Lobectomy with bronchoplastic procedures for lung cancer.

From April 1970 to October 1977, 19 patients with lung cancer of the upper lobar bronchus orifice underwent radical lobectomy with major bronchus resection. Sleeve lobectomy was accomplished in 11 cases and wedge lobectomy in the remaining 8. The length of the free bronchial margin in the surgical specimen was less than 1 cm in 3 cases, but limited pulmonary reserve did not allow pneumonectomy. Squamous carcinoma was diagnosed in 14 patients, adenocarcinoma in 2, oat-cell carcinoma in 2, and large cell carcinoma in one. Most cases (70%) were pathological stage I. There was one operative death due to anastomotic leakage (5%), and another patient required pneumonectomy completion. Of 13 patients with non oat-cell carcinoma and adequate bronchial resection, none had local recurrence: 3 patients developed distant metastases, and 10 are alive and disease-free after a follow-up period ranging from 16 to 104 months. The authors conclude that in selected lung cancer patients lobectomy with bronchoplastic procedures is superior to pneumonectomy for tissue sparing advantages.     

Multiple myeloma emerging after chemotherapy for non-small-cell lung cancer

A 67-year-old man underwent total resection of the left lung because of adenocarcinoma, with no evidence of extra-thoracic spread of the cancer. On follow-up, metastatic bone disease was documented and chemotherapy (CMT) which included cisplatin, docetaxel, vinorelbine, and topotecan was administered. Six months after completion of CMT, a rise in total serum protein was noted. Bone marrow biopsy revealed the diagnosis of an IgG lambda myeloma. We report a case of a man with adenocarcinoma of the lung who presented multiple myeloma after completion of chemotherapy. Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (KAA), Sotiria Chest Hospital—Institution in which the work was performed.     

支气管成形术治疗肺癌

非小细胞肺癌的最佳治疗方案是以手术为主的多学科综合治疗。现代肺癌外科治疗的原则是最大限度地切除原发病灶和系统清除淋巴结,最大限度地保留正常肺组织。支气管成形肺叶切除术正是遵循这一原则而发展起来的。1历史回顾1939年Eloesser成功切除了1例原发于左肺下叶支气管管口     

Non-small-cell lung cancer progression after first-line chemotherapy

Opinion statement Platinum-based chemotherapy is the cornerstone of care for patients with metastatic non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). It provides symptom relief, improved quality of life, and prolongation of life, compared with supportive care alone. However, all patients with stage IV disease inevitably develop resistance to chemotherapy and progressive disease. Many of these patients continue to have acceptable performance status and would therefore be eligible for second-line or even third-line treatments. Unfortunately, despite an increasing number of chemotherapeutic agents (which are effective in chemo-naive NSCLC), very few have been shown to have reproducible activity in the second-line setting. Nevertheless, recent randomized clinical trials have demonstrated that single-agent docetaxel improves survival and quality of life when delivered as second-line therapy, resulting in FDA-approval for this indication. Phase II studies evaluating other new agents, delivered singly or in combination, also have reported that gemcitabine, weekly paclitaxel, and the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) inhibitors are active in a subset of patients who progress after first-line platinum-based therapy. Clinical trials are imperative in identifying additional new agents and approaches that may improve outcomes in this disease. In view of the recently established role of docetaxel, ongoing randomized studies are using a common design of single-agent docetaxel versus docetaxel plus a novel investigational agent.     

A case of multiple pyomyositis after chemotherapy for lung cancer

We here describe a case of multiple pyomyositis in a 62-year-old man who had systemic chemotherapy for recurrent lung cancer. His initial symptoms consisted of fever and general fatigue, followed by progressive pain and swelling in his extremities, which mimicked deep venous thrombosis along with bacterial infection. He was admitted to the hospital for intravenous administration of antibiotics. MRI appeared very useful to find the intramuscular fluid collections with circumferential inflammatory changes, which confirmed diagnosis of the multiple pyomyositis. Surgical drainage as well as intravenous administration of antibiotics worked very well and improved clinical symptoms in a few weeks after the treatments. He could resume normal activities with minimum functional impairments in the extremities. Pyomyositis should be kept in mind as one of the adverse effects after chemotherapy for malignant tumors.     

低剂量粒—巨噬细胞集落刺激因子在肺癌化疗中的应用

３１例肺癌患者大剂量化疗４０例次，采用配对法分成加用低剂量粒－巨噬细胞集落刺激因子（ＧＭ－ＣＳＦ）的治疗组及不加用的对照组（二组均为２０例次）。结果表明，低剂量ＧＭ－ＣＳＦ明显缩短化疗所致白细胞低下的时间：治疗组为１４．５±９．４９天，对照组为１９．４±８．８５天（Ｐ＝０．０２），同时提高白细胞下降最低值：治疗组为３．３５×１０９／Ｌ±１．３７×１０９／Ｌ，对照组为２．９×１０９／Ｌ±１．１８×１０９／Ｌ。低剂量ＧＭ－ＣＳＦ的主要不良反应为发热（８０％）及肌痛、骨痛（１０％）。结果提示：低剂量ＧＭ－ＣＳＦ能支持癌症患者的大剂量化疗及连续化疗     

Combination chemotherapy for advanced lung cancer

Lung cancer is now a major public health problem in Thailand. This study was undertaken to gain some preliminary data regarding the potential effectiveness in treating advanced non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC) using an ifosfamide combination therapy IA(E)P. A clinical study was made of all 50 patients (Thais) with histologically proven, advanced NSCLC admitted to the University of Siriraj Hospital between 1985 and 1987 and followed up until February 1992. Survival was calculated for responders and non-responders as distinct groups, and for the different histological tumors among the responders. There were 22 cases of adenocarcinoma, 13 large cell carcinoma, and 15 squamous carcinoma. Twenty-seven out of 50 (54%) responded to treatment. The median survival of the response group was 17 months, compared with 5.5 months in the nonresponse group. The longest survival period was seen in patients with large cell carcinoma. The results suggest that moderate success might be expected in selected patients using the IA(E)P. Further work should be undertaken in developing countries using controlled clinical trials to more fully determine the efficacy of IA(E)P in treating NSCLC.     

Evidence based chemotherapy for lung cancer

There is often little foundation for decisions in experience-based or impression-based medicine. Therapy, however, should be based on the highest level of available evidence. In many clinical cancer practices, "uncertainty" exists. When no evidence is available, it is important that we perform clinical trials to generate new evidence. Organizing multi-institutional clinical trials in Japan is an urgent necessity. Limited disease SCLC Concurrent radiotherapy in combination with cisplatin and etoposide is considered to be a standard treatment in limited disease SCLC. Extensive disease SCLC Chemotherapy regiments such as PE or CAV/PE are standard therapy for ED SCLC. There is no current evidence for alternating chemotherapy, dose intensive chemotherapy, high dose chemotherapy, late intensification chemotherapy or maintenance chemotherapy in extensive disease SCLC. New drugs in combination with cisplatin have been reported to show promising antitumor activity in extensive disease SCLC. The impact of CPT-11 + CDDP on survival may be discussed at the 2000 ASCO meeting. Surgically unresectable stage III NSCLC In a recent meta-analysis, cisplatin-based chemotherapy plus radiotherapy was compared with radiotherapy alone in prolonging survival. Cisplatin-based chemotherapy with or followed by radiation was proven to enhance survival. However, the optimal sequencing of chemotherapy and radiation has not been definitively established. Chemoradiotherapy with new drugs (paclitaxel, docetaxel, vinorelbine, gemicitabine, CPT-11) has been evaluated for activity and efficacy. Metastatic stage IV NSCLC Compared with the best supportive care alone, cisplatin-based chemotherapy yields an absolute improvement in survival. New drugs in combination with cisplatin or carboplatin have been reported to show promising antitumor activity. There is no combination therapy including a new anti-cancer agent which can be recommended as a "gold standard". There is no current evidence that either confirms or refutes non-platinum-based combination chemotherapy. Second line chemotherapy Second line chemotherapy (docetaxel 75 mg/m2) improves survival in patients previously treated with platinum-based chemotherapy.     

Maintenance chemotherapy for non-small-cell lung cancer

Currently, platinum-based combination chemotherapy is the standard first-line chemotherapy for non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Historically, platinum-based chemotherapy has been recommended for up to six cycles even for responders, and second-line chemotherapy has been considered when disease progression is confirmed. In spite of extensive investigations into maintenance chemotherapy, no positive data have been obtained; however, the results of recent clinical trials suggest both the safety and efficacy of maintenance chemotherapy in patients with NSCLC, although it is still controversial. In this review, we summarize the major clinical trials of maintenance chemotherapy in patients with NSCLC, and discuss its clinical validity and present future perspectives.     

Advances in chemotherapy for lung cancer

Combination therapy with platinum preparations still occupies a central position in chemotherapy for lung cancer. Third-generation regimens that combine an anticancer drug and a platinum preparation that were published in the 1990s remain standard therapy for untreated non-small-cell lung cancer today. Cisplatin or carboplatin is used as the platinum preparation, but combination therapy with cisplatin has been found to have a greater antitumor effect than combination therapy with carboplatin. However, there is very little difference between them, and on balance, when adverse reactions, etc. are taken into consideration, we do not think that it makes much difference which one of them is used. Clinical studies of combinations between platinum preparations and pemetrexed and S-1, which have been developed since 2000, have been conducted recently. Docetaxel has been established as standard therapy for recurrent cases, but based on the results of recent comparative studies, a survival-prolonging effect has been shown for pemetrexed and for EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors(gefitinib, erlotinib), which are molecularly targeted drugs, and it has now become possible to select treatment methods by choosing from a number of anticancer drugs. EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors have been demonstrated to have a very high cytoreductive effect on lung cancers that have EGFR gene mutations. The frequency of EGFR gene mutations is high in East Asia, including Japan, whereas it is very low in Western countries. Thus, the future course of development of chemotherapy for non-small-cell lung cancer may differ in Western countries and Asia, and the method of using EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors is expected to have great implications in Asia.     

Cost-effectiveness of chemotherapy for nonsmall-cell lung cancer

After decades of research into its prevention and treatment, lung cancer remains the leading cause of cancer death in North America and Europe. Approximately 75% of all new lung cancer diagnoses are of the nonsmall-cell subtype, and less than 25% of these patients are potentially operable upon first detection. First-generation cisplatin-based chemotherapy regimens for patients with metastatic disease achieved a median survival of 175 days, with 15 to 20% of patients alive at 1 year.In recent years, vinorelbine, gemcitabine, paclitaxel, and docetaxel have emerged as promising agents in the treatment of advanced nonsmall-cell lung cancer. Evidence from randomized trials demonstrates that when these agents are combined with cisplatin, the objective tumor response is 25 to 40%, with a median overall survival approaching 300 days. In addition, recent studies have shown that single-agent docetaxel improves survival and quality of life in patients with platinum-refractory nonsmall-cell lung cancer. Since these modest but important improvements in the management of nonsmall-cell lung cancer are achieved at a significant cost, cost has emerged as a major consideration in health policy decision-making. This article reviews the pharmacoeconomic literature to provide guidance on the cost-effective use of chemotherapy in the treatment of advanced nonsmall-cell lung cancer.     

Surgical morbidity and mortality after neoadjuvant chemotherapy in the CRITICS gastric cancer trial

Background

In order to determine the optimal combination of perioperative chemotherapy and chemoradiotherapy for Western patients with advanced resectable gastric cancer, the international multicentre CRITICS trial (ChemoRadiotherapy after Induction chemotherapy In Cancer of the Stomach) was initiated. In this trial, patients with resectable gastric cancer were randomised before start of treatment between adjuvant chemotherapy or adjuvant chemoradiotherapy following neoadjuvant chemotherapy plus gastric cancer resection. The purpose of this study was to report on surgical morbidity and mortality in this trial, and to identify factors associated with surgical morbidity.

Acute myocardial infarction induced by lung cancer chemotherapy after radiation of left lung

A 58-year-old male with non-small cell lung cancer suffered acute myocardial infarction during carboplatin and gemcitabine administration. This case could be cured with percutaneous coronary intervention. The possible underlying mechanisms of infarction are discussed. To our knowledge, this is the first reported case of coronary artery fibrosis demonstrated by intravascular ultrasound during carboplatin-based chemotherapy after radiation of the left lung.     

Cik细胞治疗对肺癌术后辅助化疗毒副反应的影响

目的:观察Cik细胞治疗对肺癌术后患者近期生活质量和化疗毒副作用的影响.方法:90例患者随机分为两组,对照组接受静脉全身化疗方案,实验组接受全身化疗联合Cik细胞治疗方案.观察第2周期化疗前患者生活质量评分(quality of life,QOL)变化情况及第2周期化疗期间血液学毒副反应、消化系统不良反应、外周血淋巴细胞和淋巴因子变化.结果:全身化疗联合Cik细胞治疗组患者的QOL均值(92±3.4)高于全身化疗组(85±5.5),差异具有统计学意义(P＜0.05);全身化疗联合Cik细胞治疗组患者血小板减少、白细胞下降的发生率要低于全身化疗组(P＜0.05),差异具有统计学意义.两组在胃肠道反应发生率方面无统计学差异(P＞0.05).全身化疗联合Cik细胞治疗组患者的CD3+、CD4+/CD8+、IFN-γ和IL-2的均值较全身化疗组高,差异具有统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论:对肺癌术后进行全身化疗的患者,联合Cik细胞治疗能提高肺癌术后患者的近期生活质量,减轻术后化疗过程中的骨髓抑制,有增强和调节化疗期间患者免疫功能的作用.消化系统不良反应的发生率与全身化疗无差异,是一种较为理想的治疗方案.     

Adjuvant chemotherapy for resected non-small-cell lung cancer

Because of the high rate of distant disease recurrence, the 5-year survival of patients who have undergone complete surgical resection of localized non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is approximately 50%. Initial results from early studies of adjuvant postoperative chemotherapy reported an adverse effect of alkylating agent and older chemotherapy regimens on survival. Cisplatin-based combinations were the first to show a survival advantage. A 1995 meta-analysis of these studies suggested a 13% reduction in the hazard ratio for death (HR = 0.87), leading to a 5% survival benefit at 5 years. Still, these trials involved limited numbers of patients (N = 1,394), and the results failed to reach statistical significance (P = .08). Of the five largest subsequent randomized trials of platinum-based adjuvant therapy, three showed a significant survival advantage. Although it is impossible to determine the reasons for the differing outcomes of these studies, several key features distinguish them, and the data suggest that medically fit patients with resected stage IB or II NSCLC should be offered chemotherapy with a platinum/new drug combination.     

Second-line chemotherapy for non-small cell lung cancer

Several agents have been evaluated for the second-line treatment of patients with non-small cell lung cancer. The TAX 317 trial found that patients treated with docetaxel (Taxotere) 75 mg/m2 had significantly longer survival than those treated with best supportive care alone. In addition, symptom control was better for patients who received chemotherapy. The TAX 320 trial found that treatment with docetaxel 75 or 100 mg/m2 resulted in significantly higher response rates than treatment with vinorelbine (Navelbine) or ifosfamide (Mitoxana), and the 1-year survival rate was also significantly better for patients treated with docetaxel 75 mg/m2. A large randomized trial compared pemetrexed (LY-231514 or Alimta) 500 mg/m2 with docetaxel 75 mg/m2. Response and survival rates were similar in the two treatment arms, however, the toxicity profile of pemetrexed was superior to that of docetaxel with significantly less Grade 3/4 neutropenia and febrile neutropenia. Fewer patients in the pemetrexed arm required hospitalization. Topotecan (Hycamtin) 2.3 mg/m2/day orally for 5 days has been compared with docetaxel 75 mg/m2 in a large 800-patient study. The results of this trial are awaited. Gemcitabine (Gemzar) and irinotecan (Campto) have been evaluated both as single agents and in combination with each other and study results do not suggest that either of these drugs is superior to docetaxel or pemetrexed. The vinca alkaloid vinorelbine has proved to be inferior to docetaxel in a randomized trial. The epidermal growth factor receptor inhibitors gefitinib (ZD1839, Iressa) and erlotinib (CP-358774, OSI 774, Tarceva) have been evaluated in Phase II trials in the second- and third-line setting. Both drugs have demonstrated interesting response rates ranging from 10 to almost 20%. The results of placebo-controlled randomized trials of this family of drugs are awaited. In summary, several studies have now found a definite role for the second-line treatment of patients with non-small cell lung cancer.