Point V was 2.6mm (+/-3.0) AP and 0.3mm (+/-1.0) laterally. There was correlation for uterine SI movement in relation to bladder filling, and for cervical and vaginal AP movement in relation to rectal filling. CONCLUSION: Large movements of the uterus can occur, particularly in the superior-inferior and anterior-posterior directions, but cervical displacement is less marked. Rectal filling may affect cervical position, while bladder filling has more impact on uterine body position, highlighting the need for specific instructions on bladder and rectal filling for treatment. We propose an asymmetrical margin with CTV-PTV expansion of the uterus, cervix and upper vagina of 15mm AP, 15mm SI and 7mm laterally and expansion of the nodal regions and parametria by 7mm in all directions.     

Applicator-guided intensity-modulated radiation therapy

: We are introducing a novel method for delivering highly conformal dose distributions to cervical cancer tumors using external beam intensity-modulated radiation therapy. The method, termed applicator-guided intensity-modulated radiation therapy (AGIMRT), will use an applicator substitute placed in the vagina and uterus to provide spatial registration and immobilization of the gynecologic organs. The main reason for the applicator substitute will be to localize the fornices, cervix, and uterus with the expectation that the other nearby organs will also be reproducibly positioned with respect to the applicator substitute. Intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) dose distributions will be used as a substitute for high-dose-rate intracavitary brachytherapy procedures. The flexibility of IMRT will enable customized dose distributions that have the potential to reduce complications and improve local control, especially for locally advanced disease.

: To test the advantages of IMRT over intracavitary brachytherapy, volumetric scans of three cervical cancer patients were obtained with implanted CT-compatible applicators. IMRT dose distribution simulations using tomotherapy, were compared against intracavitary brachytherapy using cesium tubes to investigate the dosimetric differences of the two modalities. Because these tumor volumes do not image well on CT, the target volumes were defined as the isodose surface containing the traditional point A, defined as 2 cm superior to the vaginal fornices and 2 cm lateral to the intrauterine canal. One patient had a uterus that wrapped superior and anterior to the bladder. For this case, the cervix and uterus were selected as the target volume. To determine the potential for using an applicator substitute to localize internal organs, the posterior bladder and anterior rectal surfaces were localized relative to the colpostats. Comparisons of the colpostat-localized surfaces were conducted for two scan studies for 3 patients.

: The IMRT distributions covered the point-A isodose surfaces while reducing doses to the bladder and rectum. Brachytherapy showed extensive underdose regions in the target volume for the wrapped-around target. Spatial positioning was better than 0.7 and 1.3 cm in the rectum and bladder, respectively, indicating the potential that an applicator substitute may be able to localize these structures.

: AGIMRT has the potential for improving critical structure avoidance while maintaining highly reproducible and accurate internal organ registration found with brachytherapy.     

Carcinoma of the cervical stump: comparison of radiation therapy factors, survival and patterns of failure with carcinoma of the intact uterus

Eighty-nine patients with previously untreated invasive carcinoma of the cervical stump were seen at Yale-New Haven Hospital from 1953 through 1977. This represented 9.4% of the carcinomas of the cervix seen during this time period. Eighty-five of the 89 patients (95.5%) had "true" cancers of the cervical stump diagnosed 2 years or more after subtotal hysterectomy, while 4 of the 89 patients (4.5%) had "coincident" cancers diagnosed within 2 years of the subtotal hysterectomy. All cervical cancers were staged by the F.I.G.O. classification. Patient characteristics, methods of management, failure sites and survival of patients with carcinoma of the cervical stump were compared to those patients with carcinoma in the intact uterus. Patients with cervical stump cancers were treated in a similar manner to those with carcinomas of the intact uterus, using a combination of external beam irradiation and intracavitary radium. The stump cancer patients had a similar stage distribution to the patients with cancers of the intact uterus but, on the average, they were older and received less irradiation. The patterns of failure were similar on a stage for stage basis, but the survival and disease-free survival for stump cancer patients were superior to those of the patients with carcinoma of the intact uterus. The 5-year disease-free survival rates according to stage for the patients with carcinoma of the cervical stump were: 83.8% for Stage I, 77.6% for Stage II, 51.0% for Stage III, and 37.1% for Stage IV; compared with 84.2%, 60.9%, 30.1% and 18.3% for the intact uterus in the same stages.     

Cancer cervix: Establishing an evidence-based strategy,an experience of a tertiary care centre in India

Carcinoma cervix is a common cancer among Indian women. Evidence based management is essential for best practice in treatment of carcinoma cervix for its effective control. The current imaging system like CT, MRI and PET CT scans have contributed in identifying the patients for optimal treatment and delivering treatment accurately. For stages IB2 to IV, concurrent chemoradiation is advocated with improvement in overall survival proven with randomized trials. Brachytherapy is an integral part in the radiation treatment. Imaged-guided brachytherapy using MRI is desirable, however less expensive imaging modalities such as CT and ultrasonography has been evaluated. In special situation such as for HIV positive patients and patients with neuroendocrine tumors have role of radiotherapy. For further improvement in control of cancer, it is required to integrate basic research to answer clinically relevant questions.     

Diagnostik des Zervixkarzinoms

Background

Cervical cancer can be subdivided into stages I–IV according to the Fédération Internationale de Gynécologie et d’Obstétrique (FIGO) classification. According to the literature local clinical staging shows an error rate of 17–32?% in patients with early stage (FIGO 1B) cervical cancer and up to 65?% in advanced stages of cervical cancer (FIGO III–IV) and consequently has a negative influence on the prognosis. According to the guidelines of the German Society of Gynecology and Obstetrics (DGGG), the working group on gynecological oncology (AGO) and the German Cancer Society (DKG) the use of modern cross-sectional imaging diagnostics, such as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and computed tomography (CT) for staging is recommended for the first time. The MRI investigation of the pelvis is recommended for pretherapeutic staging from stage IB2 onwards. Because of its high soft tissue contrast, MRI allows excellent non-invasive local staging of cervical cancer with direct demonstration of tumors as well as assessment of the prognosis based on morphological imaging features.

Results and Conclusions

The diagnostic accuracy of MRI in the preoperative assessment of tumor size and in the differentiation between operable and advanced non-operable stages of cervical cancer is 83–93?%; therefore, MRI is considered to be not only the optimal modality for diagnostic evaluation and staging of cervical cancer starting from FIGO stage IB2 but also for planning of radiation therapy and for exclusion of recurrence during follow-up. Several studies have recently evaluated the feasibility and value of MRI combined with positron emission tomography (PET) in oncological settings and have shown that improved diagnostics can be achieved by which optimal local and also nodal staging and follow-up control of therapy are possible.

Objective

This article gives an overview of the current diagnostic imaging modalities of uterine cervical cancer using CT, MRI and combined functional and molecular hybrid imaging with integrated PET-CT and PET-MRI for pretherapeutic local staging and for nodal staging.

     

Impact of the filling status of the bladder and rectum on their integral dose distribution and the movement of the uterus in the treatment planning of gynaecological cancer.

PURPOSE: Determination of the impact of the filling status of the organs at risk (bladder and rectum) on the uterus mobility and on their integral dose distribution in radiotherapy of gynaecological cancer. METHODS: In 29 women suffering from cervical or endometrial cancer two CT scans were carried out for treatment planning, one with an empty bladder and rectum, the second one with bladder and rectum filled. The volumes of the organs at risk were calculated and in 14 patients, receiving a definitive radiotherapy, the position of the uterus within the pelvis was shown using multiplanar reconstructions. After generation of a 3D treatment plan the dose volume histograms were compared for empty and filled organs at risk. RESULTS: The mobility for the corpus uteri with/without bladder and rectum filling was in median 7 mm (95%-confidence interval: 3-15 mm) in cranial/caudal direction and 4 mm (0-9 mm) in posterior/anterior direction. Likewise, cervical mobility was observed to be 4 mm (-1-6 mm) mm in cranial/caudal direction. A full bladder led to a mean reduction in organ dose in median from 94-87% calculated for 50% of the bladder volume (P < 0.05, Wilcoxon's matched-pairs signed-ranks test). For 66% of the bladder volume the dose could be reduced in median from 78 to 61% (P < 0.005) and for the whole bladder from 42 to 39% (P < 0.005), respectively. No significant contribution of the filling status of the rectum to its integral dose burden was noticed. CONCLUSIONS: Due to the mobility of the uterus increased margins between CTV and PTV superiorly, inferiorly, anteriorly and posteriorly of 15, 6 and 9 mm each, respectively, should be used. A full bladder is the prerequisite for an integral dose reduction.     

Estimation of tumor volume in cervical cancer by magnetic resonance imaging

In 32 patients with stage 1 or 2 cervical cancer, preoperative magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) images were compared with corresponding linear measurements made on fresh histopathology specimens. Their clinical tumor diameters recorded as a part of Federation of International Gynecologists and Obstetricians (FIGO) staging were also correlated with the MRI-derived tumor volumes. The locations of neoplastic lesions within the cervix and uterus were identified accurately by MRI as verified in subsequent histopathology examinations. The examination under anesthesia (EUA) diameter (tumor size) was not related to the MRI-derived tumor diameter. Pathologic tumor diameter correlated well with the corresponding diameter in T2-weighted MRI. Tumor volume as measured by MRI was an accurate representation of the local extent of the disease and can be used as an objective measure of cervical cancer at the primary site. Substituting MRI-derived volume in place of clinical tumor diameter in the FIGO staging system will help refine its prognostic significance in patients with both operable and nonoperable cervical cancer.     

SHH和GLI1在早期宫颈癌组织中的表达及意义

目的 探讨SHH及神经胶质瘤相关基因同源蛋白1(GU1)在宫颈癌前病变、早期宫颈癌组织中的表达及意义.方法 选取早期宫颈癌患者36例、CIN Ⅲ级28例、正常宫颈20例,使用免疫组化S-P法检测上述组织标本中SHH及GLI1的表达.结果 SHH蛋白阳性表达率分别为正常宫颈组织20.0％ (4/20)、宫颈CINⅢ60.7％ (17/28)、早期宫颈癌69.4％ (25/36),两两比较差异有统计学意义(P均＜0.05).GLI1蛋白阳性表达率分别为正常宫颈组织25.0％ (5/20)、宫颈CINⅢ53.6％( 15/28)、早期宫颈癌58.3％(21/36),两两比较差异有统计学意义(P均＜0.05).结论 SHH、GLI1过度表达可能参与了宫颈癌的发生发展,其检测有助于宫颈癌的早期诊断.