胃肠道移植物抗宿主病的研究进展

近年来,异基因造血干细胞移植（allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation,allo-HSCT）已成为治疗一些恶性血液病、实体瘤、再生障碍性贫血及某些遗传性疾病的主要和有效手段之一。但由于供、受者之间主要组织相容性复合体（MHC）的差异,移植物抗宿主病（graft-versus-host disease,GVHD）的发生不可避免。     

非清髓性造血干细胞移植后并发移植物抗宿主病的相关因素分析

目的 探讨和分析非清髓性造血干细胞移植(NST)后并发移植物抗宿主病(GVHD)的相关因素.方法 选择34例血液病患者,其中重型再生障碍性贫血(SAA)15例,重型β-地中海贫血(TM)1例,肿瘤性血液病18例;进行无关供者脐带血造血干细胞移植(UCBT)11例,同胞供者骨髓联合外周血干细胞移植7例,外周血造血干细胞移植(PBSCT)16例.移植前采用以抗胸腺细胞球蛋白(ATG)、抗淋巴细胞球蛋白(ALG)或者氟达拉滨强效免疫抑制为基础的非清髓性预处理方案.GVHD的预防采用短程的甲氨蝶呤(MTX)联合环孢素A(CsA).观察非清髓性造血干细胞移植后的临床特点以及急、慢性移植物抗宿主病的发生情况;分析发生慢性移植物抗宿主病(cGVHD)的相关因素.结果 NST的植入率为91.2%.移植后7例肿瘤性血液病患者形成了供、受者造血细胞混合嵌合体(MC),给予供者淋巴细胞输注(DLI)2～9次后,例由MC转变为供者造血细胞完全嵌合体(FDC).随访12(3～96)个月,共发生Ⅰ～Ⅱ度急性移植物抗宿主病(aGVHD)5例,GVHD 15例.经统计学分析,发现年龄大的肿瘤性血液病患者经以ATG为基础的NST后,再给予DLI,其cGVHD的发生率高,且合并感染,对治疗的反应差;而以氟达拉滨为基础的NST患者发生cGVHD后治疗反应较好.移植100 d前后患者分别死亡3例和5例,其中3例死于广泛性cGVHD.结论 患者的年龄大、有合并症、以ATG为基础的预处理方案、肿瘤性血液病是NST后患者并发cGVHD的危险因素.     

异基因造血干细胞移植后慢性移植物抗宿主病的临床分析

目的：探讨异基因造血干细胞移植（allo-HSCT）后慢性移植物抗宿主病（cGVHD）的临床特点、相关危险因素及治疗效果。方法：回顾性分析69例allo-HSCT患者的临床资料。根据供、受者的关系以及配型情况，将患者分为三组：A组为亲缘全相合异基因骨髓移植，22例；B组为亲缘全相合异基因外周血干细胞移植，37例；C组为非血缘移植和不全相合移植，10例。术前均采用化疗预处理，术后采用短程甲氨蝶呤联合环孢素A（CsA）预防移植物抗宿主病（GVHD）。局限性cGVHD患者多采用单一免疫抑制剂（CsA或糖皮质激素）治疗，病情进展者采用标准方案（CsA联合糖皮质激素）治疗；广泛性cGVHD患者则需用标准方案治疗（一线治疗方案）。一线治疗无效、病情进展者，对一线治疗依赖不能停药，或停药后病情反复者，需用他克莫司、霉酚酸酯及硫唑嘌呤治疗（二线治疗方案）。结果：移植后随访6～120个月，中位时间为43个月，39例诊断为cGVHD，其中局限性cGVHD13例（33．3％，13／39），广泛性cGVHD26例（66．7％，26／39），7例死于cGVHD或与之相关的并发症。B组cGVHD发生率较A组显著升高（P〈0．05），B组和C组的广泛性cGVHD发生率显著高于A组（P〈O．05）。外周血干细胞移植和病程中发生2～4度急性GVHD是cGVHD发生的主要危险因素。局限性cGVHD患者采用一线方案治疗的有效率显著高于广泛性cGVHD患者（P〈0．05），标准危险度cGVHD者的治疗有效率显著优于高危险度cGVHD者（P〈0．05）。结论：eGVHD是allo-HSCT后常见并发症和致死原因；广泛性cGVHD多发生于异基因外周血干细胞移植、HLA配型不全相合移植和非血缘移植，且临床治疗效果不佳。     

造血干细胞移植后慢性移植物抗宿主病相关的膜性肾病一例

目的 总结造血干细胞移植后慢性移植物抗宿主病（cGVHD）相关的膜性肾病的诊疗体会。方法 为1例急性淋巴细胞白血病患者施行HLA全相合的无关供者外周血造血干细胞移植，术后应用甲氨喋呤和他克莫司（FK506）预防GVHD。术后第19d发生急性GVHD，经甲泼尼龙治疗逆转。分别于术后182d、235d停用FK506和泼尼松，5d后患者出现cGVHD表现，肝功能异常，并伴肾病综合征的相关表现，病理诊断为膜性肾病Ⅱ期，遂给予FK506和泼尼松治疗，同时辅以利尿、降脂等措施。结果发生膜性肾病时，患者的尿蛋白＋＋＋＋，白细胞75个／μl，上皮细胞359．5个／pl，病理性管型＋，管型计数为167个／μl，24h尿蛋白定量为4．28g；肾组织活检，无肾小球硬化，肾小球体积稍大，部分血管袢受压，开放欠佳，肾小球基底膜轻微增厚，外观呈僵硬感，系膜基质轻、中度增殖；间质区部分肾小管扩张，肿胀、变性，未见明显间质纤维化和炎症细胞浸润；Masson染色可见基底膜上皮侧嗜复红物沉积；免疫荧光检查，IgG＋＋＋，C3＋＋＋，IgA＋＋，沿毛细血管袢呈颗粒状节段性分布，系膜区呈团块状分布；IgM、Clq、CA均阴性。电镜下可见肾小球基底膜上皮下沉积物，并有基膜增厚，毛细血管系膜基质轻度增生。经泼尼松和FK506治疗，2个月后尿蛋白转阴。结论 造血干细胞移植后出现肾病综合征或蛋白尿，应考虑GVHD相关膜性肾病的可能，肾穿刺活检有助于诊断，糖皮质激素和FK506治疗有效。     

非清髓性造血干细胞移植后移植物抗宿主病的临床观察

目的 观察非清髓性造血干细胞移植（NST）后移植物抗宿主病（GVHD）的发生情况。方法 将18例患者分为3组：A组为6例重型再生障碍性贫血（SAA）成人患者，行无关供者脐血造血干细胞移植；B组为5例SAA患者，行同胞供者骨髓联合外周血造血干细胞移植；C组为7例肿瘤性血液病患者，其中3例行同胞供者骨髓移植，4例行外周血造血干细胞移植。均采用以抗胸腺细胞球蛋白或抗淋巴细胞球蛋白为基础的预处理方案。A组和B组应用环孢素A（CsA）和甲泼尼龙预防GVHD，C组应用CsA和甲氨蝶呤预防GVHD。C组形成混合性嵌合体后行供者淋巴细胞输注（DLI）。结果 A组有4例形成并维持混合性嵌合体状态，1例死于真菌性败血症，1例自动出院。移植后早期，B组有3例供者型嵌合体占94％以上，并在短期内转变并维持完全供者嵌合体状态，获得无病存活，其中1例在移植后8个月发生慢性GVHD；另2例行供者千细胞输注后，1例6个月后死于继发性纵隔淋巴瘤，1例造血功能恢复。C组患者早期均形成混合性嵌合体，获得血液学部分缓解，患者DLI前无急性GVHD发生，1例于2次DLI后死于严重感染，1例失访；另5例分别经过4、3、7、5、4次DLI，全部转为完全供者型嵌合体，并获得血液学完全缓解，4例并发慢性GVHD，2例并发急性GVHD。结论 对于SAA患者，NST的临床效果较好，GVHD的发生率较低；而对于肿瘤性血液病，NST后患者的早期死亡率低，急性GVHD发生率下降，但慢性GVHD和感染的发生率较高。     

同种异基因造血干细胞移植急性移植物抗宿主病小鼠模型的制作

目的 制作同种异基因造血干细胞移植急性移植物抗宿主病(GVHD)小鼠模型.方法 以C57BL/6( H-2b)小鼠为供者,Balb/c( H-2d)小鼠为受者,进行同种异基因骨髓移植.设立全身照射(TBI)对照组(4只)、GVHD组(10只)、单纯骨髓移植组(10只)及正常对照组(4只).TBI对照组仅进行致死性TBI,TBI后不进行骨髓移植;GVHD组于TBI前5d开始饮用含320 mg/L庆大霉素和250 mg/L红霉素的饮用水,移植当天以60Co γ射线行一次性TBI,总剂量8.0Gy,TBI后5h内每只小鼠经尾静脉输注C57BL/6小鼠骨髓细胞2×106个+脾细胞1×107个;单纯骨髓移植组预处理与GVHD组相同,每只小鼠经尾静脉输注C57BL/6小鼠骨髓细胞2×106个.移植后观察小鼠的精神状态、活动能力、体位改变、皮毛、体重和大便等,记录每只小鼠的存活时间,计算存活率,并绘制生存曲线.濒死小鼠的皮肤、肝脏、小肠和骨髓行病理检查.结果 TBI对照组小鼠的存活时间为(9.0±0.7)d,GVHD组为(32.0±3.2)d,单纯骨髓移植组为(17.5±1.6)d,3组间两两比较,存活时间的差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.01).TBI对照组病理检查显示造血功能衰竭.GVHD组于移植后第10～13天出现急性GVHD表现,其皮肤、肝脏和小肠组织的病理表现均符合Ⅰ～Ⅱ度急性GVHD改变,单纯骨髓移植组也于移植后第10～13天出现GVHD表现,但其GVHD表现和组织学改变明显轻于GVHD组,仅为0～Ⅰ度GVHD.结论 Balb/c小鼠经致死性TBI后移植同种异基因小鼠骨髓细胞+脾细胞可成功制作稳定的急性GVHD模型.     

肠道移植物抗宿主病研究进展

移植物抗宿主病(GVHD)是异基因造血干细胞移植最严重的并发症之一,主要累及皮肤、肝脏和肠道。其中,肠道GVHD发病率较高、程度较重,重度肠道GVHD往往难以逆转,并且会引起一系列并发症,加重全身GVHD,影响移植疗效,增加病死率。肠道GVHD的早期诊断与有效治疗直接关系到疾病的预后,在GVHD的诊治中处于重要的地位。本文对肠道GVHD的症状表现、诊断及鉴别诊断、病理机制、治疗进展等方方面作一综述。     

第三方脐血预防异基因造血干细胞移植后移植物抗宿主病

目的 探讨无关供者和单倍型亲缘供者异基因造血干细胞移植(allo-HSCT)前输注第三方脐血预防移植物抗宿主病(GVHD)的效果.方法 2007年至2011年接受无关供者及单倍型亲缘供者allo-HSCT的受者共41例.脐血预防组(25例),于移植前1d予以HLA配型为4/6～6/6的第三方脐血细胞输注,平均输入有核细胞数为(1.64±0.49)×107/kg,次日再输入供者造血干细胞.其余患者作为对照组(16例).两组均采用抗胸腺细胞球蛋白+环孢素A+甲氨蝶呤+吗替麦考酚酯预防急性GVHD.比较两组间急性GVHD的发生率、严重程度以及移植相关死亡率.结果 脐血预防组和对照组aGVHD累积发生率分别为44.0％(11/25)和68.8％(11/16),两组比较,差异无统计学意义(x2=2.403,P＞0.05);Ⅲ～Ⅳ度aGVHD累积发生率分别为16.0％(4/25)和37.5％(6/16),两组比较,差异无统计学意义(x2=2.445,P＞0.05),100 d治疗相关病死率分别为12.0％(3/25)和12.5％(2/16),两组比较,差异无统计学意义(x2=0.002,P＞0.05).结论 在无关供者及单倍型亲缘供者allo-HSCT前应用第三方脐血细胞,可能有效预防GVHD的发生或减轻GVHD的严重度,但尚需要进一步设计扩大规模的随机对照临床试验验证其有效性.     

布地奈德治疗造血干细胞移植后肠道急性移植物抗宿主病四例

急性移植物抗宿主病(aGVHD)是异基因造血干细胞移植后的主要并发症，肠道aGVHD主要表现为腹泻，严重者可出现血便、腹痛和肠梗阻，是影响移植效果的重要因素。布地奈德是一种肠道吸收率低的糖皮质激素类药物，临床多用于治疗支气管哮喘及结肠炎所致的腹泻。我们将布地奈德用于4例异基因造血干细胞移植后肠道aGVHD的治疗，观察其治疗效果，现报道如下。     

Ultrasonographic evaluation of gastrointestinal graft‐versus‐host disease after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation

Gastrointestinal graft‐versus‐host disease (GI‐GVHD) is a major and life‐threatening complication of hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). This study evaluated the efficacy of ultrasonography (US) for assessing and monitoring GI‐GVHD. GI tract was evaluated by US in 81 patients. US findings were positive in 43 patients, including 11 false positive, and negative in 38 patients. Sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value, and accuracy of US for the diagnosis of GI‐GVHD were 100%, 78%, 74%, 100%, and 86%, respectively. Diffuse wall thickening of the ileum was the most frequent finding in patients with GI‐GVHD. Severity of GI‐GVHD was correlated with the thickness of internal low echoic layer of the wall, the echogenicity of mesenteric fat tissue, and the intensity of Doppler signaling. We classified US findings of GI‐GVHD into four US grades. There was a significant correlation between clinical stage of GI‐GVHD and the US grade. These ultrasonographic abnormalities were improved with clinical improvement of GI‐GVHD upon treatment. Thus, US is an effective and efficient non‐invasive means of identifying the extent and severity of GI‐GVHD and monitoring response to treatment.     

异基因造血干细胞移植后并发慢性移植物抗宿主病患者生活质量变化及其影响因素分析

目的探究异基因造血干细胞移植(allo-HSCT)后并发慢性移植物抗宿主病(cGVHD)患者生活质量及其影响因素。 方法选取2016年6月至2020年6月于浙江大学医学院附属第一医院骨髓移植中心行allo-HSCT并在移植后诊断为cGVHD的患者作为研究对象,研究时间为allo-HSCT后初次诊断cGVHD至确诊后9个月。收集allo-HSCT后并发cGVHD患者确诊cGVHD时以及确诊后3、6和9个月临床资料,并采用第4版癌症治疗功能评价-骨髓移植测评量表(FACT-BMT V4.0)对其进行问卷调查。非正态分布计量资料采用Kruskal-Wallis H检验进行比较。分类变量采用卡方检验进行比较。对allo-HSCT并发cGVHD患者确诊后3个月生活质量影响因素进行单因素分析,选取单因素分析中P<0.05的因素及患者年龄进行多元线性回归分析。P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。 结果最终纳入247例allo-HSCT后并发cGVHD患者,其中111例为轻度cGVHD,104例为中度cGVHD,32例为重度cGVHD,三组患者原发病及移植时间构成比例差异均有统计学意义(χ²＝15.446和44.456,P均<0.05)。轻、中、重度cGVHD组患者躯体状况、社会/家庭状况、情感状况、功能状况、干细胞移植模块得分以及FACT-BMT V4.0总分差异均有统计学意义(H＝41.184、16.277、22.695、27.014、60.112和64.645,P均<0.05)。截至2021年6月,247例allo-HSCT后并发cGVHD患者中位随访时间为948(246,1 867)d,其中68.4%(169/247)患者经系统治疗后获得完全缓解(CR)/部分缓解(PR)。获得CR/PR患者确诊cGVHD时以及确诊后3、6、9个月FACT-BMT V4.0总分分别为152(111,183)、124(95,154)、129(100,157)和152(120,182)分,各时间点差异有统计学意义(H＝344.113,P<0.05)。单因素及多元线性回归分析结果显示,cGVHD严重程度及糖皮质激素耐药是影响allo-HSCT后并发cGVHD患者确诊后3个月生活质量独立危险因素(P均<0.05)。 结论FACT-BMT V4.0在allo-HSCT人群中具有较好的实践价值。cGVHD严重影响allo-HSCT后患者生活质量,且与cGVHD严重程度及糖皮质激素耐药密切相关。经治疗后获得CR/PR者FACT-BMT总分呈动态上升趋势。     

Hyperbilirubinemia after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation: comparison of clinical and pathologic findings in 41 autopsied cases

Kagoya Y, Takahashi T, Nannya Y, Shinozaki A, Ota S, Fukayama M, Kurokawa M. Hyperbilirubinemia after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation: comparison of clinical and pathologic findings in 41 autopsied cases.
Clin Transplant 2011: 25: E552–E557. © 2011 John Wiley & Sons A/S. Abstract: Hyperbilirubinemia is often associated with morbidity and mortality after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). Diagnosis of its etiology is usually made clinically among various possible causes, and analysis of histological findings as compared with the clinical diagnosis has not been performed sufficiently. We retrospectively analyzed clinical and pathological findings in 41 autopsied patients who died with hyperbilirubinemia (>2 mg/dL). Overall, liver graft‐versus‐host disease (GVHD) showed the most prominent discordance between clinical and pathological diagnoses. Only 11 of the 22 patients, considered to have liver GVHD clinically, had GVHD findings at autopsy. Serum gamma‐glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT), GGT/aspartate aminotransferase (AST) ratio, and alkaline phosphatase (ALP)/AST ratio in GVHD patients were significantly higher compared with those without GVHD (p = 0.02, <0.01, and 0.03, respectively), which was useful in clinical diagnosis of liver GVHD. Other major findings include liver invasion of the primary malignancies in 8 patients, post‐transplant lymphoproliferative disorder of the liver in two patients, and disseminated liver invasion by fungus or varicella‐zoster virus in one patient, respectively. Although analysis of clinical data is useful for narrowing diagnosis, histological analysis by liver biopsy is crucially important, especially in cases suspected of having GVHD.     

Modified donor lymphocyte infusion‐associated acute graft‐versus‐host disease after haploidentical T‐cell‐replete hematopoietic stem cell transplantation: incidence and risk factors

We performed a study to investigate the profile of donor lymphocyte infusion (DLI)‐associated acute graft‐versus‐host disease (GVHD) in haploidentical T‐cell‐replete hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). A total of 124 patients receiving modified DLI after haploidentical T‐cell‐replete HSCT were enrolled. The cumulative incidence of DLI‐associated acute GVHD was 53.2% for grades II–IV and 28.4% for grades III–IV. The duration of GVHD prophylaxis after DLI was the only risk factor for DLI‐associated grades III–IV acute GVHD (p < 0.05). The cumulative incidence of grades III–IV acute GVHD in patients with prophylaxis more than six, four to six, two to four, and <2 wk were 9.3%, 14.4%, 31.6%, and 49.5%, respectively (p = 0.018). Furthermore, DLI‐associated grades III–IV acute GVHD was the only risk factor for overall survival (p = 0.038, OR   = 2.869) and transplant‐related mortality (p = 0.018, OR = 3.296) but not a risk factor for relapse after DLI (p = 0.840). This study confirms for the first time that the duration of GVHD prophylaxis after DLI is the only risk factor for the development of grades III–IV acute GVHD. Donor lymphocyte infusion with prophylaxis more than six wk was associated with a lower incidence of grades III–IV acute GVHD.     

Glutathione S-transferase A1 polymorphisms and acute graft-vs.-host disease in HLA-matched sibling allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation

Busulfan and the metabolites of cyclophosphamide are conjugated with glutathione and catabolized by enzymes of the cytosolic glutathione S-transferases family. There are clearly linked single nucleotide polymorphisms in the promoter region of the glutathione S-transferase A1 gene (i.e., GSTA1*A, -567T, -69C and -52G; GSTA1*B, -567G, -69T and -52A). We assessed whether the clinical outcomes, including acute graft-vs.-host disease, of 61 patients with hematological malignancies, following HLA-matched sibling allogeneic stem cell transplantation using busulfan/cyclophosphamide conditioning are altered by glutathione S-transferase A1 genotypes. Globally, grade II-IV acute graft-vs.-host disease developed in 13 patients (21%). Grade II-IV acute graft-vs.-host disease developed in 15.2% of 46 patients with GSTA1*A/*A diplotype and in 40.0% of 15 patients with GSTA1*A/*B or GSTA1*B/*B diplotype (p = 0.04). Moreover, this relationship between GSTA1*A/*A diplotypes and lower incidence of acute graft-vs.-host disease was independent of the age, gender, stem cell source, and disease status. The incidences of acute skin graft-vs.-host disease were 7% (3/46) in patients with GSTA1*A/*A and 27% (4/15) in patients without GSTA1*A/*A (p = 0.009, univariate; p = 0.01, multivariate). Acute hepatic graft-vs.-host disease developed in 6 (13%) of 46 patients with the GSTA1*A/*A diplotype and in 4 (27%) of 15 patients without this diplotype (p = 0.09, univariate; p = 0.12, multivariate). Ten patients (16%) developed hepatic veno-occlusive disease. No significant difference was found in the incidence of hepatic veno-occlusive disease between patients with and without the GSTA1*A/*A diplotype (19.6% vs. 6.7%; p = 0.24). We conclude that the GSTA1*A/*A diplotype is an independent protective factor against acute graft-vs.-host disease, especially for skin graft-vs.-host disease, and probably for hepatic graft-vs.-host disease, in patients using busulfan/cyclophosphamide conditioning. The identification of glutathione S-transferase A1 genotypes prior to allogeneic stem cell transplantation could allow conditioning regimens and graft-vs.-host disease prophylaxis to be modified to improve outcome.     

Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG probiotic enteric regimen does not appreciably alter the gut microbiome or provide protection against GVHD after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation

Graft‐versus‐host disease (GVHD) is a major adverse effect associated with allogeneic stem cell transplant. Previous studies in mice indicated that administration of the probiotic Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG can reduce the incidence of GVHD after hematopoietic stem cell transplant. Here we report results from the first randomized probiotic enteric regimen trial in which allogenic hematopoietic stem cell patients were supplemented with Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG. Gut microbiome analysis confirmed a previously reported gut microbiome association with GVHD. However, the clinical trial was terminated when interim analysis did not detect an appreciable probiotic‐related change in the gut microbiome or incidence of GVHD. Additional studies are necessary to determine whether probiotics can alter the incidence of GVHD after allogeneic stem cell transplant.     

异基因造血干细胞移植后早期特发性肺炎综合征的危险因素及发病机制

目的 研究异基凶造血干细胞移植(allo-HSCT)术后早期特发性肺炎综合征(IPS)的独立危险因素及发病机制.方法 同顾件分析192例allo-HSCT受者的临床资料,观察术后急性移植物抗宿主病(aGVHD)和IPS的发牛情况及其临床表现,对患者年龄、性别、原发病、移植时疾病状态(高危组70例,疾病处于难治、未缓解状态;标危组122例,疾病处于缓解状态)、供者类型、HLA相合程度、移植类型、预处理方案、急性移植物抗宿主病(aGVHD)、aGVHD程度、aGVHD累及器官等11项临床因素进行单因素分析,将有统计学意义的因素进行Logistic多因素同归分析,筛选出发生IPS的独立危险因素,并结合文献,探讨其发病机制.结果 192例allo-HSCT受者中,有23例发生IPS,发生时间为术后76 d(32～120 d),其中20例经治疗无效死亡,发病至死亡的时间为9 d(3～92 d),其余3例治愈.23例IPS患者中,有19例发生过aGVHD,其中肠道aGVHD16例.单因素分析显示,高危组、非亲缘供者、HLA不合、发生aGVHD、Ⅲ～Ⅳ度aGVHD及肠道aGVHD等6个因素具有统计学意义;多凶素分析显示,非亲缘供者、Ⅲ～Ⅳ度aGVHD和肠道aGVHD等3个因素是发生IPS的独立危险因素.结论 非亲缘供者、Ⅲ～Ⅳ度aGVHD及肠道aGVHD是发生IPS的独立危险因素;IPS可能是由aGVHD引起的肺部病变.     

Second allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation: a treatment for graft failure

We evaluated the results in 20 recent patients treated with a second hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) after graft failure (GF). There were 10 children <18 yr of age. Ten patients had a non-malignant disease, and the other 10 had a malignant disease. In most of the transplantations, fludarabine-based reduced intensity conditioning (RIC) was given. Bone marrow was given to 11 patients, peripheral blood system cell (PBSC) in seven and cord blood to two patients. For the second transplantation (n = 20), a new donor was used in nine cases, while the initial donor was used in 11 transplants. Eight patients (40%) suffered from a second GF. Five of these patients were treated with a third HSCT. The probability of survival was 65% one yr and 60% three yr after the second HSCT. No difference in survival was found between patients transplanted with a new donor (56%) compared to those using the original donor (64%). The three-yr survival was 70% for children compared to 50% for adults (p = ns). Patients with a non-malignant disorder showed a three-yr survival of 90% compared to 20% in patients with a malignant disease (p = 0.005). We concluded that re-transplantation using RIC is a valid option for GF, especially in patients with non-malignant disorders.