克拉玛依市重点人群梅毒、艾滋病检测结果分析

目的　掌握克拉玛依市梅毒和艾滋病的发病趋势和流行特点 ,为政府部门制定防治政策提供科学依据。　方法　梅毒血清学检测用 RPR和 TPHA进行筛检和证实。HIV抗体血清学检测用酶联免疫吸附实验 ( EL ISA)进行初筛 ,阳性血清用确认实验 ( WB)进行确诊。　结果　在 10 491名受检人员中检出梅毒 5 0例 ,感染率为 0 .48% ;对其中的 4788名进行了 HIV抗体检测 ,检出 HIV感染者 11例 ,感染率为 0 .2 3 %。在 12类重点人群中 ,性病门诊就诊者梅毒感染率为5 .11% ,远高于其它人群 (χ2 =2 5 1.49,P<0 .0 5 ) ;吸毒人员 HIV感染率为 9.2 8% ,明显高于其它人群 (χ2 =3 5 3 .66,P<0 .0 5 )。梅毒和 HIV感染者以本地居民为主 ,感染途径分别以非婚性接触和静脉注射吸毒为主。　结论　我市梅毒感染率呈逐年上升趋势 ;吸毒人群中 HIV流行的危险性加大。加强重点人群性病艾滋病检测和以健康教育为主的行为干预 ,是控制性病艾滋病蔓延的重要措施与手段     

四类重点人群HIV、梅毒、肝炎感染状况调查

目的了解中小工业城市重点人群HIV、梅毒和肝炎的感染现状。方法现场调查采用哨点监测的方法，血清检测应用ELISA法，检测了256名有偿供血者、266名性病门诊患者、271名孕妇、228名吸毒者的HIV抗体、梅毒抗体、抗-HCV和乙肝HBsAg。结果吸毒者检出1例HIV抗体阳性，阳性检出率为0．43％，吸毒者丙型肝炎的感染率为83.87％，与有偿供血者（5.86％）、性病门诊患者（2．26％）和孕妇（1．11％）相比较均有统计学意义，有偿供血者丙型肝炎感染率与除吸毒人群外的其他两类人群比较也有统计学意义。经多因素logistic回归分析发现性病门诊患者梅毒感染率与性别、年龄、婚外性伴数呈正相关。结论性病门诊患者和吸毒人群梅毒感染率、吸毒人群和有偿供血者丙型肝炎感染率较高，性病门诊患者和吸毒人群存在感染HIV／性病的危险因素。应加强上述重点人群的监测和管理，防止艾滋病等疾病的流行。     

出入境人员性传播疾病流行病学分析

目的 了解出入境人员性传播疾病感染情况,为口岸性病监测工作提供科学依据.方法 采用实验室检测与体检相结合的方法,抽取2001年度8-10月间2000名出入境人员为样本,进行艾滋病及淋病、梅毒、尖锐湿疣三种性病检测.结果 共检出性传播疾病59例,总检出率为2.95%.淋病占33.90%,梅毒占32.20%,尖锐湿疣占33.90%,HIV抗体全部为阴性.结论 绥芬河口岸体检的出入境人群性传播疾病感染率远高于当地人群,加强这一人群的性病监测意义重大.     

2014-2015年许昌市男男同性恋者HIV抗体及梅毒螺旋体抗体检测结果分析

目的了解许昌市男男同性恋(MSM)人群中艾滋病及梅毒的感染状况,为MSM人群的艾滋病及梅毒防治工作提供依据。方法根据《全国艾滋病检测技术规范》(2015年版),对有过男男性行为的MSM进行匿名自填问卷调查并抽血检测。结果 2014-2015年自愿检测的296名同性恋人群中,检出HI V抗体阳性者47例,感染率为15.88%,检出梅毒阳性49例,感染率16.55%;梅毒和HIV均为阳性13例,感染率4.39%。结论许昌市MSM大多存在多性伴和异性性行为,HIV和梅毒感染率较高,应加大该人群的干预力度,以有效控制艾滋病性病的传播和流行。     

上海口岸归国人员2003～2008年HIV、性病监测结果分析

[目的]通过分析上海口岸归国人员HIV、梅毒感染情况及卫生监管现状,分析国境卫生检疫在传染病控制中的作用.[方法]统计2003～2008年上海口岸归国人员艾滋病、梅毒监测结果及人群分布,并与同期全国相关疾病感染情况比较.[结果]2003～2008年在上海国际旅行卫生保健中心(SITHC)体检的归国人员中,检出HIV感染10例,占全部HIV阳性人数的14.08%;检出梅毒65例,占入境总检出人数的6.03%.该人群艾滋病、梅毒感染率分别为31.71/10万人、206.11/10万人,均超过全国及上海地区人群感染率.[结论]人员跨国流动带来疾病传播危险,归国人员性病、艾滋病感染率高于一般人群,仍为口岸城市及全国艾滋病、性病传播的重要危险因素.需多方联合加强对归国人员的卫生服务和健康监管,进一步加强检验检疫机构与地方疾病预防控制机构的传染病疫情通报工作.     

泸州市自愿戒毒者HIV、HCV和梅毒感染分析

目的 了解自愿戒毒人群在吸毒期间HIV、HCV和梅毒感染情况和影响感染的因素,为该人群戒毒用药、健康追踪、行为干预、艾滋病、性病、丙型肝炎防护知识宣传等提供科学指导和比对材料.方法 对泸州市2007年自愿接受美沙酮替代治疗的吸毒人员进行HIV、HCV和梅毒血清抗体检测和相关情况调查,并对调查情况进行分析.结果 350名自愿戒毒人员中,检出HIV感染15例,感染率为4.28%;HCV感染275例,感染率78.57%;梅毒感染24例,感染率6.86%.304名静脉注射吸毒者HIV感染15例,感染率4.93%,HCV感染265例,感染率87.17%,梅毒感染21例,感染率6.91%.46名非静脉注射吸毒者无HIV感染,HCV感染10例,感染率21.74%,梅毒感染3例,感染率6.52%.静脉注射吸毒者HCV感染率高于非注射方式吸毒者(χ2=101.598,P=0.000).结论 泸州市自愿戒毒人群中HIV、梅毒感染率低于国家同类人群平均水平,HCV感染率高于全国肝炎流行病学调查人群平均水平.静脉注射吸毒和共用针具是导致HIV、HCV传播的高危因素.吸毒人群由HCV感染引起的肝病可能成为危害身体健康的另一重要因素.     

健康体检人员937例梅毒螺旋体抗体的检测

目的调查了解盐城市盐都区健康体检人员梅毒螺旋体(TP)的感染情况。方法采用酶联免疫法(TP-ELISA)检测937名健康体检人员血清TP抗体,对阳性标本作颗粒凝集法梅毒螺旋体抗体试验(TPPA),确认阳性者再分别作梅毒快速血浆反应素试验(RPR)和梅毒甲苯胺红不加热血清试验(TRUST),并对结果进行分析。结果937例健康体检人员中共检出TP-ELISA阳性者13例(经TPPA试验确证均为TP抗体阳性),占总检测人数的1.39%。男女性别间差异无统计学意义(χ2=0.03,P>0.05),不同职业人群中以药品从业人员阳性率最高,达16.67%(2/12),其次为宾馆酒店人员,阳性率为3.16%(5/158)。此13例标本中有10例RPR和TRUST结果为阴性,另3例RPR和TRUST为阳性,滴度分别为1∶64、1∶16和1∶1。结论该地区健康体检人员的TP感染率较高,有必要将梅毒检测纳入健康体检的内容。同时,在人群作TP感染的筛查时,可采用TP-ELISA试验,RPR和TRUST则不适宜。     

昆山市出入境人员性病监测分析

目的了解昆山市出入境人员HIV、梅毒感染状况,为预防控制艾滋病、性病提供科学依据。方法采集2004—2007年昆山市出入境人员静脉血3.5 ml分别用酶联免疫吸附试验（ELISA）法、快速血浆反应素试验（RPR）进行HIV、梅毒抗体初筛,初筛阳性标本进一步确认。结果共检测18 150份出入境人员血清标本,检出性病16例,阳性率0.88‰;其中HIV阳性4例,阳性率0.22‰;梅毒阳性12例,阳性率0.66‰。结论昆山市出入境人员HIV感染率略低于我国正常人群水平,梅毒感染率高于全国的水平,应加强对该类人员的监测、宣传力度。     

东营市在押人员乙丙型肝炎病毒及性传播病毒感染的调查研究

目的了解看守所在押人员乙型肝炎病毒(HBV)、丙型肝炎病毒(HCV)、梅毒螺旋体(TP)和艾滋病病毒(HIV)感染现状。方法2006年对东营市看守所在押的520名人员进行血清学检测。采用问卷方式调查其是否吸毒,是否患过性病等情况。结果检测520人中检出HBV感染者74人,阳性率为14.23%;抗-HCV阳性者3人,阳性率为0.58%;梅毒抗体阳性7人,阳性率为1.34%;抗-HIV阳性者1人,阳性率为0.19%。结论看守所在押人员HBV、HIV及TP的感染率高于正常人群,在押人员吸毒和患过性病者是艾滋病、乙肝和梅毒的高危人群。     

福建省某市男男性接触人群相关血清学监测及分析

[目的]对福建省某市男男性接触者(MSM)进行相关血清学监测,了解该人群中艾滋病病毒(HIV)和梅毒等性传播疾病(STDs)的感染状况,为制定干预措施提供依据。[方法]采用方便抽样法对MSM人群进行匿名问卷调查,并抽取静脉血进行HIV抗体、梅毒抗体、乙肝病毒HBsAg及丙肝病毒抗HCV-IgG的检测。[结果]共采血检测MSM159例,结果梅毒抗体TRUST阳性率为12.6%(20/159),TPPA阳性率为25.8%(41/159);HIV抗体阳性率为1.9%(3/159),其中1例同时检出梅毒和HIV抗体阳性,HIV和梅毒累积感染率为27.0%;HBsAg阳性率为12.6%(20/159);未检出抗HCV-IgG。年龄大于25岁是HIV和梅毒累积感染的危险因素。[结论]HIV/STDs在MSM人群中存在局部流行的可能性,应及时采取干预措施,控制其流行及向一般人群的传播。     

Lunasin is prevalent in barley and is bioavailable and bioactive in in vivo and in vitro studies

Lunasin, a unique 43-amino acid peptide found in a number of seeds, has been shown to be chemopreventive in mammalian cells and in a skin cancer mouse model. To elucidate the role of cereals in cancer prevention, we report here the prevalence, bioavailability, and bioactivity of lunasin from barley. Lunasin is present in all cultivars of barley analyzed. The liver and kidney of rats fed with lunasin-enriched barley (LEB) show the presence of lunasin in Western blot. Lunasin extracted from the kidney and liver inhibits the activities of HATs (histone acetyl transferases), yGCN5 by 20% and 18% at 100 nM, and PCAF activity by 25% and 24% at 100 nM, confirming that the peptide is intact and bioactive. Purified barley lunasin localizes in the nuclei of NIH 3T3 cells. Barley lunasin added to NIH 3T3 cells in the presence of the chemical carcinogen MCA activates the expression of tumor suppressors p21 and p15 by 45% and 47%, decreases cyclin D1 by 98%, and inhibits Rb hyperphosphorylation by 45% compared with the MCA treatment alone. We conclude that lunasin is prevalent in barley, bioavailable, and bioactive and that consumption of barley could play an important role of cancer prevention in barley-consuming populations.     

Salmonellas in pigs and animal feeding stuffs in England and Wales and in Denmark

A comparison has been made between the incidence of salmonellas in pigs and feeding stuffs in England and Wales and in Denmark. In Denmark there is veterinary legislation requiring the sterilization of imported and home produced feed ingredients of animal origin. There is no such legislation in England and Wales. In Denmark 0·3% of resterilized imported meat and bone meal was contaminated with salmonellas. This compared with 23% of meat and bone meal in England and Wales and 20-27% of other ingredients of animal origin. In England and Wales salmonellas were isolated from 7% of caecal samples and 6% of lymph node samples, while in Denmark they were isolated from 3% of caecal samples and 4% of lymph node samples. In England and Wales 25 serotypes were found in both pigs and feeds and these included nearly all the most prevalent human pathogens. In Denmark four of the six serotypes in pigs had been found in resterilized feed. One notable difference between the two studies was the very wide range of serotypes found in pigs in England and Wales and the narrow range in Denmark. A second was that Salmonella typhimurium formed 15% of all Salmonella strains isolated from pigs in England and Wales, and 60% of those in Denmark.     

Management of pregnancy and childbirth in England and Wales and in France

This paper reviews national data on obstetric and neonatal practices in England and Wales, and in France between 1970 and 1980. The data have been derived from national statistics and surveys on national samples of births in 1970, 1975 and 1980 in England and Wales, and 1972, 1976 and 1981 in France. The analysis shows that there was no major difference in pregnancy outcome, but wide variations in medical practices, and their trend over time. The main differences were: in England and Wales a higher number of antenatal visits, a higher percentage of inpatient admissions during pregnancy, a higher rate of induction, more episiotomies, a higher rate of resuscitation at birth, and admission to neonatal special care units; in France, a higher rate of caesarean sections before and during labour, some evidence of a more active management of labour, and a longer hospital post-natal stay. These differences in practice reflect differences in objectives and assessment of the effectiveness of care between the two countries: they point out the need for better monitoring and evaluation of obstetric and neonatal practices.     

Research and teaching in social and preventive medicine and in public health

Summary Both public health and social and preventive medicine are characterised by the common goal of promoting, maintaining and improving health and preventing disease, and both are concerned with a population-related, preventive and environmental perspective. But whereas public health is interdisciplinary and goes far beyond the medical focus, social and preventive medicine is medically based and forms a bridge between public health and medical practice. Research in a department of social and preventive medicine serves to support preventive and medico-social activities in medical practice as well as in public health. This is illustrated by results from research conducted at the author's department during the last twenty years. Examples are research in support of smoking cessation activities, and research used for the planning of care for the elderly. Both the research and the teaching activities of the department take into account the population focus of public health as well as the focus on individual medicine in clinical practice.

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Forschung und Lehre in Sozial-und Präventivmedizin und öffentlicher Gesundheit

Zusammenfassung Sowohl das Gebiet der öffentlichen Gesundheit als auch dasjenige der Sozial-und Präventivmedizin sind durch das Ziel der Förderung, Erhaltung und Verbesserung der Gesundheit sowie der Krankheitsvorbeugung gekennzeichnet, und beide beschäftigen sich mit einer bevölkerungsbezogenen, präventiven und umweltbezogenen Perspektive. Aber während die öffentliche Gesundheit stark interdisziplinär ist und weit über den medizinischen Fokus hinausreicht, ist die Sozial-und Präventivmedizin ein medizinisches Fach und stellt eine Brücke zwischen der öffentlichen Gesundheit und der ärztlichen Praxis dar. Die Forschung in einem Institut für Sozial-und Präventivmedizin dient der Förderung präventiver und sozialmedizinischer Tätigkeiten in der ärztlichen Praxis wie auch in der öffentlichen Gesundheit. Dies wird durch die Forschungstätigkeit des Instituts des Autors aus den letzten 20 Jahren illustriert, wobei Beispiele aus den Gebieten der Förderung der Raucherentwöhnung und der Betreuung behinderter Betagter dargestellt werden. Sowohl in den Forschungs-als auch in den Lehrtätigkeiten des Instituts finden der Bevölkerungsbezug der öffentlichen Gesundheit wie auch der individualmedizinische Ansatz der ärztlichen Praxis ihren Ausdruck.

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La recherche et l'ensignement en médecine sociale et préventive et en santé publique

Résumé La santé publique aussi bien que la médecine sociale et préventive sont caractérisées par le but commun de promouvoir, maintenir et améliorer l'état de santé et de prévenir les maladies, et elles s'orientent vers une perspective de population, de prévention et environnementale. Mais la santé publique est interdisciplinaire et va loin au-delà de la médecine, tandis que la médecine sociale et préventive est basée sur la médecine et représente le lien entre la santé publique et la pratique médicale. La recherche d'un institut de médecine sociale et préventive sert à appuyer les activités préventives et médico-sociales au cabinet médical aussi bien qu'en santé publique. Cela est illustré par des résultats de recherches conduites dans les vingt années passées à l'institut de l'auteur, et les exemples sont tirés de la recherche en appui de la promotion de la cessation de fumée et de la planification de la prise en charge des personnes âgées et handicapées. Les activités de recherche et de l'enseignement de l'institut tiennent compte de la perspective de population cacactéristique de la santé publique, aussi bien que de la dimension de médecine individuelle caractéristique de la pratique clinique.

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Paper presented at a symposium on The Public Health Perspective of Social and Preventive Medicine, in celebration of the 20th anniversary of the Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Berne, 25 June 1992 in Berne.     

Eggs enriched in omega-3 fatty acids and alterations in lipid concentrations in plasma and lipoproteins and in blood pressure

Effects of dietary eggs enriched with omega-3 fatty acids on lipid concentrations in plasma and lipoproteins and blood pressure were determined in 11 men and women in two groups. Group 1 consumed four omega-3 eggs per day during the first 4-wk period and four control eggs for the second 4-wk period. Group 2 ate the same number of eggs in the reverse order. Mean plasma cholesterol concentration was significantly increased by control eggs (P less than 0.01) but unchanged by omega-3 eggs. Mean plasma triglyceride concentration was decreased by omega-3 eggs but increased by control eggs. Both systolic and diastolic blood pressures were significantly lowered by omega-3 eggs in group 1 whereas only systolic pressure was significantly decreased on omega-3 eggs in group 2. The control eggs did not change blood pressure. In conclusion, the omega-3 eggs may be more healthful than the control eggs.     

Prevalence and Trends in Overweight in Mexican-American Adults and Children

Overweight and obesity have been increasing in many countries. Our objective is to describe the trends in overweight and obesity occurring in the Mexican-American population in the United States. Data on measured height and weight for Mexican Americans come from the following surveys: the Hispanic Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (HHANES, 1982–84), the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III, 1988–94), and NHANES 1999–2002. In 1999–2002, 73% of Mexican-American adults were overweight and 33% were obese. Obesity increased between NHANES III and NHANES 1999–2002, from 24% to 27% for men and from 35% to 38% for women. Increases were also seen for children and adolescents. The Mexican-American population in the United States, both children and adults, is showing trends in overweight and obesity over time that are similar to those seen in other segments of the U.S. population and indeed in many countries