腮腺动态显像评价鼻咽癌放疗对腮腺功能的影响

目的 探讨腮腺动态显像评价鼻咽癌放疗对腮腺功能影响的价值。方法 21例鼻咽癌患者分别于放疗前、后行放射性核素腮腺动态显像,计算腮腺摄取指数(UI)、酸刺激后的分泌率(ER)、分泌指数(EI)等半定量指标以评价放疗前后腮腺功能的变化。结果 放疗后与放疔前比较,所有患者UI、ER、EI均显著下降,t值分别为56.65、41.34、30.69,P<0.001,腮腺摄取与分泌功能均明显受损,与患者临床口干症状相符。结论 腮腺动态显像是一种评价鼻咽癌放疗对腮腺功能的影响的有用方法,具有临床应用价值。     

调强放疗对36例鼻咽癌患者腮腺功能的保护作用

目的 探讨调强适形放疗对鼻咽癌患者腮腺功能的保护作用。方法采用均衡配对方法将36例鼻咽癌患者分为调强放疗组(调强组)和常规放疗组(常规组),每组18例。调强组计划靶体积(pGTVnx) 72.0 Gy,常规组放疗2.0Gy/次,5次/周,共70.0Gy。于放疗前、放疗结束时及放疗后3及6个月、1及2年进行腮腺动态显像检测,计算腮腺的放射性摄取指数(UI)及酸性刺激后的分泌指数(EI)。并利用剂量体积直方图对腮腺组织进行受量分析。结果调强组和常规组的患者在放疗结束时、2年后腮腺的UI分别是77.6％、96.2％和56.8％、7.0％,EI分别是64.1％、95.3%和19.4％、0。调强组和常规组患者的健侧和患侧腮腺受照射的平均剂量分别为20.0、31.0Gy和61.0、68.2Gy。结论调强放疗可以明显减少腮腺受照剂量,有效保护腮腺功能。     

超声检测腮腺血流对评价鼻咽癌患者放疗后口干程度的应用价值

目的研究用超声检测腮腺血流对鼻咽癌患者放疗后口干程度的评价价值。方法选择45例鼻咽癌患者为研究对象,采用超声检测放疗前、放疗期间和放疗后的腮腺血管内径、血液流速情况,探讨超声监测结果与患者主观口干程度之间的关系。结果 45例鼻咽癌患者放疗过程中的口干等级平均值较放疗前明显增高(P0.05),腮腺小血管PSV、EDV平均值和血管内径出现缩小比例较放疗前明显升高(P0.05);放疗停止3个月患者上述指标的平均值较放疗中均明显下降(P0.05);放疗中和放疗后患者腮腺小血管PSV、EDV平均值和血管内径出现缩小与患者同期检测的口干程度具有显著正相关关系(P0.05)。结论腮腺血流超声检测可以无创检测腮腺血流动力学的变化,可用于评价鼻咽癌患者放疗中和放疗后的口干严重程度。     

T2? mapping用于腮腺放射损伤早期评估

目的 利用T2?mapping监测腮腺放射损伤的动态变化.方法 纳入34例鼻咽癌患者,于放疗前(放疗前2周)、中(放疗开始后5周)、后(放疗结束后4周)进行双侧腮腺T1 WI、T2 WI及T2?mapping.记录各时间点腮腺MR参数、平均照射剂量及患者口干等级.另纳入9例健康志愿者,间隔4周进行2次腮腺T2?mapping扫描,以分析T2? 值的可重复性.结果 放疗前至放疗中、后,腮腺体积[萎缩率分别为(25.34±11.33)％和(25.74±9.93)％]及T2? 值显著缩小[变化率分别为(-5.63±8.86)％和(-4.81±10.67)％)(P均<0.01).放疗前至放疗后,腮腺标准化T1信号强度显著降低[变化率为(-7.43±10.61)％,P=0.007],且其变化率与平均照射剂量呈显著负相关(r=-0.646,P<0.001).放疗过程中,腮腺体积和T2? 值与患者口干等级具有相对应的变化趋势.腮腺MR参数具有极好的可重复性(组内相关系数为0.843～0.993).结论 常规MRI及T2?mapping能够无创地评估鼻咽癌患者腮腺放射损伤的动态变化.     

鼻咽癌调强放疗和常规放疗早期反应的对照观察

目的观察鼻咽癌病人调强放疗和常规放疗的早期治疗结果和早期并发症情况。方法78例Ⅰ～Ⅲ期鼻咽癌病人分为调强放疗组(38例)和常规放疗组(40例)。常规放疗采用面颈联合野+锁骨上野及耳前野+后颈电子线野,靶区剂量2Gy/(次·天);调强放疗先设定7～9个适形野,再设定80～100个调强子野照射,靶区剂量2.2Gy/(次·天)。研究调强放疗和常规面颈联合野放疗病人的腮腺、脊髓、临床靶区和计划靶区的平均受照体积,观察放疗期间病人的皮肤反应、口干(腮腺)反应和口腔黏膜反应。结果所有病人放疗后鼻咽及周围病灶明显消退。腮腺、脊髓、临床靶区和计划靶区的受照体积调强放疗组分别为(30±4.8)%、(56±6.7)%、(95±8.6)%、(92±8.1)%,常规放疗组分别为(98±9.4)%、(56±10.7)%、(100±9.7)%、(99±9.5)%,调强放疗组腮腺受照体积明显低于常规放疗组。调强放疗组的皮肤反应多为Ⅰ级,口干(腮腺)反应多为Ⅰ、Ⅱ级,口腔黏膜反应为Ⅰ、Ⅱ级。而常规放疗组的皮肤反应及口干(腮腺)反应多为Ⅱ、Ⅲ级,口腔黏膜反应为Ⅱ、Ⅲ级。其中口干(腮腺)反应、皮肤反应、口腔黏膜反应Ⅱ、Ⅲ级者调强放疗组明显少于常规放疗组。另外,调强放疗组的放疗时间为45.0±4.4天,少于常规放疗组的51.0±5.3天。但调强放疗组放疗后鼻咽腔炎症反应较重。结论使用调强技术可明显减轻鼻咽癌病人放疗的口干和皮肤反应等早期放疗反应,并能缩短放疗时间。     

改良半定量唾液腺动态显像分析腮腺功能方法初探

目的:建立改良99mTcO4-唾液腺动态显像方法和腮腺半定量功能指标.材料和方法:对30例正常人和44例干燥综合征患者分别进行30min99mTcO4-动态显像,于第15min时舌下含服维生素C(Vit.C)o.1g,利用计算机感兴趣区(ROI)技术和自编软件获得腮腺时间-放射性曲线和各功能参数,比较两组各功能指标.结果:74例受检者顺利完成检查.患者和正常对照组双侧腮腺第15min摄取指数、相对摄取指数及排泄分数差异明显(P<0.05).结论:改良99mTcO4-唾液腺动态显像省时,其功能指标可直观、客观反映腮腺功能,值得进一步推广.     

鼻咽癌束流调强放疗的腮腺保护剂量学研究

目的探讨不同鼻咽癌束流调强放疗计划对腮腺剂量分布的影响。方法在相同的剂量要求和限制下,比较鼻咽癌常规束流调强放射治疗计划与仅保护一侧腮腺时或腮腺扩大计划靶区（加2或3mm边缘）时的束流调强放射治疗计划。结果仅保护一侧腮腺的调强计划与常规计划比较,PTV70在靶区覆盖情况、均匀指数和适形指数方面均相似。PTV59.4的最小剂量大于常规计划（P〈0.01）,D95也得到提高（P〈0.01）。两个计划需保护的腮腺D50%VOL和Dmean相似。扩大腮腺计划靶区（加2或3mm边缘）的调强计划与常规计划比较：PTV70在靶区覆盖情况、均匀指数和适形指数方面均相似。然而从常规计划到腮腺加2mm边缘的调强计划再到加3mm边缘的调强计划,PTV59.4的Dmin和Dmean有下降的趋势,而脑干和脊髓的受量有增加的趋势。结论调强计划中腮腺保护困难时,可仅做保护一侧腮腺的束流调强放疗计划;估计腮腺可能产生明显的位置变化时,可考虑加大腮腺的计划靶区,以保证治疗过程腮腺始终能得到较好的保护。     

综合干预措施下评估首次131I清甲治疗对分化型甲状腺癌患者唾液腺的慢性损伤

目的研究探讨分化型甲状腺癌（DTC）患者在采取综合干预措施后首次131I清甲治疗对唾液腺功能的慢性损伤情况。方法选取2016年8月至2017年9月在攀枝花市中心医院核医学科首次行131I（4200.24±604.21）MBq清甲治疗的DTC患者52例,所有患者均在131I清甲治疗后立即采取综合干预措施（饮食护理、心理护理、物理护理、口腔卫生护理、健康宣教及药物治疗等）,并分别于131I清甲前和治疗后6个月行99TcmO₄-唾液腺动态显像,计算其摄取峰值和排泌分数,所得数据采用自身配对t检验分析,同时联合口干评分法评估唾液腺功能的损伤情况。结果（1）左侧腮腺摄取峰值在131I清甲前为45.157±19.421,治疗后6个月为52.600±21.716,差异有统计学意义（t=2.470,P=0.018）。（2）右侧腮腺、双侧颌下腺的摄取峰值及双侧腮腺、双侧颌下腺的排泌分数之间的差异均无统计学意义（t=0.784、0.524、0.514、0.362、0.731、0.596、0.507,均P>0.05）。（3）对52例患者行问卷调查和口干评分法分析,其中,50例（96.2%）患者无口干症状,仅有2例（3.8%）出现轻度口干症状。结论（1）首次131I清甲治疗可引起DTC患者唾液腺功能受损,损伤主要以单侧腮腺摄取功能为主,呈非对称性损伤。双侧颌下腺的摄取和排泌功能则未受到明显影响。（2）症状上,在综合干预保护措施下,绝大部分患者在接受首次131I清甲治疗后6个月无明显口干情况,生活质量无明显影响。     

鼻咽癌调强放疗与常规放疗对腮腺功能影响的研究

腮腺在鼻咽癌的常规放疗中不可避免会受到高剂量放射线损伤,严重影响了患者的生存质量。调强放疗技术的应用在理论上提高疗效的同时也保护了重要器官的功能,减少了常规放疗的并发症。笔者所在科室自2002年8月开始利用调强放疗技术治疗鼻咽癌患者,同时收集同期常规放疗的鼻咽癌患者进行腮腺功能检测,以验证调强放疗对腮腺的保护作用。     

99TcmO4-动态显像在颌下腺移位术中的临床应用

目的探讨颌下腺动态显像在鼻咽癌颌下腺移位术中的临床价值。方法70例鼻咽癌初诊患者，分为试验组36例，非试验组（对照组）34例。对照组直接行常规放疗；试验组于术前1天行颌下腺^99Tc^mO4^-动态显像，根据结果选取功能较好一侧颌下腺于第2天行颌下腺移位术，术后复查颌下腺功能及择期行常规放疗。放疗后皆行颌下腺^99Tc^mO4^-动态显像及记录患者口腔干燥症状的程度，结果采用非参数秩和检验进行统计分析。结果移位侧颌下腺功能于术后、放疗后损伤明显减轻，与非移位侧颌下腺差异有显著性（P〈0．01）；试验组中度以上口腔干燥症率为13．9％，对照组为76．5％，差异有显著性（P〈0．01）。结论^99Tc^mO4^-颌下腺动态显像可准确、灵敏地评估颌下腺功能。     

A quantitative assessment of volumetric and anatomic changes of the parotid gland during intensity-modulated radiotherapy for head and neck cancer using serial computed tomography

To evaluate the change in volume and movement of the parotid gland measured by serial contrast-enhanced computed tomography scans in patients with head and neck cancer treated with parotid-sparing intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IMRT). A prospective study was performed on 13 patients with head and neck cancer undergoing dose-painted IMRT to 69.96 Gy in 33 fractions. Serial computed tomography scans were performed at baseline, weeks 2, 4, and 6 of radiotherapy (RT), and at 6 weeks post-RT. The parotid volume was contoured at each scan, and the movement of the medial and lateral borders was measured. The patient's body weight was recorded at each corresponding week during RT. Regression analyses were performed to ascertain the rate of change during treatment as a percent change per fraction in parotid volume and distance relative to baseline. The mean parotid volume decreased by 37.3% from baseline to week 6 of RT. The overall rate of change in parotid volume during RT was?1.30% per fraction (?1.67% and?0.91% per fraction in≥31 Gy and<31 Gy mean planned parotid dose groups, respectively, p = 0.0004). The movement of parotid borders was greater in the≥31 Gy mean parotid dose group compared with the<31 Gy group (0.22% per fraction and 0.14% per fraction for the lateral border and 0.19% per fraction and 0.06% per fraction for the medial border, respectively). The median change in body weight was?7.4% (range, 0.75% to?17.5%) during RT. A positive correlation was noted between change in body weight and parotid volume during the course of RT (Spearman correlation coefficient, r = 0.66, p<0.01). Head and neck IMRT results in a volume loss of the parotid gland, which is related to the planned parotid dose, and the patient's weight loss during RT.     

Radiotherapy technics and results in nasopharyngeal carcinoma at the Cologne University Clinics from 1974 to 1985

At the university clinics of Cologne 76 patients were treated for nasopharyngeal carcinoma with curative intent from 1974 to 1985. The radiotherapy followed the guidelines of the M.D. Anderson Hospital, Houston and the Royal Marsden Hospital, London using a multiple field technique. A median dose of 68 Gy megavoltage radiotherapy was given to the primary and of 66 Gy to the neck nodes independent of the histologic subtype. The determinate relapse-free survival was 45% after five years and the local relapse-free survival 61%. The multiple field technique allowed to reduce the dose to the parotid. Only 25% of the patients suffered from a dry mouth after one year and only 10% after four years.     

Dosimetric study of optimal beam number and arrangement for treatment of nasopharyngeal carcinoma with intensity-modulated radiation therapy

The purpose of this dosimetric study was to evaluate the effect of beam number and arrangement on the dose distribution with intensity-modulated radiation therapy in patients with nasopharyngeal cancer. Computed tomography data sets of seven patients who were treated for nasopharyngeal carcinoma at the Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre were used for the present dosimetric study. The dose planned was 70 Gy in 7 weeks for the gross nasopharyngeal and nodal disease and the biological equivalents of 60 Gy in 6 weeks for the high-risk and 50 Gy in 5 weeks for the low-risk nodal disease. A plan using seven fields was compared to that using nine fields in all patients. Plans were assessed on the dose to the planning target volume (PTV) and the degree of parotid sparing achieved by evaluating both dose-volume histograms (DVH) and axial slices. Seven fields (three anterior and four posterior) provide good PTV coverage and satisfactory parotid sparing in patients with localized nasopharyngeal lesions. Nine fields appear to be better for tumours with significant posterolateral parapharyngeal extension. Parotid sparing is consistently better with nine fields. Both DVH and axial slices need to be evaluated before accepting any plan.     

Thyroid blood flow and uptake of technetium-99m pertechnetate in Graves' disease

The aim of this study was to assess the relation of early thyroid blood flow (EBF) and technetium-99m pertechnetate ((99m)TcO(-)(4)) uptake, as an early diagnostic index in patients with Graves' disease (GD) by dynamic thyroid scintigraphy (40 frames, 3 sec/frame). Thirty patients with GD with mean age 50.0 +/- 9.0 y, range: 35.0-69.0 y, were studied. The results obtained were compared with those of 30 euthyroid individuals (EI) of mean age 46.9 +/- 12.5 y, range: 22.0-68.0 y. The parameters of (99m)TcO(-)(4) EBF and early uptake studied, derived from the background subtracted time activity curves, were as follows: a) The duration of the EBF in sec; b) The perfusion index (PI) - the ratio of counts at the beginning and at the end of the EBF; c) The uptake index 1 (UI1)- the counts ratio between the counts at the end of the EBF and at the 2nd min d) The uptake index 2 (UI2) - the counts ratio between the 1st min and the 2nd min of the uptake curve and e) Delayed (99m)TcO(-)(4) thyroid uptake (TcTU) at 20 min was also calculated as a percentage of net counts activity accumulated in the thyroid gland at 20 min. Results were as follows: a) The mean values of the duration of the EBF were shorter in GD patients (9.90 +/- 2.94 sec) than in EI (15.70 +/- 4.01 sec; P<0.0001); b) PI did not differ significantly (P>0.05); c) The mean UI1 and UI2 values of thyroid uptake of 99m TcO4- were significantly lower in GD (UI1=0.621, UI2=0.772) as compared to EI (UI1=1.106, UI2=0.947; P<0.0001 for both) and d) TcTU values were significantly higher in GD (13.6%) than in the group of EI (1.29%; P<0.0001). A good correlation was found in patients with GD between early (UI1 and UI2) and delayed TcTU (r = -0.562; P=0.010 and r = -0.459; P=0.042 respectively). Also, in patients with GD the EBF correlated poorly with UI1, UI2 and TcTU (P>0.05 for all these parameters). In conclusion, the results of this study indicate that the duration of EBF did not relate significantly to the height of TcTU values in patients with GD. On the contrary, the early uptake, indices UI1 and especially UI2 were shown to be faster in the majority of GD patients and correlated well with the TcTU. These parameters may be used as diagnostic indices for GD. Further investigation is required to support the above findings.     

The utility of SPECT in determining the relationship between radiation dose and salivary gland dysfunction after radiotherapy

Salivary gland scintigraphy (SGS) is used to depict salivary gland dysfunction after radiotherapy (RT). The aim of this study was to investigate the utility of SGS combined with single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT). Twenty-one patients with a carcinoma of head and neck underwent SGS before and 1 month after RT. After injection of 370 MBq 99Tcm-pertechnetate, a biplanar dynamic acquisition (12 x 1 min) was started, followed by a SPECT acquisition during 4 min. Carbachol was then injected and a second dynamic study (16 x 1 min) was performed, again followed by a SPECT acquisition. The salivary excretion fraction (SEF) was calculated both from the geometric mean planar image for each parotid and from the SPECT data for each transverse plane through the parotids. The RT-induced changes in the SEF (dSEF) were correlated with the mean radiation dose calculated using tomography-based dosimetry. The mean radiation dose to the parotids was 44 Gy (range 4.4-68.1 Gy). The mean range of the variation in radiation dose to the transverse slices within the parotids of a patient was 24 Gy (range 6.2-51.9 Gy). Considering all transverse planes through the parotids in all patients, a linear correlation was found between the dSEF calculated using SGS-SPECT and the radiation dose (r=0.45, P=0.0001). Thirteen patients had a variation in radiation dose within the parotids of more than 20 Gy. In nine of these a significant intra-individual correlation between radiation dose and the dSEF of the transverse parotid slices was found (r range 0.55-0.97; P value range 0.037-0.0001). In conclusion, SGS-SPECT can be used for monitoring radiation-induced parotid gland dysfunction. It offers the unique possibility for the assessment of intra-individual dose-dysfunction curves in patients with large variations in the radiation dose within the parotids.