老年糖尿病并冠心病的临床分析

目的：探讨老年糖尿病与冠心病及无症状心肌缺血（SMI）的关系。方法：收集老年糖尿病患300例，检出冠心病132例，其中27例为SMI，对老年冠心病有，无合并糖尿病作对比分析。结果：老年糖病并冠心病占老年糖尿病的44％，且病情严重程度与患病时间及血糖水平呈正相关（P＜0．01），老年糖尿病并冠心病组与老年冠心病不合并糖尿病组相比，SMI，心力衰竭及心肌梗死（MI）增多（P＜0．01，＜0．01和0．05），结论：老年糖尿病易合并冠心病，且老年糖尿病并冠心病易发生SMI，心力衰竭及MI，老年糖尿病患应定期检查心电图，及时发现SMI和冠心病，以减少猝死及心肌梗死的发生。     

氯沙坦对老年高血压患者红细胞聚集性的影响

目的 探讨氯沙坦对老年高血压患者红细胞聚集性的影响。方法 43例老年高血压患者服用氯沙坦50－100mg治疗12－17个月后观察治疗前后血液流变学指标的变化。结果 高血压患者全血低切粘度（1Os^-1)、血浆粘度及红细胞聚集指数显著增高（P＜0．05），服用氯沙坦后高血压患者血压下降的同时全血低切粘度、血浆粘度及红细胞聚集显著降低（P＜0．001）。结论 氯沙坦可使老年高血压患者红细胞聚集性显著降低，血粘度下降，血浆粘度下降。从而降低了体内血栓形成的机会，减少心血管系统血栓性疾病的发生率。     

2型糖尿病合并心血管疾病患者心率变异性分析

目的：研究糖尿病合并心血管疾病对心率变异性（HRV）的影响。方法：对44例糖尿病合并高血压、冠心病及48例单纯糖尿病患进行24小时心率变异时时域分析，同时与年龄、性别相当的62例正常人HRV资料进行比较。结果：（1）糖尿病患各项时域分析指标均较正常组降低（P＜0．05－＜0．01）；（2）与单纯糖尿病患比较，有心血管合并症的糖尿病患HRV参数中SDNN、SDANN、SDNN－index、rMSSD明显降低（P＜0．05－＜0．01）；（3）昼夜资料分析显示与正常组比较糖尿病患白天mR-R升高（P＜0．05），SDNN、rMSSD、PNN50显下降（P＜0．05－＜0．01），夜间各指标均明显降低（P＜0．05－＜0．01），合并高血压、冠心病的患除SDANN、PNN50外各指标下降更加显。提示糖尿病患的HRV分析有助于预测心脏事件的发生。     

老年2型糖尿病患者颈动脉粥样硬化的观察

目的：探讨老年2型糖尿病患颈动脉硬化以及粥样斑块与各种危险因子的关系。方法：用彩色多普勒超声观察68例老年2型糖尿病患双侧颈动脉内中膜厚度（IMT）。结果：内膜增厚组及斑块形成组空腹胰岛素水平、24h尿白蛋白定量明显增加（P＜0．05，P＜0．01），并且随着内膜增厚程度的加重，这种增加越明显，而胰岛素敏感指数明显降低（P＜0．05）。空腹、餐后2h血糖、糖化血红蛋白及餐后2h胰岛素、血脂各项指标在各组间变化不明显。内膜增厚组及斑块形成组年龄，有高血压、冠心病、脑血管病史的百分比，高血压病程，收缩压，舒张压值均有明显增高（P＜0．05，P＜0．01）。吸烟人数百分比、糖尿病病程无明显差异。结论：老年糖尿病患IMT增厚心脑血管疾病的发病率增高，这与他们存在高胰岛素血症、低胰岛素敏感性以及有较高的尿白蛋白水平有关，IMT可作为早期观察糖尿病大血管并发症的一种方法。     

有高血压史的老年人急性心肌梗塞临床特点

目的 探讨高血压（HT）对老年人急性心肌梗死（AMI）疾病过程及预后的影响。方法 对比分析82例有HT史和94例无高血压（NHT）史的老年人AMI临床资料。结果 HT组有糖尿病、高血脂、吸烟史、冠心病家族史、慢性心肌缺血史者及女性患者的比例均较NHT组高（P＜0．05－0．01）;AMI于饱餐后发病者,HT组多于NHT组（P＜0．01）,因劳累诱发者,HT组少于NHT组（P＜0．05）;HT组无痛性AMI者较NHT组多（P＜0．05）,出现脑卒中、心力衰竭、心源性休克、室速与室颤等并发症及住院病死率均高于NHT组（P＜0．05－0．01）。结论 合并HT的老年AMI患者具有更多的冠心病易患因素,严重心脏并发症较多,近期预后较差。     

老年2型糖尿病合并冠心病心率变异性分析

目的 探讨老年2型糖尿病（2－DM）合并冠心病心率变异性（HRV）特点。方法应用24h动态心电图HRV频谱分析比较35例老年2－DM合并冠心病患者和41例单纯2－DM患进HRV各参数。结果 老年2－DM合并冠心病患者时域分析（SDNN、SDANN、RMSSD）和频域分析（LF、HF）各参数均低于单纯2－DM者（P＜0．01或P＜0．05）LF／HF比值前者高于后者（P＜0．05）。结论 老年2－DM合并冠心病心脏自主神经损害较单纯2－DM者重,前者迷走神经受损较后者更重。     

老年男性冠心病患者无症状心肌缺血的研究

目的：探讨老年男性冠心病患者无症状心肌缺血的发作特点及规律。方法：选择老年男性冠心病（Ⅰ组）、冠心病合并高血压病（Ⅱ组）及冠心病同时合并高血压病、2型糖尿病（Ⅲ组）患者各66例，对其进行动态心电图检查。结果：动态心电图检出老年男性冠心病患者心肌缺血主要为无症状心肌缺血（SMI）；SMI发生率Ⅲ组〉Ⅱ组〉Ⅰ组（P〈0．05），Ⅲ组的SMI总次数与Ⅱ组、Ⅰ组比较有显著差异（P〈0．05）；SMI持续时间Ⅲ组与Ⅱ组比较有显著差异（P〈0．05）；三组的发作高峰均在上午。日间SMI发生次数明显多于夜间，夜间SMI发生比例Ⅲ组与Ⅰ组比较有显著差异（P〈0．05），Ⅲ组昼夜SMI平均持续时间有显著差异（P〈0．05）。结论：高血压病、2型糖尿病均可增加老年男性冠心病患者SMI的发生，尤其是夜间的发生：动态心电图是老年男性冠心病，特别是合并高血压、2型糖尿病患者SMI的重要检测手段。     

糖尿病合并冠心病患者F1+2及SFMC的变化及意义

为探讨F1 2及SFMC在糖尿病合并冠心病中的变化及意义，采用酶联免疫吸附法(ELISA)检测28例糖尿病合并冠心病患者(试验组)静脉血凝血酶原片段1 2(F1 2)及纤维蛋白单体复合物(SFMC)水平，并与25例单纯糖尿病患者(对照组)进行比较。结果显示，试验组F1 2、SFMC水平均明显高于对照组(P＜0．005、＜0．01)，其它出凝血指标如凝血酶原时间(PT)、活化部分凝血活酶时间(APTT)、纤维蛋白原(Fbg)、血浆因子Ⅶ促凝活性(FⅦ：c)等两组比较无明显差异(P＞0．05)。试验组与对照组空脂血糖(FBG)、甘油三酯（TG)、总胆固醇(TC)、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL—C)水平无明显差异(P＞0，05)；低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL—C)水平有显著性差异(P＜0．05)。两组血流变学中全血比粘度(中切)、血浆比粘度无显著性差异(P＞0．05)，红细胞压积、红细胞聚集指数有显著性差异(P＜0.05)。提示血栓前状态与糖尿病合并冠心病有密切关系，F1 2及SFMC可以作为糖尿病患者发生冠心病的预测指标。     

高血压伴糖尿病患者的动态血压变异性改变

对单纯原发性高血压患者96例、高血压合并糖尿病患者32例及对照组5 6例,分别动态测量血压24h,计算血压变异性,并分别进行对照研究。结果：①高血压组与对照组比较：24hSBP、24hSBP、dSBP、dDBP、nSBP、nDBP及SPBp、DPBd、DBPp均有显著性差异（P＜0．01）,24hSBP、24hSBP、dSBPv有明显差异（P＜0．05）;②高血压合并糖尿病组与对照组比较：24hSBP、24hSBP、dSBP、nSBP、nDBP、SBPp、DBPp存在显著差异（P＜0．01）,dSBPv、dDBP、DBPd存在明显差异（P＜0．05）;③高血压组与高血压合并糖尿病组比较：24hSBPv、24hDBPv、dDBP、DBPd减低,显示动态血压的变异性减低,但统计学无明显差异。认为高血压合并糖尿病患者血压变异性降低,可能与糖尿病自主神经病变相关,使正常的血压节律消失。     

2型糖尿病并发冠心病的血脂水平变化

目的；研究2型糖尿病合并冠心病（CHD）患血脂水平的变化。方法：采用美国贝克曼全自动生化分析仪对门诊的60例2型糖尿病无CHD患（I组），37例2型糖尿病合并CHD患（Ⅱ组）及72例正常对照组（Ⅲ组）进行系列血脂指标的测定。结果：I组TC、TG、LDL－C、ApoA、ApoB水平显高于对照组（P＜0．05－＜0．01）；Ⅱ组TC、TG、ApoB水平显高于对照组（P＜0．05－＜0．01）；I、Ⅱ两组之间的HDL－C水平存在显性差异（P＜0．05）。Ⅱ组的TG／HDL－C比值显高于I组和对照组（P＜0．05）。结论：2型糖尿病无CHD患与2型糖尿病合并CHD患之间的脂质代谢紊乱有所不同，HDL－C水平降低，TG／HDL－C比值异常升高，可能是糖尿病患发生CHD的易患因素。     

Hypertension prevalence and control in Ulaanbaatar,Mongolia

This study examines the prevalence, awareness, treatment, and control of hypertension in Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia, using both the American Heart Association and conventional thresholds (130/80 and 140/90 mm Hg, respectively). In this randomized cross‐sectional study, two‐stage cluster sampling was used to obtain a sample of 4515 individuals aged ≥20 years. Hypertension was defined by the use of antihypertensives in the last 2 weeks or a blood pressure at or above the thresholds of 140/90 and 130/80 mm Hg. The mean age of the participants was 41.1 ± 14.0 years and 54.5% were women. Hypertension prevalence was 25.6% (using 140/90 mm Hg) and 46.5% (using 130/80 mm Hg). Prevalence increased with age and below 50 years men were consistently more likely to be hypertensive. Among hypertensive participants, the rates of awareness, treatment, and control were 69.7%, 46.8%, and 24.0% (using 140/90 mm Hg) and 49.1%, 25.8%, and 6.4% (using 130/80 mm Hg, respectively). Men had lower rates of awareness, treatment, and control compared with women, with the most pronounced differences at younger ages. This study shows that awareness, treatment, and control rates in Ulaanbaatar are better than in most low‐ and middle‐income countries but are still suboptimal. The largest “care gap” was in young men where a regulatory requirement for annual workplace blood pressure screening has the potential to enhance care. A major hypertension control program has just been initiated in Ulaanbaatar.     

Is tinnitus an early voice of masked hypertension? High masked hypertension rate in patients with tinnitus

Objectives: Tinnitus is hearing a sound without any external acoustic stimulus. There are some clues of hypertension can cause tinnitus in different ways. The aim of the study was to evaluate the relationship between tinnitus and masked hypertension including echocardiographic parameters and severity of tinnitus.

Methods: This study included 88 patients with tinnitus of at least 3 months duration and 85 age and gender-matched control subjects. Tinnitus severity index was used to classify the patients with tinnitus. After a complete medical history, all subjects underwent routine laboratory examination, office blood pressure measurement, hearing tests and ambulatory blood pressure monitoring. Masked hypertension is defined as normal office blood pressure measurement and high ambulatory blood pressure level.

Results: Baseline characteristics in patients and controls were similar. Prevalence of masked hypertension was significantly higher in patients with tinnitus than controls (18.2% vs 3.5%, p = 0.002). Office diastolic BP (76 ± 8.1 vs. 72.74 ± 8.68, p = 0.01), ambulatory 24-H diastolic BP (70.2 ± 9.6 vs. 66.9 ± 6.1, p = 0.07) and ambulatory daytime diastolic BP (73.7 ± 9.5 vs. 71.1 ± 6.2, p = 0.03) was significantly higher in patients with tinnitus than control group. Tinnitus severity index in patients without masked hypertension was 0 and tinnitus severity index in patients with masked hypertension were 2 (1–5).

Conclusion: This study demonstrated that masked hypertension must be kept in mind if there is a complaint of tinnitus without any other obvious reason.     

Redefining primary hyperaldosteronism as “The Syndrome of Inappropriate Aldosterone Secretion (SIALDS)”: A common but unrecognized cause of hypertension

The current screening and diagnostic recommendations for detecting Primary Hyperaldosteronism (PHA) focus on diagnosing the more severe and overt instances of renin-independent aldosterone production. However, milder forms of autonomous aldosterone secretion have been demonstrated to exist below the diagnostic thresholds of current PHA guidelines, and associate with clinically relevant cardiovascular risk. PHAencompasses a spectrum of renin independent aldosterone production, progressing from a subclinical state in normotensives to a full-blown clinical syndrome representing the resistant hypertension population. The authors propose the Syndrome of Inappropriately Elevated Aldosterone Secretion (SIALDS) concept as a potential new paradigm for understanding and diagnosing PHA and expanded diagnostic approach to improve early detection even in well-controlled hypertension. The authors also delve into the impact of treatments, including mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists and emerging aldosterone synthase inhibitors. Furthermore, The authors outline future research directions, proposing clinical trials to investigate the long-term identification and treatment outcomes of SIALDS.     

Portopulmonary hypertension

Portopulmonary hypertension (PPHT) is defined as precapillary pulmonary hypertension accompanied by hepatic disease or portal hypertension. Pulmonary hypertension results from excessive pulmonary vascular remodeling and vasoconstriction. These histological alterations have been indistinguishable from those of other forms of pulmonary arterial hypertension. Factors involved in the pathogenesis of PPHT include volume overload, hyperdynamic circulation, and circulating vasoactive mediators. The disorder has a substantial impact on survival and requires focused treatment. Liver transplantation in patients with moderate to severe PPHT is associated with a significantly reduced survival rate. The best medical treatment for patients with PPHT is controversial; most authors currently regard continuous intravenous application of prostacyclin as the treatment of choice for patients with severe PPHT. There is only very limited reported experience with inhaled prostacyclin or its analog, iloprost. Increasing evidence of the efficacy of the endothelin-receptor antagonist bosentan and of the phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitor sildenafil is emerging in highly selected patients with PPHT. In the future, a combination therapy of the above-mentioned agents might become a therapeutic option. Other agents such as β-blockers seem to be harmful to patients with moderate to severe portopulmonary hypertension. Up-to-date, randomized, double-blind, controlled clinical trials are lacking and are needed urgently. An erratum to this article is available at .     

Relationship between Blood Pressure and Nocturia in Hypertensive Patients

Objective: We investigated the relationship between the pattern of hypertension and nocturia. Methods: Seventy‐seven patients who were being treated for hypertension completed a questionnaire regarding the number of times they urinated during the day and at night, and measured their blood pressure at home immediately after rising in the morning and just before going to sleep at night. The patients' blood pressure was also measured at the clinic. The patients were divided into groups according to their blood pressure patterns. The relationship between blood pressure pattern and number of urinations during the day and at night was investigated. Results: When the patients were divided into white coat hypertension, masked hypertension, sustained hypertension, and normotension groups, the number of daytime urinations was significantly lower in the sustained hypertension group compared with the normotension and white coat hypertension groups. When the subjects were divided into morning blood pressure surge and non‐morning surge groups or into morning hypertension and non‐morning hypertension groups, the numbers of nighttime urinations was significantly higher in the morning surge group or the morning hypertension group compared with the non‐morning surge group or non‐morning hypertension group, respectively. Conclusion: Sustained hypertension and elevation of blood pressure in the early morning influence the frequency of daytime and nighttime urination, respectively. It is important to control both the blood pressure and nocturia of hypertensive patients to improve their prognosis.     

Masked hypertensives: A disguised arterial stiffness population

The aim of this study was to determine whether masked hypertension (MHT) and white coat hypertension (WCHT) could be related to increased arterial stiffness and to identify the best office cutoff values of office BP for the diagnosis of MHT and WCHT. A total of 542 consecutive patients (50.2% male, age 42.5 ± 26.2 years) were included in the study. Patients were never treated before for hypertension. Patients were classified as true normotensives (44%), true hypertensives (30%), WC hypertensives (19%), and masked hypertensives (7%). Carotid‐femoral pulse wave velocity (c‐f PWV) was 9.91 ± 0.20 m/s in true normotension, 10.26 ± 0.27 m/s in WCHT, 11.28 ± 0.47 m/s in MHT, and 11.86 ± 0.23 m/s in true hypertension after adjustment for age and sex. Decision limits yielding 65% sensitivity were 130 mm Hg for office systolic BP with 72% specificity for the diagnosis of MHT. The optimal cutoff value of 80 mm Hg for office diastolic BP provides 60% sensitivity and 68% specificity. Decision limits yielding 63% sensitivity were 150 mm Hg for office systolic BP with 72% specificity for the diagnosis of WCHT. The optimal cutoff value of 95 mm Hg for office diastolic BP provides 75% sensitivity and 51% specificity. The presence of MHT should be taken into account when increased c‐f PWV is detected in the absence of office hypertension. The optimal office BP of 130/80 mm Hg provides the best sensitivity and specificity for the diagnosis of MHT. As regards the diagnosis of WCHT, the cutoff value of 150/95 mm Hg seems to provide the best option.     

Resistant hypertension, secondary hypertension, and hypertensive crises: diagnostic evaluation and treatment

Hypertension is a very common modifiable risk factor for cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Patients with hypertension represent a diverse group. In addition to those with primary hypertension, there are patients whose hypertension is attributable to secondary causes, those with resistant hypertension, and patients who present with a hypertensive crisis. Secondary causes of hypertension account for less than 10% of cases of elevated blood pressure (BP), and screening for these causes is warranted if clinically indicated. Patients with resistant hypertension, whose BP remains uncontrolled in spite of use of 3 or more antihypertensive agents, are at increased cardiovascular risk compared with the general hypertensive population. After potentially correctible causes of uncontrolled BP (pseudoresistance, secondary causes, and intake of interfering substances) are eliminated, patients with true resistant hypertension are managed by encouraging therapeutic lifestyle changes and optimizing the antihypertensive regimen, whereby the clinician ensures that the medications are prescribed at optimal doses using drugs with complementary mechanisms of action, while adding an appropriate diuretic if there are no contraindications. Mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists are formidable add-on agents to the antihypertensive regimen, usually as a fourth drug, and are effective in reducing BP even in patients without biochemical evidence of aldosterone excess. In the setting of a hypertensive crisis, the BP has to be reduced within hours in the case of a hypertensive emergency (elevated BP with evidence of target organ damage) using parenteral agents, and within a few days if there is hypertensive urgency, using oral antihypertensive agents.     

The white-coat hypertension response

This study was designed to determine the clinical characteristics of hypertensive patients whose blood pressures are substantially higher in the medical office than in their natural environments. Thirty-nine percent of patients enrolled in a nonpharmacologic hypertension treatment program had systolic or diastolic office blood pressures (OBPs) that were at least 10 mm Hg higher than their ambulatory blood pressures (ABPs). Although these white-coat responders (WCRs) had higher systolic OBPs than did non-white-coat responders (NRs), both their systolic (p<0.02) and their diastolic (p<0.0001) ABPs were significantly lower than those of NRs. Furthermore, patients with white-coat hypertension did not have greater blood pressure reactivity in their natural environments, suggesting that their blood pressure elevations may be specific to the medical setting. White-coat hypertensives were older (p<0.005), had less angry dispositions (p<0.01), and reported less overt anger expression (p<0.005). They were also taking more antihypertensive medications than were the other patients in the study (p<0.001).