食管开口以下狭窄的外科治疗

报道1978～1996年应用保留结肠左动脉升支间置横结肠顺蠕动行结肠下咽腔吻合治疗食管开口以下狭窄14例(其中婴幼儿6例)的结果,旨在探讨食管开口以下狭窄的外科治疗方法。本组病例均一期手术成功,未发生吻合口瘘及其他并发症。随访3～5年,无吻合口狭窄,病儿发育正常。作者认为,横结肠重建食管,结肠下咽腔吻合是治疗食管开口以下狭窄较理想的手术方法。     

食管化学烧伤后狭窄的手术治疗

目的 探讨食管化学烧伤后狭窄的外科治疗及横结肠代食管手术的应用价值。方法 106例食管化学烧伤后狭窄的病人均采用横结肠代食管手术、保留结肠左动脉升支、胸骨后顺蠕动吻合，除横结肠咽腔吻合32例外，均横结肠食管颈部吻合。结果 无手术死亡。手术后发生颈部吻合口瘘12例、吻合口狭窄8例、气管切开3例，经治疗后均痊愈。结论 食管化学烧伤后应积极采取胸骨后横结肠代食管术，行横结肠食管颈部吻合或结肠咽腔吻合都是适宜的。     

横结肠代食管在食管化学烧伤后狭窄手术中的应用

目的 探讨食管化学烧伤后狭窄的外科治疗经验及横结肠代食管的手术操作体会。方法 本组106例均采用横结肠代食管、保留结肠左动脉升支、胸骨后顺蠕动吻合，其中横结肠咽腔吻合32例，余行横结肠食管颈部吻合。结果 无手术死亡。手术后颈部吻合口瘘12例、吻合口狭窄8例、气管切开3例，经治疗后痊愈。结论 食管化学烧伤后狭窄应积极采取胸骨后横结肠代食管，行横结肠食管颈部吻合或结肠咽腔吻合。     

食管良性狭窄的外科治疗

１９７２年１１月至１９９３年８月对８８例食管良性狭窄患者行手术治疗，其中年龄最小１８个月，最大６３岁。烧伤至手术时间最短１３天，最长１０年，平均１２０天。手术方式：胸肌后横结肠代食管８５例，胃代食管２例，１例横结肠加部分降结肠，术前胃造瘘５例。无手术死亡，除１例术后加年因吻合口狭窄拒绝手术死亡外，余均正确生存，作者对食管重建替代物、手术时机、瘢痕是否切除及吻合口平面等问题进行了讨论。     

食管腐蚀性烧伤后严重狭窄的外科治疗

目的探讨食管腐蚀性烧伤后狭窄的外科治疗经验及胃或横结肠代食管重建手术的应用价值。方法对98例食管腐蚀性烧伤后狭窄的患者中72例广泛食管狭窄、病变超过食管中段以上者采用横结肠代食管、保留结肠左动脉升支、胸骨后顺蠕动吻合,其中横结肠咽腔吻合18例,横结肠食管颈部吻合54例,胸段食管旷置不切除;26例狭窄位于中下段,经胸切除瘢痕段食管用胃重建食管,胃食管胸内吻合。结果结肠食管重建72例中,术后死亡4例（5．56％）,发生颈部吻合口瘘14例（19．44％）,后期出现颈部吻合口狭窄7例,经治疗后均痊愈。胃重建食管26例无手术死亡,术后发生胸内吻合口狭窄3例,经扩张治愈。结论食管腐蚀性烧伤后狭窄在伤后20～24周可积极采取食管重建术,根据食管狭窄段严重程度及位置决定是否行狭窄段食管切除、选择食管重建替代物及吻合的位置。可采用横结肠食管颈部吻合或结肠咽腔吻合术,胸内胃食管吻合术。     

236例横结肠代食管术的经验

对２３６例横结肠代食管术治疗食管烧伤瘢痕狭窄８９例及食管癌１４７例的临床经验进行报道。总并发症率１１％，吻合口瘘发生率４．７％，吻合口狭窄发生率２．５４％。横结肠是全食管的理想替代物。横结肠有足够的长度，利用左结肠动脉升支能提供良好血运，横结肠段顺蠕动移植更符合生理要求而易游离。行食管、结肠套入式吻合可减少吻合口瘘发生。对食管瘢痕狭窄病例应尽早进行手术。     

横结肠代食管术治疗小儿食管化学烧伤后瘢痕狭窄

目的 了解横结肠代食管术治疗小儿食管严重化学烧伤后瘢痕狭窄的应用价值.方法 回顾分析1972年11月-2008年9月笔者单位收治的46例食管严重化学烧伤患儿的临床资料.患儿均采用保留左结肠动脉升支、经胸骨后隧道顺蠕动方向间植横结肠的方法重建食管,其中行颈食管-横结肠吻合32例、咽-横结肠吻合14例.结果 46例患儿术后无一例死亡,其中7例出现并发症:颈部吻合口瘘4例、吻合口狭窄2例、术后呼吸困难1例.均经再次处理后痊愈.39例患儿随访1～26年,生长、发育、进食情况与同龄儿童无异.结论 左结肠动脉升支供血、横结肠顺蠕动方向、经胸骨后径路作结肠与下咽或颈食管吻合术,是治疗小儿食管化学烧伤后瘢痕狭窄的较佳方法.     

咽结肠吻合治疗食管烧伤后瘢痕狭窄

目的 总结采用咽结肠吻合治疗食管烧伤后瘢痕狭窄的经验及效果。方法 回顾分析14例应用咽结肠吻合重建食管治疗累及下咽的广泛食管烧伤后瘢痕狭窄患者的临床资料。均采用左半结肠,旷置胸内瘢痕食管、经胸骨后隧道上提至颈部行咽结肠吻合。结果 全组无手术死亡,术后发生颈部吻合口漏4例,腹部切口裂开1例。随访半年至10年,平均4年,2例分别于术后3个月及4个月发生吻合口狭窄,1例扩张,1例行成形术治愈;1例因移植结肠腹腔段呈袋状而致进食后呕吐,行结肠胃侧侧吻合治愈。结论 咽结肠吻合治疗累及下咽的广泛性食管烧伤后狭窄成功关键是较大的下咽开口及良好的吻合技术,咽结肠吻合是安全、有效的。     

食管腐蚀性瘢痕狭窄的外科治疗

为了观察食管腐蚀性瘢痕狭窄的外科治疗效果，自1980年至1995年间我们为14例食管腐蚀性瘢痕狭窄病人行结肠移植咽下食管斜切口吻合。结果，吻合口瘘1例，换药2周治愈；吻合口狭窄2例，全组无手术死亡。术后随访10年生存11例，全部进食良好，吞钡检查吻合口正常。我们认为结肠移植咽下食管斜切口吻合治疗食管腐蚀性瘢痕狭窄效果满意。     

食管严重烧伤171例的外科治疗

目的探讨食管严重烧伤后瘢痕狭窄的预防及治疗效果。方法分析我科1976年4月至2007年6月外科治疗171例食管严重烧伤患者临床资料。其中37例Ⅱb度烧伤患者1个月内采用食管腔内置管预防瘢痕狭窄；108例已形成瘢痕狭窄者采用胃或结肠重建食管80例，胃重建28例；颈部食管局限性烧伤狭窄和术后吻合口狭窄者29例，采用颈阔肌皮瓣修复。结果37例食管腔内置管者中32例痊愈；结肠重建80例，术后死亡6例，颈部吻合口瘘14例，吻合口狭窄4例；胃重建28例，发生吻合口狭窄2例；颈阔肌皮瓣修复29例，无术后死亡，肌皮瓣全部存活，能正常进食。结论食管腔内置管是食管烧伤早期预防狭窄的有效方法；广泛食管瘢痕狭窄可旷置食管行结肠重建，狭窄食管位于主动脉弓以下者可切除狭窄食管用胃重建；局限性颈部食管狭窄或吻合口狭窄颈阔肌皮瓣修复是较理想的方法。     

食管良性狭窄的治疗

目的 探讨食管良性狭窄外科治疗的效果与经验。方法 1982年2月至2001年2月，治疗食管良性狭窄45例。手术治疗42例中局限性狭窄段食管纵切横缝1例。食管部分切除食管胃吻合术5例，结肠代食管术36例，单纯扩张治疗1例，保守治疗2例，全组中胃或空肠造瘘21例，经食管镜或胃造瘘顺行或逆行扩张11例次。结果 43例痊愈，2例保守治疗者均死亡。结论 食管良性狭窄可运用机械扩张缓解，食管腐蚀性狭窄持续扩张1年以上者，应积极手术治疗，在食管重建术中以结肠代食管术为好。     

58例结肠代食管术治疗食管良性狭窄

目的 总结结肠代食管手术治疗食管良性狭窄的经验及效果.方法 58例中男39例,女19例.年龄16～67岁,平均36岁.先天性食管狭窄2例,创伤性3例,瘢痕性狭窄53例(均为腐蚀剂烧伤).行一期游离空肠,咽空肠吻合术,远端空肠旷置,二期结肠代食管术3例次;胸骨后途径食管结肠颈部端侧吻合转流术56例次.结果 无手术死亡,手术经过较为顺利.术后出现全结肠坏死2例、吻合口瘘7例、吻合口狭窄2例、左喉返神经损伤3例.52例随访1～16年,1级(效果极好)40例、2级(很好)9例、3级(满意)2例、4级(不满意)1例.结论 结肠代食管术是治疗食管良性狭窄较为理想的手术.     

食管腐蚀性狭窄外科治疗的探讨

32例食管腐蚀性狭窄,其中11例采用食管扩张术,19例行瘢痕食管切除食管重建术(包括咽胃吻合术6例、食管胃颈部吻合术12例、结肠移植术1例),2例行术后再狭窄切除术。全组无手术死亡,94％的病例术后饮食完全恢复正常。文中就扩张术的应用、瘢痕食管是否切除、重建术式要点以及术后再狭窄等问题进行重点讨论。     

Esophageal replacement with colon interposition in children.

During a 21-year period, 39 colon interposition operations were performed on 37 children at the UCLA Medical Center and the Childrens Hospital of Los Angeles. The average age at the time of operation was 5.8 years. The indications for operation were esophageal atresia in 23 patients and other benign strictures in 14 patients. The duration of patient follow-up ranged from 6 months to 21 years (mean: 9.7 years). The most common complications were esophagocolonic anastomotic leak (12), esophagocolonic anastomotic stricture (14), pneumonia, and pneumothorax. Fourteen of the 25 patients with retrosternal colon interposition had complications (56%), whereas 10 of 14 patients with left thoracic colon interposition had complications (71%). One patient died (mortality: 3%) after left thoracic interposition because of severe respiratory distress associated with other malformations. Each of the 18 patients with isoperistaltic colon interposition showed rapid transit and emptying, provided that obstruction or extensive dilatation did not occur; reverse colon segments were more dilated and emptied more slowly. The 25 patients with retrosternal colon segments had less colonic distension with better emptying than did the 14 patients with left thoracic interposition. Thirty-two of the 36 children increased their weight percentile after colon interposition. Within 2 years after cervical anastomotic stricture or leak, 78% of these children were asymptomatic and gaining weight. Thirty-one of the 37 patients (84%) had excellent results with colon interposition, with a mean follow-up of 9.7 years. Most of the major postoperative complications occurred within the first few weeks and were corrected during the first few months after operation. Preservation of the esophagus should be the surgeon's first priority; however, prolonged attempts to elongate the esophagus for anastomosis in certain patients with long-gap esophageal atresia have been more hazardous in our experience than has colon interposition.     

结肠代食管术后远期并发症的观察

目的 探讨结肠代食管术治疗食管良性疾病远期并发症的病因和防治措施。方法577例结肠代食管术中良性疾病组123例,术后106例（86％）随访1～28年。其中11例出现（25例次）严重并发症：结肠冗长、扩张12例次,吻合口重度狭窄4例次,食管巨囊状变2例次,结肠胃吻合口过大4例次,肠段梗阻3例次。根据病变采取狭窄区成形或切除、冗长肠段切除重建、梗阻区松解、吻合口切除重建。结果 经1次手术矫治8例,2次手术2例,3次手术1例。术后恢复正常饮食者9例（9／11）,进食明显改善者2例（2／11）。结论 食管良性疾病结肠代食管术后远期并发症的病因归属于医源性和功能性两大类,其预防措施为术中注意：颈部食管-结肠吻合口〉2．5cm,腹段结肠-胃吻合口加抗反流术,结肠上提通道宽畅无阻,肠管拉直;对出现局限性狭窄或肠段扩张、冗长排空不畅,再次手术矫治为最佳选择。     

Oesophagusersatz durch Interposition des an der A. mesenterica inferior gestielten Colon ascendens

OBJECTIVE: Colon interposition for esophageal replacement is indicated in patients with benign esophageal disease, in patients who require an esophago gastrectomy for a potential cure and in patients in whom the stomach is no longer available for replacement because of preceding surgery. METHODS: In 30 patients we performed colon interposition grafts for esophageal replacement using a modified technique. This technique includes ligation of the middle and right colic artery, thereby creating an interposition graft of the whole ascending colon which receives blood exclusively from the left colic artery. The main advantage of this procedure is the length of the interposition graft. Preparation of the left colic flexure is no longer required. Nineteen patients had an esophagectomy, 11 patients an esophago-gastrectomy. RESULTS: Minor complications in this unselected patient group occurred six times (20%), and major complications were observed in seven patients (23.3%). Frequency of anastomotic leakage amounted to 13.3%, hospital mortality to 10%. CONCLUSION: Frequency of postoperative complications and hospital mortality of patients in whom a modified colon interposition was done is comparable with published data of unselected patient groups, which had either a standard colon interposition graft for esophageal replacement or a gastric pull-through procedure.     

Antesternal Colonic Interposition for Corrosive Esophageal Stricture

Restoration of swallowing in a patient with dysphagia due to nondilatable corrosive stricture of esophagus remains a surgical challenge. Organs available for replacement are stomach, jejunum, or colon. Jejunum is useful to replace a small segment, whereas stomach and colon are required for a long-segment replacement. In cases where the stomach is also injured, colon remains the only option. The route of colonic interposition has also been a subject of debate over the years. Antesternal, retrosternal, or esophageal bed passage are the routes described. In the present series, the data of antesternal colonic interposition (ACI) performed for nondilatable benign esophageal strictures in 32 patients (1988–2011) have been retrospectively analyzed. The results indicate that ACI for corrosive strictures is a quick and simple procedure. Thoracotomy is avoided and anastomosis is easily performed in the neck, and mortality rate due to anastomotic failure or graft failure is diminished. This retrospective analysis discusses the ease, effectiveness, quality of life, morbidity, and mortality of ACI and compares the pros and cons of ACI with other procedures described in the literature.