汉江流域X市供水水体有机提取物致突变性研究

目的明确2019年不同水文期X市汉江水源水及其自来水中有机提取物的致突变性强度水平现状、变化趋势以及常规水处理工艺与管网输送对此趋势的影响。方法应用XAD-2大孔树脂富集汉江流域X城市水源水、出厂水、末梢水中的有机物,经洗脱、浓缩、干燥制得非挥发性有机物(NOCs)干品,运用Ames试验检测并比较各水样中NOCs的致突变性。结果在0.5~4.0 L/皿的测试浓度范围内,枯水期出厂水、末梢水的NOCs对TA98(±S9)的致突变性检测结果为阳性(MR值>2),在加S9后致突变性降低(MR值降低);其余水样的检测结果均为阴性。平水期出厂水、末梢水的NOCs仅对TA98(-S9)的检测结果为阳性,在加S9后致突变性降低;其余水样的检测结果均为阴性。丰水期时,除汉江出厂水外,其他水样对TA98(±S9)的检测结果均为阴性。但各水文期各水样NOCs对TA100(±S9)的检测结果均为阴性。出现阳性结果时的最低水样量为1.0 L/皿。结论2019年X市的汉江供水水体(水源水及其自来水)中的有机提取物具有一定的致突变性。Ames试验呈阳性时的水质属于中度污染。致突变性强度依次为枯水期>平水期>丰水期。水源水经自来水厂消毒处理后,水中有机物致突变性增强,但经过管网后有所降低。水样中非挥发性有机致突变物的作用类型主要为移码突变型。     

江苏某地长江水源饮用水中有机物致突变性比较

目的了解江苏省某市长江水源水及长距离输送和相关自来水厂净水工艺处理对水中有机物致突变性的影响。方法采用大孔树脂XAD-2提取该市某自来水厂的进厂水、出厂水和管网水中非挥发性有机物,并通过Ames试验检测其致突变性,当回复突变率(mutation ratio,MR)≥2时,认为Ames试验阳性。结果各水样对TA98(-S9)的MR高于TA98(+S9)(P=0.005);自来水厂常规净水工艺处理使得水中有机物的MR值(TA98,-S9)升高(P=0.007);长距离管道输送可降低水样MR值(P=0.038);出厂水MR值(+S9)总体低于水源水(P=0.002),但出厂水致突变性试验阳性结果(-S9)检出频率高于水源水;管网自来水致突变性(TA98,+S9)低于长江水源水(P=0.008)。结论江苏省某市长江水源水及其自来水厂各净水处理单元的出水水样均检测出了致突变性,主要存在移码型直接致突变物。     

自来水厂不同水处理工艺各单元水有机物致突变性变化规律

目的研究某市三家自来水厂不同水处理工艺各处理单元水中有机物致突变性强弱的变化规律,以此探讨相对科学的水处理工艺。方法于2008年5—6月,采集某市3家自来水厂(A、B、C)各水处理单元出水水样。通过鼠伤寒沙门菌致突变(Ames)试验(设0、0.25、0.50、1.00L/皿4个浓度)检测水样中有机物的致突变性,采用比活性的参数方法比较不同来源水样的致突变性强弱。结果除A自来水厂活性炭过滤水无致突变性外,其他各水处理工艺各单元水中有机物的致突变性均为阳性,致突变类型以直接型致移码突变为主。致移码突变性强弱比较如下,A自来水厂:水源水后加氯消毒水混凝沉淀过滤水出厂水管网末梢水活性炭过滤水;B自来水厂:后加氯消毒水混凝沉淀过滤水水源水出厂水管网末梢水;C自来水厂:出厂水预氯消毒水管网末梢水混凝沉淀过滤水后加氯消毒水水源水。结论在自来水厂水处理工艺中,预臭氧—臭氧—活性炭二次过滤深度处理工艺可有效降低出厂水中有机物的致突变性。     

武汉市汉江和长江水源饮用水中有机物污染谱系分析

[目的] 了解武汉市长江和汉江为水源的末梢水中有机物的污染谱系,为汉江和长江水体污染监测与治理,以及其饮用水有机物污染危险性评价提供资料和依据。[方法] 于丰水期和枯水期分别采集武汉市汉江和长江为水源的末梢水水样,用XAD-2和XAD-8等比例混合树脂(XAD-2/8)富集水样中的有机污染物,用GC/MS方法分析各样品的有机物组成。[结果] 在本实验条件下,以汉江为水源的末梢水,在丰水期和枯水期分别检测出有机物110种和102种。以长江为水源的末梢水,在丰水期和枯水期分别检测出有机物79种和95种。污染物中以烷烃、烯烃、卤代烃、酯类、邻苯二甲酸酯类为主。汉江水源末梢水有机物种类无论是在枯水期还是丰水期均明显多于长江水源的末梢水。[结论] 武汉市以汉江和长江为水源的末梢水受到一定程度的有机物污染,污染物种类复杂且来源广泛,应引起人们的高度重视。     

H江水源水与出厂水中非挥发性有机物致突变性及其化学组分的比较

目的 探讨H江水源水及其出厂水中非挥发性有机物的致突变性与其化学组分的关系。方法 应用大孔树脂吸附浓集水中有机物的技术,结合Ames致突变试验与色谱-质谱（GC／MS）联机分析方法,对H江武汉段水源水及其所的条件下,H江水源水及出厂水中非挥发性有机物对TA98与TA100菌株均具有显地致突变性;GC/MS联机分析鉴定水源水及其出厂水非挥发性有机物中有邻苯二甲酸酯（酞酸酯）等26种化合物。出厂水中非挥发性有机物的致突变性强度与有机化学物的种类均分别高于、多于水源水。结论 水源水经水厂处理后可生成一些新的有机物,由此使得出厂水中非挥发性有机物的致突变性增强。     

N市自来水非挥发性有机物分析及致突变性研究

为摸清某市长江源水及其饮用水中有机物的污染现状，应用ＧＣ／ＭＳ分析技术和Ａｍｅｓ试验、微核试验检测了Ｎ市２家水厂水样有机浓集物的非挥发性有机物及致突变性。结果表明，源水、出厂水共检出非挥发性有机物４３种，致突变性大小的顺序依次为出厂水＞末梢水＞源水＞滤池出水。试验表明，源水已受到有机诱变物的污染，混凝沉淀具有去除有机物、降低源水诱变性的作用，加氯消毒使饮用水的诱变活性增高，并产生多种类型诱变物，其中使ＴＡ９８菌株移码型突变性增强，且使ＴＡ１００菌株发生碱基置换型突变。结果提示，自来水中致突变物部分来自源水，但更主要系氯化消毒所产生的卤代反应。     

江苏省主要水源地水源水及出厂水中113种有机物的现状调查

目的了解江苏省主要水源地水源水及出厂水中有机物的污染现状。方法于2013年2月,采集江苏省11座集中式供水水厂水源水及出厂水水样进行113种有机污染物含量的检测。结果水源水和出厂水中分别检出17种和21种有机物,其中,挥发性有机物为出厂水中的三卤甲烷类消毒副产物,多环芳烃、有机氯农药以及苯胺、硝基苯、硝基氯苯是半挥发性有机物中的主要污染物。结论该地区水源水及出厂水均存在有机物污染,且污染特征有所不同。     

自来水厂出厂水有机物遗传毒性及其影响因素

目的 研究某市不同自来水厂出厂水中有机物的遗传毒性作用,探讨水源、消毒剂种类、有无预加氯和活性炭二次过滤对出厂水有机物遗传毒性的影响.方法 于2008年5-6月,采集某市6家不同水源、不同水处理工艺的自来水厂(A、B、C、D、E、F)出厂水水样.通过鼠伤寒沙门菌致突变(Ames)试验(设0、0.25、0.50、1.00L/皿4个浓度)检测水样中有机物的致突变性,采用比活性的参数方法比较不同来源水样的致突变性强弱.结果 6个自来水厂出厂水中有机物的Ames试验结果均为阳性.各自来水厂出厂水中有机物的致突变比活性比较结果如下,TA98(-S9):E>D>C>A>F>B;TA98(+S9):E>C>F>D(A、B为阴性);TA100(-S9):E>F>C>A(D、B为阴性);TA100(+S9):仅E为阳性.结论 某市自来水厂出厂水中的有机物具有明显的致突变作用,且以移码突变为主;使用江河水、取消预加氯消毒、以二氧化氯消毒剂取代液氯消毒剂以及使用活性炭二次过滤技术可减少致突变有机物的生成.

Abstract：

Objective To study the genotoxicity of the organic extracts from the product water of water plants and the affection of water source.disinfechant type,prechlorination and bioactive carbon filtration on the genotoxicity.Methods Ames testWaS used to test the mutagenicity of water samples from six water plants from May to June.2008.Resnits All of the product watersamples of six water Works (A,B,C,D,E,F)showed positive results in Ames test.The mutagenicity showed as follows:TA98(-S9):E>D>C>A>F>B;TA98(+S9):E>C>F>D(A,B were negative);TA100(-S9):E>F>C>A(D、B were negative);As for TA100(+S9),only E Wag positive.Conclusion The mutagenicity of product water of six water works is relatively high,the type of mutagenicityiS mainly code.shifting.Taking river water as the water source.using chlorine dioxide and active carbon filtration and no usingpretreatment of chlorination may reduce the mutagenic organics.     

湖州市饮用水中非挥发性有机物致突变性分析

目的调查湖州市饮用水中非挥发性有机物的致突变性及其与水质参数的相关性。方法采集2018年水文年内湖州市主城区2家自来水厂的水源水、出厂水和管网末梢水,按照GB/T 5750—2006 《生活饮用水标准检验方法》检测水质参数及消毒副产物指标;采用XAD-2大孔树脂富集柱提取水中非挥发性有机物,通过Ames试验(鼠伤寒沙门菌TA98菌株)检测其致突变性。结果自来水厂Ames试验阳性结果仅见于丰水期出厂水高浓度组,且呈剂量-反应关系。同一份水样中+S9与-S9的回复突变率(MR)差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。-S9的出厂水MR值高于末梢水(P0.05),但+S9的出厂水和末梢水MR值差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。出厂水、末梢水的MR值均高于水源水(P0.05)。不同水期饮用水中非挥发性有机物致突变性强度MR值差异有统计学意义(P0.05),其中平水期致突变性最强,枯水期最低。饮用水中非挥发性有机物致突变性强度(-S9)与二氯乙酸呈正相关(P0.05)。结论湖州市主城区2家自来水厂的出厂水检出致突变性,可能与水厂氯化消毒过程中产生的消毒副产物有关。     

某市生活饮用水有机浓集物致突变性的实验研究

[目的]了解某市生活饮用水及源水中有机浓集物的致突变性。[方法]气相色谱法固定相GDX－102吸附水中有机物，Ames（艾姆氏）实验检测致突变性。[结果]深层地下水获阴性结果；水库水在较高剂量时可疑存在碱基置换型直接致突变性，枯水期比丰水期突变性强，差异有显著性；以水库水为源水的自来水可疑存在移码型直接致突变性，存在碱基置换型直接致突变性，且枯水期较丰水期强；以深层地下水为源水的自来水在较高剂量时可疑存在移码型和碱基置换型间接致突变性，枯水期丰水期差异无显著性；自来水较源水突变性强。[结论]某市自来水及源水存在不同程度及不同类型的致突变性。     

官厅水库/永定河水中有机污染物致突变性的初步研究

1999年 7月在官厅水库和永定河下游三家店河段设 4个采样点 ,应用Ames实验对所采集水样中经XAD 2树脂富集后的有机污染物进行了致突变性检验。研究结果表明 ,对于TA98( S9)实验 ,八号桥和雁翅样品在 0 8L plate以下呈现阳性结果 ,表明样品中含有移码型直接致突变物 ,尤其是八号桥样品有很强致突变性。上述状况在加入体外代谢活化物S9后消失 ,说明样品中不含间接致突变性物质。在碱基置换型直接致突变性检验中 ,八号桥样品在 0 4L plate剂量条件下即呈直接致突变阳性 ,加入S9后在 0 8L plate剂量条件呈可疑阳性。上述结果表明在采样期间 ,该水体已受到致突变性物质的污染 ,从检验结果还可以看出 ,相对于静止水体 (水库大坝、三家店 )而言 ,流动水体 (八号桥、雁翅 )具有更强的致突变性 ,而以上游的八号桥点致突变性最高。说明致突变性物质可能来自洋河或桑干河     

Structure-function characterization of phenanthridinium compounds as mutagens in salmonella and yeast

The relation between the mutagenic activities and chemical structure of phenanthridinium derivatives were tested by using Salmonella typhimurium strain TA 98 and yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The 3,8-diamino analog and amino-azido isomers caused frameshift type mutation in Salmonella. However, mutagenicity was severely reduced for the diazido analog, and mutagenic activities of monoamino and monoazido analogs were minimal. The deaminated analog was not mutagenic. Diamino analog and two amino-azido isomers induced mitochondrial mutation of yeast in both resting and growing conditions. Two monoamino and deaminated analogs were mutagenic only in growing yeast but not in resting cells. Two monoazido and diazido analogs were less mutagenic even in the growing conditions.     

The AMES test in environmental and occupational medicine

The authors review the use of the gene mutation test on Salmonella typhimurium, better known as the Ames test, in environmental and occupational health. This test, which was originally intended as a predictive test of the carcinogenicity of chemical substances, has been widely applied in in vitro screening of complex mixtures of substances present in the environment and in the biological monitoring of high risk populations. Data are reported on the main environmental exposures that were positive with the Ames test and it is stressed how this biological assay has contributed to the identification of new classes of genotoxic compounds (nitropyrenes, mutagen X). The Ames test performed on extracts of human urine was used to study exposure to carcinogenic substances in the working environment. Many occupational exposures can cause an increase in mutagenic activity in the exposed subjects (cytostatic drugs, rubber manufacture, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons). It is recommended to restrict the use of the urinary mutagenesis test to group studies and carefully check confounding factors (e.g., smoking and diet).     

3-Chloro-4-(dichloromethyl)-5-hydroxy-2(5H)-furanone (MX) and mutagenic activity in Massachusetts drinking water

There is limited information on the prevalence of the potent mutagen 3-chloro-4-(dichloromethyl)-5-hydroxy-2(5H)-furanone (MX) in U.S. water supplies. We measured MX concentrations and mutagenic activity in tap water samples from 36 surface water systems throughout Massachusetts. We found MX levels much higher (up to 80 ng/L) than previously reported in the United States. We also evaluated the role of water treatment on mutagenic activity and disinfection by-product formation. After adjusting for other covariates, chloramination and filtration were the most important treatment options for reducing mutagenic activity and disinfection by-product formation. Multiple chlorine application (before and after filtration) was associated with increased mutagenicity. Chlorine dose, pH, and total organic carbon were also associated with mutagenicity, MX, and total trihalomethane (TTHM) concentration. Seasonal variation was evident for MX and mutagenic activity, with higher levels occurring in the spring compared to the fall. In contrast, TTHM concentrations were greater in the fall.     

Mutagenic activity of chlorinated surface waters and humic acid solutions

The mutagenicity of the chlorination by‐products in water supplies of the Venetian region (Italy) and in humic acid solutions were analysed. The samples were concentrated with XAD‐2 resin and tested for mutagenic activity on Salmonella typhimurium TA98 and TA100 strains. Significant mutagenic activity on TA98 strain in the presence (raw water) or absence (chlorinated water) of metabolic activation was observed only for the Po river. All other raw and chlorinated water samples did not induce significant mutagenic effects under the test conditions. The absence of mutagenic activity in almost all the raw water samples suggests very low concentrations of genotoxic pollutants. However, the low values of natural organic carbon and the appropriate treatment conditions used in the local water plants could well explain the negative results obtained for chlorinated waters. In comparison with water samples, the extracts of chlorinated humic‐rich solutions gave highly toxic and mutagenic effects on both the Salmonella strains, with and without metabolic activation. The addition of H₂O₂ at different times from the start of the chlorination greatly influenced the level of the observed mutagenic effects.     

林州市饮用水诱变效应与食管癌死亡率的关系

应用蚕豆根尖微核技术研究了林州市生活饮用水的诱变活性与食管癌死亡率的关系。结果表明地区饮用的山泉水、溪沟渠不中存在染色体畸变的物质这类物质在各种饮水类型的水样中所诱发的蚕 根法微核效应强弱与居民食管癌死亡经大小一致,提示：这些诱变的存在可能是导致食管癌高发的重要因素,从而为食管癌水土因素至病理论提供实验佐证。     

中国砷中毒病区腐植酸样品致突变性研究

目的探讨砷中毒地区的腐植酸样品有无致突变性。方法用Ａｍｅｓ试验检测了从中国贵州省高砷煤、台湾乌脚病病区井水和内蒙古砷中毒病区井水中提取的天然腐植酸样品。结果贵州高砷煤中腐植酸在不加大鼠肝匀浆（＋Ｓ９）时回复突变系数为１．０２～０．８２ｒｅｖ／μｇ，在加入大鼠肝匀浆（＋Ｓ９）时回复突变数为１．５３～１．１２ｒｅｖ／μｇ。并有明显的剂量反应关系存在。结论贵州高砷煤中腐植酸对ＴＡ９８（移码突变型）菌株有较强的直接致突变性，台湾乌脚病病区井水中腐植酸对ＴＡ９８（－Ｓ９）有较弱的致突变作用，而内蒙腐植酸没有致突变作用。同时还研究了商品腐植酸、砷和铁的致突变性，发现单纯的砷、铁和商品腐植酸均无致突变作用，但是砷与腐植酸共同作用，在某一浓度时，不论有没有铁存在，对ＴＡ９８（－Ｓ９）都有微弱的致突变作用。以上各种样品对ＴＡ１００（±Ｓ９）（碱基取代型）菌株均不表现出致突变作用。     

巢湖源水和饮用水的诱变性研究

采用组合致突变性试验对以巢湖水为水源的合肥市四水厂的水源水、沉淀池出水和出厂水有机浓集物的诱变性进行了研究。结果表明巢湖源水及其氯化饮用水，在细菌，真核细胞以至整体动物试验中都呈现一定诱变性。混凝沉淀 工艺可除去部分诱变物。出厂水浓集物的致突变能力最强，其次为水源水，沉淀地出水最弱，多种方法联合应用，提高了饮水中诱变物检测的敏感性。研究还表明四种试验对饮水致突变性的检出敏感性顺序依次为ＳＣＥ＞微核