ICU呼吸机相关肺炎性141例调查分析

目的探讨某院呼吸机相关肺炎性（VAP）的流行病学特点及危险因素,指导临床医生采取预防和控制措施。方法对2010年9月至2011年2月重症监护病房（ICU）907例患者中发生VAP感染的141例进行回顾性调查分析。结果该院ICU呼吸机相关性医院感染肺炎的感染率为27.60‰,呼吸机使用率为61.18%。多种侵入性操作及肺部疾病患者呼吸机相关肺炎发生率较高。主要致病菌为革兰阴性杆菌（85.03%）,以鲍曼不动杆菌、铜绿假单胞菌和肺炎克雷伯菌为主。革兰阳性球菌占3.23%,主要为金黄色葡萄球菌。真菌占11.68%,主要为白色念珠菌和曲霉菌。结论该院ICU呼吸机相关的医院感染肺炎的感染率较高,这与呼吸机使用时间、使用呼吸机方式及基础疾病等多种危险因素相关。     

The use of large databases to study pneumonia: what is their value?

A large pneumonia database can be defined as one containing more than 1000 patients. Important strengths of large databases include the ability to evaluate infrequent predictor or outcome variables, and increased generalizability. Beyond analysis of the database core study, large databases facilitate secondary analysis, expansion with ancillary studies, and concurrent analysis with other databases. Computer technology is now available that is able to merge sizable databases with the objective to generate a very large database. Construction of a global, very large pneumonia database is an achievable goal that can move clinical research in pneumonia to a higher level.     

Nosocomial Pneumonia: A Cost-of-Illness Analysis

Background: We investigated incremental cost of nosocomial pneumonia (NP) from the perspective of a hospital and health insurance funds. Patients and Methods: The incremental cost was determined by calculating total costs for pneumonia patients and controls using prospective and retrospective matched-pairs analysis with 29 and 37 matched pairs, respectively. Results: Compared to controls, patients who developed pneumonia had to be on artificial ventilation 5 days longer, needed markedly more intensive care with 6.55 additional days in intensive care. Excess cost per pneumonia patient amounted to DM 14,606 (95% CI: DM 5,285–23,927) from the hospital's perspective and to DM 7,988 (95% CI: DM 5,281–10,894) according to statutory insurance charges. According to the retrospective analysis carried out on the neurosurgical and neurological intensive care wards, pneumonia patients were ventilated 5 days longer than patients without pneumonia, needed more intensive care over 30 days and had an additional 14.03 days of intensive care and 10.14 more days in hospital. Excess cost per patient was DM 29,610 (95% CI: DM 23,054–36,174) from the hospital's perspective and DM 18,000 (95% CI: 14,855–21,020) according to the statutory insurance criteria. Conclusion: The study gives insight into the structure of incremental cost caused by NP and shows that based on a conservative cost calculation the incremental cost per NP patient is higher for the hospital than for health insurance funds which indicates a significant financial deficit for the hospital. Antibiotics and microbiology together only contribute 6.8% to incremental cost. Therefore in a cost saving initiative their close relationship to length of hospitalization must be considered. Received: July 5, 2000 · Revision accepted: January 9, 2002     

口腔护理液对重症患者院内获得性肺炎的影响

目的：探讨不同口腔护理液对综合重症监护病房（ICU）患者院内获得性肺炎（NP）以及呼吸机相关性肺炎（VAP）的影响。方法：前瞻性连续观察873例重症患者,分为应用0．08％甲硝唑行口腔护理组（M组,为一期研究组,212例）和0．2％氯已定葡萄糖行口腔护理组（C组,为二期研究组．661例）。2组患者人ICU后均接受每天2次的标准口腔护理,直至转出ICU或死亡;观察2组患者NP、VAP的发生时间、发生率、机械通气持续时间和痰液内细菌的分布状况。结果：C组的NP发生率为17．9％（12．2／千患者住院日1,显著低于M组的28．8％（21．1／千患者住院日）（P〈0．01）,而NP的发生时间[（11．3±8．4）d]明显较M组[（8．6±5．0）d]延迟（P=0．027）。C组VAP发生率为7．4％（16．8／千导管日）．显著低于M组的11．8％（35．5／千导管日）（P〈0．05）。C组与M组的VAP发生时间和机械通气时间均无统计学差异。C组NP患者痰液内肠球菌属检出率为1．2％,显著低于M组的5．4％（P〈0．05）,其余细菌学（鲍曼不动杆菌、铜绿假单胞菌、耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌、嗜麦芽窄食假单胞菌）分布无统计学差异。结论：0.2％氯已定葡萄糖口腔护理能降低重症患者NP的发生率．但对致病细菌分布无显著影响。     

Ventilator-Associated Conditions Versus Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia: Different by Design

The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) released a new surveillance concept called ventilator-associated conditions (VACs) in early 2013. VAC was created to overcome some of the limitations of traditional ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) definitions, including their complexity, subjectivity, and insensitivity to complications other than pneumonia. VAC is defined by sustained increases in ventilator support after ≥2 days of stable or decreasing settings. The VAC definition was designed to be objective, reproducible, and amenable to automated analysis. Moreover, VAC purposefully broadens the scope of surveillance to include physiologically significant complications of care in addition to pneumonia, most commonly pulmonary edema, atelectasis, and acute respiratory distress syndrome. VAC definitions offer an opportunity for hospital quality improvement programs to get a fuller picture of the breadth and burden of complications in their critically ill populations and to use these data to catalyze enhanced prevention and control programs to better prevent these conditions.     

降钙素原在医院获得性肺炎和呼吸机相关性肺炎的诊断和抗感染管理中的应用价值

医院获得性肺炎(HAP)和呼吸机相关性肺炎(VAP)是我国现患率居第一位的医院感染性疾病。国内外相关指南相继进行了更新,旨在提高HAP/VAP诊断和治疗水平,改善患者的结局,但我们仍然面临诸多挑战。降钙素原(PCT)是较C反应蛋白(CRP)更特异的感染相关生物学标志物,对重症细菌感染和脓毒症具有反应快速、特异性高的优点,动态监测PCT可指导HAP/VAP的诊断及抗菌药物治疗的疗程。     

Biomarkers to optimize antibiotic therapy for pneumonia due to multidrug-resistant pathogens

No currently available biomarker can be used as a diagnostic marker for ventilator-associated pneumonia due to multidrug-resistant pathogens. Procalcitonin can be used to customize the duration of antimicrobial treatment without excess morbidity and mortality: when its concentration is less than 0.5 ng/mL or has decreased by 80% or more compared with the peak concentration, antibiotics can be stopped. With this strategy, extreme vigilance must be maintained after terminating antimicrobial therapy to detect a recurrent infection.     

Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia: Update on Etiology,Prevention, and Management

Ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) remains one of the most important nosocomial infections in the intensive care unit and has been the focus of much recent research. New evidence on VAP preventive measures includes evidence for the efficacy of changes in endotracheal tube cuff design and materials, drainage of subglottic secretions, saline instillation prior to tracheal suctioning, patient positioning, oral decontamination, aerosolized antibiotics, and probiotic use. In the absence of a clinical reference standard, the diagnosis of VAP remains problematic. Although extensive research on invasive sampling techniques for microbiological confirmation has been conducted, current evidence suggests that endotracheal aspirates are equivalent. Promising new diagnostic methods include non–culture-based microbiological techniques and biomarkers. The treatment of VAP continues to evolve. Shorter antibiotic treatment duration is effective. As well, novel methods of antimicrobial delivery to maximize antibiotic effectiveness and the use of inflammatory biomarkers to guide duration of antibiotic therapy show promise.