老年患者髋关节术后早期谵妄的危险因素分析

目的探讨老年患者髋关节术后早期谵妄的危险因素。方法回顾性分析2017年10月—2018年10月重症监护室髋关节术后的121例老年患者的临床资料。采用CAM-ICU对患者进行评估,根据24h内是否发生谵妄,将患者分为谵妄组与非谵妄组,统计术后24h谵妄的发生率。应用Logistic回归分析筛选出术后谵妄可能的危险因素,再将可能的危险因素纳入二分类Logistic回归分析,进一步筛选出老年患者髋关节术后早期谵妄的独立危险因素。结果121例患者中发生早期术后谵妄49例,发生率为40.5%。谵妄组与非谵妄组患者在年龄、APACHEⅡ评分、手术时间、术中失血量、脑卒中史和肢体约束史方面差异有统计学意义。而在性别、血清肌酐值、肝功能Child-Pugh分级、麻醉方式、手术方式、高血压史、冠心病史、糖尿病史和慢性阻塞性肺疾病史方面差异没有统计学意义。二分类Logistic回归分析结果显示,年龄[OR=1.972,95%CI=(1.012,3.525)]和脑卒中史[OR=3.700,95%CI=(1.409,9.703)]是髋部手术术后早期谵妄发生的独立危险因素(P<0.05)。结论年龄和脑卒中史是老年患者髋关节术后早期谵妄发生的独立危险因素。     

心力衰竭患者谵妄发生现状及其影响因素的研究

目的:探讨谵妄在心力衰竭患者中的发生率及其影响因素。方法:前瞻性观察研究来自中国医学科学院阜外医院心力衰竭治疗中心2017年8月至2018年5月收治住院的患者323例。根据纳入和排除标准对最终入选的318例患者在住院期间是否发生谵妄,分为谵妄组(n=12)和非谵妄组(n=306)。采用重症监护谵妄筛查量表(ICDSC)每日2次对患者住院期间是否发生谵妄进行筛查,描述心力衰竭患者住院期间谵妄发生现状并分析影响患者谵妄发生的因素。结果:318例患者中有12例(3.8%)发生了谵妄。研究发现患者的血钠>145 mmol/L(OR=18.349,P<0.001)、血肌酐>133μmol/L(OR=7.246,P=0.009)以及使用镇静安眠药(OR=6.427,P=0.010)是心力衰竭患者发生谵妄的独立影响因素。结论:医务人员对伴有谵妄发生高危因素的患者,应提前干预并增加有效监测;对心力衰竭患者使用镇静安眠药物缓解患者焦虑失眠等症状时应慎重,可依据循证证据使用心理护理、中医缓和疗法等替代疗法,从而有效减少患者谵妄症状的发生,改善患者预后。     

Pressure Ulcers in Elderly Patients with Hip Fracture Across the Continuum of Care

OBJECTIVES: To identify care settings associated with greater pressure ulcer risk in elderly patients with hip fracture in the postfracture period.
DESIGN: Prospective cohort study.
SETTING: Nine hospitals that participate in the Baltimore Hip Studies network and 105 postacute facilities to which patients from these hospitals were discharged.
PARTICIPANTS: Hip fracture patients aged 65 and older who underwent surgery for hip fracture.
MEASUREMENTS: A full-body skin examination was conducted at baseline (as soon as possible after hospital admission) and repeated on alternating days for 21 days. Patients were deemed to have an acquired pressure ulcer (APU) if they developed one or more new stage 2 or higher pressure ulcers after hospital admission.
RESULTS: In 658 study participants, the APU cumulative incidence at 32 days after initial hospital admission was 36.1% (standard error 2.5%). The adjusted APU incidence rate was highest during the initial acute hospital stay (relative risk (RR)=2.2, 95% confidence interval (CI)=1.3–3.7) and during re-admission to the acute hospital (RR=2.2, 95% CI=1.1–4.2). The relative risks in rehabilitation and nursing home settings were 1.4 (95% CI=0.8–2.3) and 1.3 (95% CI=0.8–2.1), respectively.
CONCLUSION: Approximately one-third of hip fracture patients developed an APU during the study period. The rate was highest in the acute setting, a finding that is significant in light of Medicare's policy of not reimbursing hospitals for the treatment of hospital-APUs. Hip fracture patients constitute an important group to target for pressure ulcer prevention in hospitals.     

Delirium severity and psychomotor types: their relationship with outcomes after hip fracture repair

OBJECTIVES: To validate the Memorial Delirium Assessment Scale (MDAS) as a measure of delirium severity in a cohort of patients aged 65 and older; to examine the association between severity of delirium and patient outcomes; and to examine the association between psychomotor variants of delirium and each of those outcomes. DESIGN: Prospective assessment of sample. SETTING: Hospital. PARTICIPANTS: One hundred twenty-two older patients (mean age +/- standard deviation = 79 +/- 8) who had undergone acute hip fracture surgery. MEASUREMENTS: We used standardized instruments to assess prefracture activities of daily living (ADLs), ambulatory status, cognition, and living situation. Postoperatively, each patient was interviewed daily. Delirium was diagnosed using the Confusion Assessment Method (CAM), and delirium severity was measured using the MDAS. The MDAS was also used to categorize the psychomotor types of delirium into "purely hypoactive" or "any hyperactivity." Telephone or face-to-face interviews were conducted at 1 and 6 months to assess survival, ADL function, ambulatory status, and living situation. RESULTS: Of 122 patients, 40% developed CAM-defined delirium. Delirious patients had higher average MDAS scores than nondelirious patients (11.7 vs 2.4, P <.0001). We used the median of the average MDAS score to classify patients into mild or severe delirium. Severe delirium was generally associated with worse outcomes than was mild delirium, and the associations reached statistical significance for nursing home placement or death at 6 months (52% vs 17%, P =.009). Additionally, patients who did not meet full CAM criteria for delirium experienced worse outcomes if they had some symptoms of delirium than if they had no or few symptoms (nursing home placement or death at 6 months: 27% vs 0%, P =.001). Surprisingly, these patients with subsyndromal delirium who did not fulfill CAM criteria for delirium but demonstrated significant delirium symptoms, had outcomes similar to or worse than those with mild CAM-defined delirium. Pure hypoactive delirium accounted for 71% (34/48) of cases and was less severe than was delirium with any hyperactivity (average MDAS score 10.6 vs 14.8, P =.007). In our cohort, patients with pure hypoactive delirium had better outcomes than did those with any hyperactivity (nursing home placement or death at 1 month: 32% vs 79%, P =.003); this difference persisted after adjusting for severity. CONCLUSION: In this study of delirium in older hip fracture patients, the MDAS, a continuous severity measure, was a useful adjunct to the CAM, a dichotomous diagnostic measure. In patients with CAM-defined delirium, severe delirium was generally associated with worse outcomes than was mild delirium. In patients who did not fulfill CAM criteria, subsyndromal delirium was associated with worse outcomes than having few or no symptoms of delirium. Patients with subsyndromal delirium had outcomes similar to patients with mild delirium, suggesting that a dichotomous approach to diagnosis and management may be inappropriate. Pure hypoactive delirium was more common than delirium with any hyperactive features, tended to be milder, and was associated with better outcomes even after adjusting for severity. Future studies should confirm our preliminary associations and examine whether treatment to reduce the severity of delirium symptoms can improve outcomes after hip fracture repair.