HIV阴性肺隐球菌病CT表现

目的 分析HIV阴性肺隐球菌病的CT表现,提高对本病的认识及诊断水平.资料与方法 回顾性分析2000-04～2011-10经病理或临床证实的20例HIV阴性肺隐球菌患者(包括7例免疫功能抑制者)的CT图像及临床资料.结果 ①肿块或结节型8例,其中孤立病灶3例,多发病灶5例,下肺、外周分布为主.②实变型7例,其中局限病灶3例,密度较高,边界较清;多发病灶4例,双肺散在分布.③混合型5例,表现为结节、团块、实变及磨玻璃影混合存在.20例患者中,晕征6例(30％),空洞11例(55％),支气管气相为10例(50％).结论 肺隐球菌病CT表现多样,病灶以下肺及外周分布为主,晕征、空洞及支气管气相有一定提示意义,有助于作出早期诊断,减少误诊.     

Pulmonary cryptococcosis: CT findings in immunocompetent patients

PURPOSE: To evaluate retrospectively the computed tomographic (CT) findings in immunocompetent patients with pulmonary cryptococcosis. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Institutional review board approval was obtained with a waiver of informed consent, and the study complied with requirements of the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act. Chest CT scans of 10 immunocompetent patients with clinically proved pulmonary cryptococcosis were retrospectively reviewed by four reviewers in consensus. Criterion for diagnosis of pulmonary cryptococcosis was (a) the histopathologic presence of the organism at lung biopsy or (b) a positive culture of a respiratory specimen or positive serum cryptococcal antigen test with clinical or radiographic evidence of active pulmonary infection. Patients included six women and four men ranging in age from 46 to 73 years (mean, 59 years). Scans were evaluated for nodules, masses, areas of ground-glass attenuation or of hazy increased attenuation, areas of consolidation, areas of cavitation, pleural effusions, linear opacities, septal thickening, lymphadenopathy, extent of parenchymal involvement, and distribution. RESULTS: The most common CT finding was pulmonary nodules (n = 9). Multiple nodules (n = 7) were more common than solitary nodules (n = 2). Nodules most commonly occupied less than 10% of the pulmonary parenchyma (n = 7), measured less than 10 mm in diameter (n = 7), and had middle and upper lung predominance (n = 6). The majority of the nodules were well defined with smooth margins (n = 7). Multiple nodules were usually bilaterally distributed (n = 5). Masses (n = 2), lymphadenopathy (n = 2), areas of consolidation (n = 2), areas of hazy increased attenuation (n = 1), pleural effusion (n = 1), and areas of cavitation (n = 1) were uncommon. CONCLUSION: CT most commonly demonstrated pulmonary nodules in immunocompetent patients with pulmonary cryptococcosis. The nodules were most often multiple, small, well defined, and smoothly marginated with middle and upper lung predominance.     

Reversed halo sign in pulmonary paracoccidioidomycosis

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of the reversed halo sign in pulmonary paracoccidioidomycosis. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The high-resolution CT scans (1- or 2-mm collimation scans) of 148 consecutive patients with proven pulmonary paracoccidioidomycosis were reviewed to determine the prevalence of the reversed halo sign in these patients. The reversed halo sign was defined as central ground-glass opacity surrounded by a crescent or ring of consolidation. The images were reviewed by two radiologists who reached a decision by consensus. RESULTS: A reversed halo sign was found in 15 patients (10%), including 13 men and two women ranging in age from 20 to 58 years (mean, 48 years). Three patients had only one reversed halo sign, one had two lesions, and the remaining had multiple lesions. The size of the sign ranged from 10 to 50 mm (average, 20 mm). In two cases the reversed halo sign was the only finding on CT. The most common associated findings seen in the remaining 13 patients included bilateral patchy areas of ground-glass attenuation (n = 10), parenchymal bands (n = 8), and small centrilobular nodules (n = 8). Three patients underwent surgical lung biopsy. Histologically the central area of the lesions consisted of an inflammatory infiltrate in the alveolar septa, composed of macrophages, lymphocytes, plasma cells, and some giant cells, with relative preservation of the alveolar spaces. The periphery of the lesion consisted of dense and homogeneous intraalveolar cellular infiltrate. There was no evidence of organizing pneumonia. CONCLUSION: The reversed halo sign is seen in approximately 10% of patients with paracoccidioidomycosis. In these patients, this sign reflects the presence of a central area of predominantly interstitial inflammation surrounded by predominantly air-space infiltration.     

肺隐球菌病的 CT 表现及临床分析

目的：探讨 HIV 阴性患者肺隐球菌病(PC)的 CT 表现。方法回顾性分析26例经病理确诊的 PC 患者的 CT 资料,所有患者均行胸部 CT 平扫,其中8例行增强扫描。结果26例患者中在 CT 上表现为单发病灶11例,多发结节/肿块10例,混合型5例。病灶仅出现在左肺11例,右肺7例,双肺均出现病灶8例。19例可见毛刺,10例见空洞或空泡,8例见晕征。增强扫描1例病灶明显不均匀强化,2例表现为中度不均匀强化,3例轻度强化,2例病灶无强化。结论PC 在 CT 上表现多样,容易误诊为肺癌等其他病变。CT 引导下经皮肺穿刺活检是确诊的有效方法。     

MSCT后处理技术对真菌性肺炎的诊断及鉴别诊断价值

目的：探讨多层螺旋CT薄层图像与MPR图像在诊断真菌性肺炎中的临床价值,提高对该病的诊断水平。方法：搜集45例具有完整临床、实验室检查、病理组织学及CT检查资料的肺部真菌感染病例,回顾性分析其常规CT图像、薄层图像及MPR图像的CT征象。结果：白色念珠菌感染12例,曲霉菌感染14例,隐球菌感染8例,毛霉菌感染5例,放线菌感染3例,马尔尼菲青霉菌感染3例。肺部真菌感染的CT表现如下：空洞为主型15例,表现为一个或几个肺叶内单发或多发大小不等空洞性病灶,部分空洞周围见“晕征”,部分空洞内呈典型“鸟巢征”;肺炎样实变或支气管肺炎样变16例,呈小片状或大片状阴影,见支气管充气征及周边密度趋淡即“晕征”;结节或肿块8例,结节或肿块可伴有空洞、“晕征”、毛刺或分叶征;曲菌球6例,呈圆形或椭圆形,并可见“新月征”。薄层CT图像结合MPR图像在显示“晕征”、磨玻璃影、网格、线样影及小结节等cT征象明显优于普通cT（P〈0．05）,其余征象无明显差异（P〉0．05）,但薄层cT结合MPR图像能更清楚地显示病灶范围。结论：多层螺旋CT薄层图像结合MPR图像有助于肺真菌感染的诊断,真菌性肺炎有一定相对特征性改变,掌握真菌性肺炎的CT表现特征,结合临床综合分析,可提高诊断准确性。     

侵袭性肺曲霉菌病的MSCT表现

目的:探讨侵袭性肺曲霉菌病的MSCT表现。方法:回顾性分析19例经病理证实的侵袭性肺曲霉菌病的MSCT表现。结果:MSCT表现为小结节影(1～3cm)14例(73.6%,14/19),大结节或团块影(>3cm)6例(31.6%,6/19);肺段或亚段分布的实变影8例(42.1%,8/19),磨玻璃影3例(15.8%,3/19);6例(31.6%,6/19)合并CT晕圈征,5例(26.3%,5/19)合并空气新月征或空洞影,2例(10.5%,2/19)可见中心低密度征,5例(26.3%,5/19)合并胸水。结论:侵袭性肺曲霉菌病的主要征象是单发或多发的结节伴空洞形成及肺段或亚段的实变,而出现结节晕圈征和空气新月征时,则高度提示侵袭性肺曲霉菌病。     

Pulmonary candidiasis after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation: thin-section CT findings

PURPOSE: To retrospectively evaluate thin-section computed tomographic (CT) findings in hematopoietic stem cell transplant (ie, bone marrow transplant) patients with histopathologically proved pulmonary candidiasis. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Ethical approval was obtained from the institutional review board of each of the three institutions; informed consent was not required. The study included 17 hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients with proved pulmonary candidiasis. Histopathologic specimens were acquired at transbronchial biopsy (n = 8), open lung biopsy (n = 6), and autopsy (n = 3). The patients included seven men and 10 women (age range, 20-62 years; mean age, 37 years). The thin-section CT scans were retrospectively reviewed by two thoracic radiologists for the presence, appearance, and distribution of parenchymal abnormalities. RESULTS: Multiple nodules were present in 15 (88%) patients, including centrilobular nodules and tree-in-bud pattern in seven (41%) patients. Nodules were bilateral in 12 patients and unilateral in three. An associated halo of ground-glass opacity was identified in five (33%) patients. Nodules were the only CT finding in five patients (29%). Areas of air-space consolidation were identified in 11 (65%) patients. Areas of ground-glass opacity were seen in six (35%) of 17 patients and were always associated with other abnormalities. Other less common CT findings included pleural effusion (n = 3), thickening of the bronchial walls (n = 2), and cavitation (n = 1). CONCLUSION: The most common thin-section CT findings of pulmonary candidiasis in hematopoietic stem cell transplant patients are multiple bilateral nodular opacities often associated with areas of consolidation.     

肺真菌病临床影像学分析

目的：分析肺真菌病的临床影像表现,提高诊断水平。方法：回顾分析21例肺真菌病（穿刺/手术/支纤镜病理证实16例,痰培养及临床证实5例）的X线、CT表现。20例行胸部X线及CT检查,1例仅行胸片检查。结果：肺曲霉菌6例,肺隐球菌8例,肺念珠菌2例,肺毛霉菌3例,肺放线菌2例。左肺6例,右肺6例,双肺多发9例。多发病灶常位于胸膜下,且以两肺中下叶受侵最常见。呈单/多发结节或肿块/空洞10例;呈单/多发斑片影者4例;斑片与结节/空洞影混合者7例。晕征、新月征、洞中球征/滚珠征/悬球征/洞中丝征为本病较为特征性表现。结论：影像学表现典型者可做出诊断,疑似者应及时进一步检查,以免延误诊治。     

肺隐球菌病CT导向下经皮穿刺活检的诊断价值

目的：探讨CT导向下经皮穿刺肺活检对肺隐球菌的诊断价值。方法：回顾性分析11例经皮肺穿刺活检病理证实的肺隐球菌病的病例资料,所有病例均行CT检查,其中9例平扫,2例直接增强,11例行细针抽吸及切割活检送病理组织学检查。结果：CT显示单发肺结节4例,多发肺结节5例,2例呈实变样表现,11例经细针抽吸活检2例可疑隐球菌病,切割活检11例均确诊为隐球菌病,发生少量气胸1例。结论：对于肺部难以确诊的肺隐球菌病例,CT导向下经皮穿刺切割活检是一种安全有效的方法。     

Pulmonary infections following bone marrow transplantation: high-resolution CT findings in 35 paediatric patients

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to assess the high-resolution CT findings of paediatric patients who had pulmonary infections following bone marrow transplantation (BMT), and to evaluate the differential diagnosis through high-resolution CT of the various pathogens responsible for pulmonary infections after BMT. PATIENTS AND METHODS: The study included 35 consecutive patients who had documented pulmonary infection, high-resolution CT of the chest performed within 24h of the beginning of symptoms, and proven diagnosis within 1 week of the onset of symptoms. The pulmonary infections were due to viruses (n=16), bacteria (n=9), fungi (n=9), and protozoa (n=1). Two radiologists analyzed the CT scans and reached final decisions regarding the findings by consensus. RESULTS: Four patients with confirmed pneumonia had normal high-resolution CT scans. Regarding the viral infections, the most frequent features were areas of ground-glass attenuation (43.7%) and small centrilobular nodules (31.2%). Airspace consolidation (88.9%), small centrilobular nodules (22.2%) and ground-glass attenuation (22.2%) were the most frequent findings in patients with bacterial pneumonia following BMT. Large nodules were seen in 66.7% of the patients with fungal pneumonia, and in only one case of virus infection. The "halo sign" (n=5) was seen only in patients with fungal pneumonia. CONCLUSION: In conclusion, the main causes of pulmonary infection in paediatric patients following BMT share similar high-resolution CT findings. Large nodules and "halo sign" are more common in patients with fungal infections.     

Pulmonary cryptococcosis misdiagnosed as lung cancer in a man with normal immune function: A case report

Pulmonary cryptococcosis is an opportunistic infection of cryptococcus both in immunocompetent and immunocompromised patients, who suffered from HIV infection, organ transplantation, diabetes mellitus, corticosteroid or immunosuppressive therapy, and malignancy. Pulmonary cryptococcosis is the commonest location of non-central nervous system cryptococcosis and usually presents with nonspecific symptoms. It often shows shadows on the lung, which makes it difficult to distinguish it from lung cancer. Here we report a case of a 52-year-old man with pulmonary cryptococcosis, who was misdiagnosed as lung cancer. Clinicians need to consider the possibility of pulmonary cryptococcosis and the importance of lung biopsy when treating a patient with a normal immune function that has isolated pulmonary nodules. This case also indirectly illustrates the importance of percutaneous lung biopsy in patients with isolated pulmonary nodules.     

细支气管肺泡癌的CT分型及其临床意义

目的 评价细支气管肺泡癌（BAC）的CT分型及其临床意义。资料与方法 搜集经病理证实的BAC43例。按CT和HRCT的表现形式将其分为局限型和弥漫型,并分析局限型和弥漫型BAC的临床表现、CT特征、治疗方案和预后等特点。结果 （1）局限型26例。呈胸膜下区分布,含磨玻璃密度结节和实性密度结节,有分叶、毛刺、胸膜凹陷征、空泡征和细支气管充气征等。临床无症状者17例,咳嗽、痰中带血和胸痛9例。26例进行根治性肺叶切除,术后随访18例,其中死亡7例,生存期16～38个月,平均27．7个月。（2）弥漫型17例。肺实变16例,2个孤立病灶位于2个肺叶1例。实变内见“枯树枝征”11例,“峰窝征”4例,叶间裂膨隆7例;磨玻璃密度影12例,腺泡结节14例,分布于实变影的边缘和／或非实变的肺叶。4例X线胸片仅显示实变病灶而没有显示远离实变区的结节。咳嗽11例,咯大量泡沫痰8例,伴痰中带血3例;憋气7例。肺叶根治性切除3例。随访17例,死亡12例,生存期2～13个月,平均6．1个月。结论 根据CT和HRCT表现,BAC可分为局限型和弥漫型。两型BAC的临床表现、治疗方案和预后皆不同。     

Pulmonary blastoma: radiologic findings in five patients

PURPOSE: To determine the radiologic findings of pulmonary blastoma on chest radiograph and CT. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Chest radiographs and CT scans of five patients with pathologically proven pulmonary blastoma were retrospectively evaluated and radiologic findings were correlated with histopathologic findings. RESULTS: On chest radiograph, the pulmonary blastoma manifested as a solitary parenchymal mass (n = 2), a solitary parenchymal nodule (n = 1), hilar bulging with fingerlike parenchymal opacities (n = 1), or opacification of hemithorax (n = 1). On CT, the pulmonary blastoma manifested as a solitary parenchymal mass (n = 2), a solitary parenchymal nodule (n = 1), an endobronchial mass with postobstructive pneumonitis (n = 1), or a parenchymal mass with multiple subpleural masses and pleural effusion (n = 1). CONCLUSION: Pulmonary blastomas most commonly manifested as a solitary parenchymal mass on chest radiograph and CT. These radiologic features are nonspecific and many primary or metastatic tumors of the lung could be included in differential diagnosis.     

Radiologic assessment of metastases to the thyroid gland

PURPOSE: We reviewed the radiologic and clinical data in patients with metastatic disease to the thyroid gland and assessed the role of radiologic techniques in this disorder. METHOD: The findings on US (n = 11), CT (n = 7), MRI (n = 6), palpation or US-guided fine needle aspiration (FNA) biopsy, and clinical records were reviewed in 11 cases of pathologically verified metastatic tumors of the thyroid gland. RESULTS: Five patients had palpable thyroid nodules and six had nonpalpable nodules discovered incidentally with imaging procedures. Three patients had no known malignancies at the time of diagnosis of thyroid tumors. Correct diagnosis was obtained in 10 of the 11 cases with FNA biopsy. Thyroid metastases were detected in all of the cases with US and MRI and six of the seven cases with CT. Thyroid metastases were solitary (n = 5) or multiple (n = 6), and about half of them measured <2 cm in diameter. These tumors typically had well defined margins and no calcification and sometimes had cystic portions. Multiple nodules within the same patient were radiologically quite similar to each other. On US, metastases appeared as hypoechoic or markedly hypoechoic areas without halo, on CT as low density areas, and on MRI as areas of varying signal intensities. Half of the metastases showed hypointensity on either T2-weighted images or gadolinium-enhanced T1-weighted images. The tumors involved lymph nodes in 10 cases and other remote organs in 5. Level I or II or parotid nodes were involved in six cases. CONCLUSION: These radiologic features may alert clinicians to a possibility of metastatic thyroid cancer. US combined with US-guided FNA biopsy is suitable for early diagnosis of metastases to the thyroid gland.     

支气管侵袭性肺曲菌病HRCT诊断

目的 回顾性分析支气管侵袭性肺曲菌病的高分辨率CT(HRCT)表现,探讨HRCT在该病诊断中的价值.方法 收集30例经纤维支气管镜活检、CT导引下穿刺活检或痰培养证实的支气管侵袭性肺曲菌病的临床资料及影像学资料,所有HRCT图像均经2位经验丰富的胸部影像学主任医师阅片并分析总结其征象.结果 30例患者,19例具有多种CT征象,其中树芽征8例,支气管狭窄6例,支气管扩张8例,磨玻璃样密度灶(GGO)8例,腺泡结节10例,结节灶12例,腺泡结节灶伴有晕征4例,结节灶伴有晕征9例,空洞10例.11例具有单一CT征象,树芽征2例,支气管扩张2例,GGO 1例,腺泡结节2例,结节灶伴有晕征2例,空洞2例.30例病例中各征象出现率为:树芽征33.3%,支气管狭窄20%,支气管扩张33.3%,磨玻璃影30%,腺泡结节40%,结节灶46.6%,晕征53.3%,空洞40%.结论 支气管侵袭性肺曲菌病HRCT的主要征象是树芽征、支气管管腔狭窄或扩张,肺内见磨玻璃影、腺泡结节、结节灶,空洞,结节及空洞周围有晕征.支气管扩张合并树芽征、腺泡结节及晕征对诊断本病具有较高的特异性.     

Sequential morphological changes in follow-up CT of pulmonary mucormycosis

PURPOSE

We aimed to describe the computed tomography (CT) features of pulmonary mucormycosis including sequential changes between follow-ups.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Between June 2001 and May 2011, five patients (three males and two females; median age, 43 years; age range, 13–73 years) who had been pathologically diagnosed with pulmonary mucormycosis constituted our study population. Their clinical and CT features including sequential changes over follow-ups were evaluated retrospectively.

RESULTS

All patients were immunocompromised due to either hematologic diseases (n=3), diabetes mellitus (n=1), or steroid administration for autoimmune hepatitis (n=1). All patients had symptoms such as fever (n=5), tachycardia (n=1), or pleuritic chest pain (n=1) on admission. Regarding the clinical outcome after treatment, one patient died, and the remaining four recovered from the disease. In terms of initial CT features, the morphologies of pulmonary mucormycosis included a single mass (n=3), consolidation (n=1), or multiple masses (n=1). There were seven pulmonary lesions in total, 3–7 cm in size, which showed a CT halo sign (n=3), reversed-halo sign (n=2), or air-fluid levels (n=2). On follow-up CTs, the lesions of all patients contained necrosis. All three patients with a mass or masses with a CT halo sign on initial CT had a decreased surrounding halo followed by central necrosis, and the lesions gradually decreased in size on recovery.

CONCLUSION

Pulmonary mucormycosis usually manifests as a mass or masses with a halo or reversed-halo sign on the initial CT scan followed by a decreased extent of surrounding ground-glass opacities with the development of internal necrosis during follow-up.Mucormycosis infection caused by fungi of the class Zygomycetes, most commonly the order Mucorales (1), is serious and often fatal clinically, typically in immunocompromised patients such as those with diabetes mellitus (DM), hematologic malignancies, or those that have undergone transplantation. Clinically, this infection has been reported to manifest as various distinct syndromes including rhinocerebral, pulmonary, abdominopelvic, and cutaneous forms, as well as disseminated mucormycosis (2–5).Pulmonary mucormycosis is the second most common manifestation of this disease, accounting for more than 30% of all reported cases (3). It involves the lung parenchyma and airways, causing thrombosis of pulmonary vessels due to fungal angioinvasion and leading to pulmonary parenchymal necrosis. Correct diagnosis and prompt management of pulmonary mucormycosis is critical as it is often fatal (4). To date, however, few articles have reported the imaging findings of pulmonary mucormycosis (3, 6, 7). According to these reports, this disease may exhibit diverse morphologies such as consolidation, masses with a halo sign or a reversed-halo sign, necrotic or cavitary consolidation with an air-crescent sign, or solitary/multiple nodules and masses.Yet, to our knowledge, there have been no radiological reports detailing the sequential computed tomography (CT) changes of pulmonary mucormycosis during follow-up after anti-fungal treatment. This information may be crucial, as recognition of the sequential changes on CT can help clinicians make the proper diagnosis, monitor the disease status, and predict the prognosis of affected patients. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to describe the CT features of pulmonary mucormycosis, including its sequential changes during and after treatment.     

Infectious pulmonary nodules in immunocompromised patients: usefulness of computed tomography in predicting their etiology

PURPOSE: To review the high-resolution computed tomography (CT) findings in immunocompromised patients who had nodular opacities and a proven diagnosis to determine whether the various infectious pulmonary nodules have distinguishing features on CT. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The high-resolution CT scans obtained in 78 immunocompromised patients with solitary or multiple nodular opacities of proven infectious etiology were reviewed retrospectively by 2 independent thoracic radiologists. Patients whose predominant abnormality consisted of branching linear or nodular opacities (tree-in-bud pattern) characteristic of infectious bronchiolitis and endobronchial spread of tuberculosis were excluded. The CT scans were assessed for the presence, appearance, size, and distribution of parenchymal nodules. Relations between findings at CT and the different infectious etiologies of nodules were assessed with regression analysis. Agreement between the 2 observers was assessed using the kappa statistic. RESULTS: The infectious causes included mycobacteria (n = 24), fungi (n = 22), bacteria (n = 20), and viruses (n = 12). Multivariate analysis demonstrated that a diameter <10 mm was the only independent predictor of etiology (P < 0.0001) and that patients whose nodules all measured less than 10 mm in diameter were most likely to have a viral infection. Nodules limited in size to less than 10 mm in diameter were seen in 83% of viral infections compared with 5% of bacterial infections (odds ratio [OR] = 95.0; 95% confidence interval (CI): 6.08-4,321.5, P < 0.0001), 0% of mycobacterial infections (OR = 91.7; 95% CI: 7.21-4,090.22, P < 0.0001), and 14% of fungal infections (OR = 31.67; 95% CI: 3.56-375.09, P = 0.0003). CONCLUSION: Although some overlap exists, nodule size is helpful in the differential diagnosis of infectious causes of nodules in immunocompromised patients. Patients whose nodules are all less than 10 mm in diameter are most likely to have a viral infection.     

Computed tomography in invasive pulmonary aspergillosis

Early recognition of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis and of other similar angiotrophic fungal pneumonias has been claimed in previous reports to be possible with computed tomography (CT) and may improve survival of immunocompromised hosts. Chest CT was performed, in the course of fungal pneumonia, in 11 leukemia patients with chemotherapy-induced neutropenia either with (n = 8) or without (n = 5) contrast enhancement. Early (n = 5), before the 7th day from the beginning of the clinical setting) chest CT always demonstrated one or more nodules or mass-like infiltrates surrounded by a halo of low attenuation. This halo was absent in middle (n = 4, after 7 days) and later (n = 4, after 15 days) CT examinations. The contrast-enhanced nodules or mass-like infiltrates showed a peripheral enhancement in 4/8 cases with a target feature (hyperdense peripheral ring and isodense central area). CT showed a non-specific enlargement of liver and spleen in 2 patients. Early chest CT should be used in the management of opportunistic pneumonias.     

Initial CT manifestations of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis in 45 non-HIV immunocompromised patients: association with patient outcome?

PURPOSE: To assess early high-resolution computer tomographic (CT) signs of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis (IPA) in non-HIV immunosuppressed patients and their potential association with patient's outcome, including frequency and severity of pulmonary hemorrhage, taking also in consideration the impact of other known risk factors contributory to IPA. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A retrospective review of serial CT scans was performed in 45 immunocompromised patients with a total of 46 episodes of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis. All patients underwent CT beginning with the day they showed clinical or laboratory signs of infection. Serial follow-up CT included more than two, up to 12 CT examinations. Patient's outcome was judged by clinical and radiological follow-up and classified as survival, death by IPA, or death unrelated to IPA. The influence of patient's age, underlying disease, hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, neutropenia, graft versus host disease, and antifungal therapy onset was also statistically considered. RESULTS: Three main CT findings were identified: small nodules (<1cm) 43% (20/46), large nodules 21% (10/46) and consolidations, either in patchy+/-segmental 26% (12/46), or peribronchial distribution+/-tree in bud 9% (4/46). In 11 patients (24%) we found a combination of two or more of these signs: 9 (19%) patients presented concurrent small nodules accompanied by reticulation, tree in bud or peribronchial infiltrates, while 2 (4%) patients showed large pulmonary nodules accompanied by large consolidations. An accompanying "halo" sign was observed in 38 patients (82%). Crescent sign followed by cavitation was encountered in 29 patients (63%). Two patients succumbed to massive pulmonary bleeding caused by IPA. Twenty-one patients (15/46) deceased in this series, 12 of them succumbed to IPA, 1 died from cerebral invasive aspergillosis, while in 9 patients the cause of death was not primarily IPA. Manifest pulmonary hemorrhage occurred in 19% (9/46) of IPA episodes. CONCLUSION: Initial CT findings of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis consist mainly of small nodules or patchy consolidations, showing in 82% of cases an early halo sign. Serious pulmonary hemorrhage was an infrequent clinical complication in our series, with an attributable mortality of 4.3%. IPA-related lethality was 26%, in our cohort. None of the early HRCT signs seemed to predict outcome.     

白血病造血干细胞移植后肺部毛霉菌病CT特征表现

目的 总结白血病造血干细胞移植(HSCT)后肺部毛霉菌病CT特征表现,为指导临床治疗提供及时、准确、有效的帮助.方法 回顾性总结和分析9例白血病HSCT治疗后经手术、穿刺活检及痰培养证实的肺部毛霉菌感染CT特征表现,对其分布、形态、征象等进行分析,总结其肺部CT表现特征.所有患者均行MSCT平扫.结果 7例肺部见“反晕征”;团状磨玻璃影5例;3例见双肺内多发斑片状、结节状磨玻璃样高密度影;1例双肺多发小空洞影,其周围见长毛刺;胸腔积液2例;纵隔积气1例.部分患者存在2种或2种以上征象.本组7例患者CT出现“反晕征”时间与移植间期为0.5～19个月,中位数10个月,其中6例(85.7％,6/7)出现在18个月以内.本组8例患者以咳嗽、咳黄(白)色黏痰为主要临床症状,占88.9％(8/9);其中4例痰中带有血丝或伴有咯血,占50％(4/8);3例伴有左侧胸痛,占37.5％(3/8);1例无明显咳嗽、咳痰症状.本组6例患者体温明显升高,占66.7％(6/9),在38.4℃～39.6℃之间,中位数39.0℃;3例体温正常,占33.3％(3/9).本组患者白细胞计数在0.16～3.31×109/L之间,中位数0.7×109/L;中性粒细胞计数在0～2.46×109/L之间,中位数0.09×109/L.本组7例(77.8％,7/9)存在“反晕征”患者中性粒细胞计数在0～1.63×109/L之间,中位数0.09×109/L.结论 白血病HSCT后肺部毛霉菌病影像学表现呈多样性,当白血病HSCT后处于粒细胞缺乏期时,且肺部感染中出现特征性征象“反晕征”时,则高度提示肺毛霉菌感染.