Paediatric nasal irrigation: The “fencing” method

Nasal irrigation is a grade A recommendation treatment, which is essential in many pathological conditions. Very heterogeneous practices are observed in paediatrics as a result of poor instruction in this technique. We propose to describe the nasal irrigation technique developed by a team of respiratory physiotherapists in Lille for the management of cystic fibrosis and bronchiolitis. This technique is intended for children over the age of 6 months, as it requires an oral breathing reflex and cough reflex that are not systematically acquired before this age. Nasal irrigation is performed on a 30° upward inclined plane on a calm and cooperative child, away from meals. The child is maintained gently, without pressure, in the fencing position with the head turned away from the practitioner. Using a continuous flow spray, the practitioner grasps the top of the upper nostril and irrigates the nostril for an average of 3 s (6 mL per nostril). These steps are then repeated until satisfactory patency is achieved in both nostrils. This technique constitutes a practical tool to help healthcare professionals and parents perform nasal irrigation in young children over the age of 6 months.     

首诊为鼻息肉的鼻腔和鼻窦肿瘤12例报告

报告首诊为鼻息肉的鼻腔和鼻窦肿瘤１２例。其中内翻性乳突状瘤和筛窦鳞癌各３例，鼻腔鳞癌２例，腺样囊性癌、嗅神经母细胞瘤、脑膜瘤和粘液表皮样癌各１例。鉴于肿瘤有可能与鼻息肉并存，认为对鼻息肉患者：①应先充分收缩鼻腔粘膜后以枪状镊拨开息肉，观察其周围和深部情况，有条件时应常规行鼻内窥镜检查；②对可疑病变术前应常规取材送病检。鼻息肉恶变可能与手术的反复刺激有关，因此应力求在鼻内窥镜下一次性彻底切除息肉，清     

局部用减充血剂后出现鼻阻力反弹现象的研究

目的：探讨局部用减充血剂对鼻粘膜血管运动的调控的影响,为研究和防治药物性鼻炎提供理论依据。方法：调查９２例急,慢性鼻炎患者分别使用４种不同减充血剂后鼻塞变化的情况,并通过前鼻测压法观察部分患者用药后鼻阻力的反弹现象。结果：４组被调查者中分别有６３．５％,３１．２％,３２．２％,８．６％的患者出现鼻塞反弹性加重;３组被检测者中分别有５０％,２０％和７５％;出现鼻阻力反弹性升高。     

鼻内窥镜下中鼻道筛漏斗开放术治疗前组鼻窦炎

报告在鼻内窥镜下行中鼻道筛漏斗开放术，治疗前组鼻窦炎，窦息肉５１例，经６个月～１年的随访观察，治愈３２例（６２．７％），显效１２例（２３．５％），有效３例（５．８％），总有效率为９２．２％表明该手术式是治疗前组鼻窦炎为理想的方法。     

Density of mucous glands in the normal adult nasal turbinates

Summary On 13 normal inferior and middle turbinates the mucous membrane was freed, stained by the PAS-alcian blue whole-mount method, and the mean density of glandular orifices was determined by counting in 4 mm² fields. The median density fell in both turbinates in the anteroposterior direction, being in the inferior turbinate 8.2 glands/mm² anteriorly, 7.9 in the middle, and 7.1 glands/mm² posteriorly. In the middle turbinate it was 8.4 glands/mm² anteriorly, 8.1 in the middle, and 7.3 glands/mm² posteriorly. There were no significant differences in median density between the medial and lateral wall or between the superior and inferior half of the inferior or middle turbinate as a whole. The median total number of glands in the inferior turbinate was 9,200 with a very wide interindividual range of 6,100–12,700. In the middle turbinate the median count was 6,700 glands and the range 4,400–11,500. The pathology of the mucous glands of the nose is discussed.     

鼻声反射测量法（鼻中隔矫正术前后对比）

鼻声反射测量法（ａｃｏｕｓｔｉｃｒｈｉｎｏｍｅｔｒｙ，ＡＲ）是一种客观测量鼻腔几何形态、截面积及容积的新方法。３６例鼻中隔偏曲患者接受ＡＲ检查并与２１名正常人作比较，均为高加索人种；１８例患者作了鼻中隔纠正术前与术后的对比。结果显示鼻腔最狭窄面积（ＭＣＳＡ）位于鼻腔前部，与鼻气道阻力（ＶＡＲ）主要产生部位相吻合；术后ＭＣＳＡ增加伴ＮＡＲ降低，提示ＭＣＳＡ能较好地反映鼻腔通气功能，但鼻腔容积并不是评价鼻腔通气功能的敏感指标。由于鼻气流感觉与ＮＡＲ非同一概念，在解释ＡＲ和前鼻测压法检查结果及与主观症状关系时应谨慎，手术适应证的选择及疗效的评价应综合判断。     

The inferior turbinate: An autonomic organ

The inferior turbinate has well-recognized respiratory and immune functions to provide the airway with appropriate warmth, humidification, and filtration of the inspired air while sampling the environment for pathogens. Normal functioning of the inferior turbinate relies on an intact autonomic system to maintain homeostasis within the nasal cavity. The autonomic nervous system innervates the submucosal glands and the vasculature within the inferior turbinate, resulting in control of major turbinate functions: nasal secretions, nasal patency, warmth, and humidification. This review will summarize the autonomic innervations of the turbinates, both the normal and abnormal autonomic processes that contribute to the turbinate functions, and the clinical considerations regarding optimal functioning of the turbinate autonomic system.     

Histopathological examinations of nasal polyps of different etiology

Summary A safe differentiation between allergic and non-allergic polyps appears impossible by means of light or electron microscopical examination of polyp tissue. There are some indications, however, which point to the allergic or non-allergic origin and it seems that the relationship between eosinophils and plasma cells with a low index is characteristic for polyps of allergic origin.Eosinophils and round-cell infiltrations are present in all types of polyps. An index of eosinophils to plasma cells below 5 is indicative for allergy and should induce the pathologist to give a hint to the clinician for allergological work-up. An index above 5 is more corresponding with infective etiology.Any changes of the basement membrane, i.e., smaller or larger gaps or even absence, are found only very irregularly and are not typical findings in either way.An increased number of glands and collagenic fibres, especially under the epithelium, are more an expression of the age of the polyp.Since the conservative therapy as mentioned above leads to good therapeutical results, it is desirable that an allergological work-up should be done in any case which shows the histological findings indicative for allergic etiology. Thus, repeated operations with all the risks and uncertain therapeutical benefit can be avoided.     

开展鼻内窥镜术3年的回顾

本文的目的是为了回顾分析３年来施行鼻内窥镜术的一些情况和问题。共收２４９个病例，术中出血、手术所需时间、术中疼痛、术后复发等参数都逐年得到改善。鼻内窥镜术与传统的额镜下手术联合应用的百分率也逐年下降。本文介绍了初涉该术式的体会，阐明了术者培训过程中的难点，认为在鼻腔、鼻窦炎症或息肉病变的治疗方面，鼻内窥镜术在一定程度上将替代传统的额镜下手术。     

在基层医院开展内窥镜鼻窦手术的体会

目的;介绍基层医院开展鼻窦内窥镜手术的体会。方法;分析７０例慢性鼻窦炎,鼻息肉行鼻内窥镜手术的疗效。结果：治愈５２例,好转１６例,无效２例;并发症４例。结论：鼻内窥镜手术治疗慢性鼻窦炎,鼻息肉疗效显著,基层医院如有条件应尽量开展;筛窦ＣＴ分型对确定麻醉方式,术式有直接指导意义;完整的围手术期综合治疗和及时的术后处理是保证疗效的重要手段。     

鼻内镜下鼻中隔成形联合鼻骨复位术一期治疗鼻骨骨折伴鼻中隔偏曲

目的 探讨鼻内镜下行鼻中隔成形联合鼻骨复位术一期治疗鼻骨骨折伴鼻中隔偏曲的可行性、必要性及手术要点.方法 回顾性分析经鼻内镜下行鼻中隔成形联合鼻骨复位术治疗56例鼻骨骨折伴鼻中隔偏曲的诊疗情况,对手术方式、效果、并发症等进行分析.结果 56例患者鼻部外观满意,鼻腔通气畅,嗅觉良好,1例鼻中隔前端穿孔,经放置软骨支撑愈合.术后无鼻中隔脓肿、血肿,随访半年也无外鼻塌陷等并发症.结论 鼻骨骨折伴鼻中隔偏曲可在鼻内镜下同期行鼻中隔成形联合鼻骨复位术,同期手术具有直视下操作,复位精确,切口灵活,微创、并发症少等优点,同时具有卫生经济学意义,但要知情告知并征得患者同意。     

鼻中隔矫正术后鼻腔微创支架与膨胀海绵填塞的临床对照研究

目的 通过对比观察鼻腔支架与膨胀海绵应用于鼻中隔矫正术后填塞的临床效果及舒适度,分析鼻腔支架临床应用的安全性及有效性。方法 选择因鼻中隔偏曲行鼻中隔偏曲矫正术患者56例,按填塞方式随机分为鼻腔支架组（实验组26例）和膨胀海绵组（对照组30例）,比较两组填塞期止血效果、舒适度及并发症情况。结果 实验组有效率69%,对照组有效率60%,差异无统计学意义（χ²=0.517,P=0.472）,术后视觉模拟量表（VAS）评分均值显示实验组鼻塞、鼻痛、头痛、溢泪、面部胀痛、吞咽困难、睡眠障碍、口干及总体不适均小于对照组,差异具有统计学意义（P<0.05）。实验组及对照组患者均未出现鼻中隔穿孔、鼻中隔血肿及感染等并发症。结论 鼻腔支架作为鼻中隔矫正术后新型填塞方式安全有效,舒适度优于膨胀海绵填塞,可进一步应用于临床。     

鼻内窥镜下射频热凝治疗鼻腔血管瘤

目的：探讨鼻内窥镜下射频热凝治疗鼻腔血管瘤的优越性。方法：将鼻内窥镜与射频联合应用治疗鼻腕血管瘤患者１５例。结果：１５例均一次成功摘除血管瘤,术中出血少,无并发症发生,随访０．５￣４年无复发。结论：鼻内窥镜下射频热凝治疗鼻腔血管瘤,具有视野清晰、出血少、手术安全彻底、患者痛苦少及不遗留面部瘢痕等优点。     

内窥镜鼻窦手术前后中西药物的应用

在功能性内窥镜鼻窦手术时，于手术前后采用中西药物联合应用，有效地控制了术中的出血量，同时也降低了术后的复发率。与对照组比较，疗效明显，经统计学处理有显著差异（P＜0．01）。提示这一方法极有助于减少术中开发症及提高治愈率。     

吸入性氢气清除法鼻粘膜微循环血流量测定

目的测定国人鼻粘膜微循环血流量。方法应用ＡｍｅｆｌｏｗＨ２微循环测量仪对１３０例鼻粘膜微循环血流量在局部喷雾血管收缩剂前后进行了测量，其中健康成人９８例；鼻息肉患者１８例，变应性鼻炎患者１４例。统计学处理采用ｔ检验。结果健康成人对照组鼻粘膜微循环血流量大于鼻息肉组及变应性鼻炎组（Ｐ＜０．０１）。血管收缩剂应用后各组微循环血流量均下降（Ｐ＜０．０１），以鼻息肉组下降最为明显。结论氢气清除法微循环血流量测定具有定位好、可连续测定和重复、损伤小等优点。     

285例儿童鼻骨骨折影像分析及骨折分型研究

目的 通过CT影像分析,探究儿童鼻骨骨折的影像学特点,为制定个性化儿童鼻骨骨折诊疗方案提供依据。方法 回顾性总结2016年1月—2021年5月在上海交通大学医学院附属第九人民医院耳鼻咽喉头颈外科就诊的285例儿童鼻骨骨折患者,其中男191例,女94例,年龄7个月至14岁,平均年龄（8.52±3.51）岁。将研究对象按年龄分为学龄前组（0～5岁）,小学组（6～11岁）,初中组（12～14岁）,由影像科收集DICOM格式的CT影像数据,使用Mimics软件对CT影像进行三维重建,分析以上患者鼻骨骨折的特点,统计面中部其他骨骨折的发生率,并提出一种新的基于CT影像的儿童鼻骨骨折分类方法。结果 统计285例患者中,学龄前组患儿69例（24.21%）、小学组患儿145例（50.88%）,初中组患儿71例（24.91%）;其中单纯型鼻骨骨折210例（73.68%）,复合型鼻骨骨折75例（26.32%）。根据上述患者的CT影像,分析儿童鼻骨骨折的影像学特点,将儿童鼻骨骨折分为4种类型,其中Ⅰ型为单纯鼻骨骨折无移位,只见骨折线34例（11.93%）,Ⅱ型为单纯鼻骨骨折有移位176例（61.75%）,Ⅲ型为合并1种面中部其他骨骨折的鼻骨骨折70例（24.57%）,Ⅳ型为合并两种及以上面中骨骨折的鼻骨骨折5例（1.75%）。结论 影像学分析儿童鼻骨骨折特点和鼻骨骨折分型方法,骨折的匹配度更高,可以更好地评估儿童鼻骨骨折的情况,并对儿童鼻骨骨折的个性化治疗有一定的指导作用。     

吸烟对鼻气道阻力影响的初步探讨

目的：探讨吸烟对鼻气道阻力（ＮＡＲ）的影响,方法：采用前鼻测压法,对４０例正常不吸烟者（对照组）,４１例轻度吸烟者（轻度吸烟组）、４２例重度吸烟者（重度吸咽组）的单侧及总鼻腔ＮＡＲ进行测定,比较。结果：重度吸烟组鼻粘膜减充血前单侧及总鼻腔（ＮＡＲ）与对照组比较有显著性差异（Ｐ〈０．０５）,鼻粘膜减充血后则针显著性差异（Ｐ〉０．０５）;轻度吸烟鼻粘膜减充血前后均无显著性差异（Ｐ〉０．０５）。结论：长     

鼻腔恶性黑色素瘤12例报告

报告鼻腔鼻窦恶性黑色素瘤１２例，该病好发于鼻腔外侧壁和鼻中隔；应与鼻腔癌、血管瘤、鼻息肉相鉴别；广泛彻底切除为本病的主要治疗方法。并对本病的病理组织学改变，临床表现、治疗方法及预后进行讨论。     

鼻内镜下鼻腔鼻窦内翻性乳头状瘤切除术

目的 探讨内镜下鼻内翻性乳头状瘤微创手术的适应证及手术方法。方法 对2000年1月～2004年6月在我院行鼻内镜下鼻内翻性乳头状瘤手术患者20例进行回顾性研究，其中单纯鼻内镜下鼻内肿瘤切除术16例，鼻内镜上颌窦前壁（Caldwell-Luc术式）联合径路4例。1例术后病理诊断为内翻性乳头状瘤区域性癌变予放射治疗。结果 随访12～54个月，3例术后1～2个月清理期间发现术腔有瘤样增生组织，经再次处理2个月后术腔上皮化。1例区域性癌变患者于术后27个月复发。其余未见复发。结论 鼻内镜下手术是一种安全有效的微创手术，可用于Ⅰ～Ⅱ期鼻内翻性乳头状瘤外科治疗，Ⅲ期病变可选择联合径路，肿瘤已侵犯至鼻外的Ⅳ期病变不适宜手术式。