内质网应激介导了高糖引起的血管平滑肌细胞钙化

目的探讨内质网应激是否介导了高糖引起的血管平滑肌细胞(VSMC)钙化。方法体外高糖(35μmol/L D-葡萄糖)处理VSMC模拟糖尿病环境,观察高糖是否引起VSMC内质网应激反应和凋亡,探索高糖是否引起VSMC表型转化(收缩型转变为成骨样细胞),观察内质网应激诱导剂和抑制剂对VSMC钙化的影响,碱性磷酸酶(ALP)活性、钙沉积和骨分化转录因子(Runx2和Osterix)通过比色法、O-cresolphthalein法和Western blot测定。结果应用35μmol/L D-葡萄糖分别处理VSMC不同时间,可以上调VSMC内质网应激标志蛋白表达、ALP活性、钙沉积和骨分化标志蛋白;然而,4-PBA预处理抑制VSMC内质网应激反应的同时,也能阻断高糖引起的VSMC钙化,表现为ALP活性、钙沉积和骨分化标志蛋白下降。结论高糖可以激活VSMC的内质网应激和凋亡,进而促VSMC钙化的发生,提示可能内质网应激介导了此激活过程。     

维生素K_2对大鼠血管平滑肌细胞钙化及Toll样受体2和4表达的影响

目的探讨维生素K_2对血管平滑肌细胞(VSMC)钙化及Toll样受体(TLR)2和TLR4表达的影响。方法体外培养A7r5VSMC分为正常组(基础培养液),钙化组(加入10mmol/Lβ磷酸甘油),干预组(钙化基础上加入维生素K_210-6 mmol/L),各组均干预14d。Von Kossa染色观察VSMC钙化发生情况;检测细胞钙含量和碱性磷酸酶(ALP)活性;实时定量PCR及Western blot检测TLR2和TLR4mRNA和蛋白表达水平。结果钙化组细胞钙含量及ALP活性较正常组分别增加11.5倍和9.3倍(P<0.01);干预组细胞钙含量及ALP活性较钙化组分别减少1.5倍和2.3倍(P<0.01)。与正常组比较,钙化组细胞TLR2、TLR4蛋白及mRNA表达升高;与钙化组比较,干预组细胞TLR2、TLR4蛋白及mRNA表达降低(P<0.05,P<0.01)。结论维生素K_2抑制细胞钙化的作用可能与TLR2和TLR4表达的下调有关。     

BMP信号通路在华法林诱导的大鼠血管平滑肌细胞钙化中的作用

目的探讨骨形态发生蛋白(BMP)信号通路在华法林诱导的大鼠血管平滑肌细胞(VSMC)钙化中的作用。方法体外分离培养大鼠胸主动脉VSMC,将其随机分为正常对照组、高磷组、华法林(10μmol/L)干预组及华法林(10μmol/L)+维生素K(10μmol/L)干预组。对细胞进行钙含量和碱性磷酸酶(ALP)活性检测,茜素红染色检测钙结节,Western blot检测细胞中Runx2蛋白的表达变化,RT-PCR检测细胞中骨形态发生蛋白2(BMP-2)、Smad1及Runx2的表达变化。结果茜素红染色结果显示,与正常对照组和高磷组相比,华法林干预组钙化结节明显增多;钙含量测定结果与茜素红染色结果基本一致。与正常对照组和高磷组相比,华法林干预组ALP活性明显增加(P0.05),Runx2 mRNA和蛋白表达水平及BMP-2、Smad1 mRNA表达明显增高(P0.05);与华法林干预组相比,华法林+维生素K干预组细胞钙含量、ALP活性及BMP-2、Smad1、Runx2的表达均明显降低(P0.05)。结论BMP信号通路参与了华法林促进的大鼠VSMC钙化,其可能的作用机制是介导了VSMC的表型转化。     

血管紧张素Ⅱ激活内质网应激促进大鼠血管平滑肌细胞凋亡的研究

目的:探讨内质网应激(ERS)在血管紧张素Ⅱ(Ang Ⅱ)诱导大鼠血管平滑肌细胞(VSMC)凋亡中的作用。方法:Ang Ⅱ诱导大鼠VSMC凋亡模型,并应用ERS抑制剂干预,采用流式细胞仪检测VSMC凋亡率;Western Blot检测ERS相关凋亡因子的表达变化。结果:不同浓度Ang Ⅱ(1、10、50μM)均可诱导VSMC凋亡,其总凋亡率(23.1±5.5)%、(30.0±2.5)%、(55.4±3.3)%与对照组(10.9±2.5)%相比显著升高(P0.05);Ang Ⅱ可诱导大鼠VSMC细胞ERS相关凋亡因子表达升高,与对照组相比,CHOP及Caspase12水平分别升高3.15倍和2.35倍(P0.05);与Ang Ⅱ刺激组相比,应用PERK通路抑制剂可显著降低Ang Ⅱ诱导的CHOP和Caspase12表达水平(P0.05),并降低Ang Ⅱ诱导的总凋亡率((14.6±2.7)%,P0.05)。结论:Ang Ⅱ可通过激活内质网应激CHOP和Caspase12通路诱导大鼠VSMC凋亡。     

过氧化体增殖物激活型受体γ抑制转化生长因子β1诱导的血管平滑肌细胞钙化

目的探讨过氧化体增殖物激活型受体γ(PPARγ)对转化生长因子β1(TGF-β1)诱导的大鼠主动脉血管平滑肌细胞(VSMC)钙化的作用。方法体外培养大鼠主动脉VSMC,先分为正常对照组、不同浓度TGF-β1组(1、2、4、8μg/L),观察TGF-β1对VSMC的影响;再分为正常对照组、钙化组(TGF-β1 4μg/L)、罗格列酮(RSG,20μmol/L)组、钙化+罗格列酮(RSG,20μmol/L)组,观察PPARγ激动剂罗格列酮对VSMC钙化后的作用,对细胞进行钙含量和碱性磷酸酶(ALP)活性检测,茜素红S染色检测钙化结节的形成情况,Western blot检测VSMC标志物α平滑肌肌动蛋白(α-SMA)、PPARγ、成骨样细胞标志物Runt相关转录因子2(Runx2)的蛋白表达情况。结果与正常对照组相比,TGF-β1处理后的VSMC钙盐沉积和ALP活性明显升高(P0.05),且TGF-β1浓度为4μg/L时作用最明显,成骨样细胞标志物Runx2表达明显升高(P0.05),同时平滑肌细胞标志物α-SMA表达减少(P0.05)。而加入罗格列酮后,VSMC的钙盐沉积和ALP活性明显降低(P0.05),α-SMA、PPARγ表达明显上升(P0.05),相反,Runx2的表达则明显受到抑制(P0.05)。结论 TGF-β1可以诱导VSMC向成骨样细胞分化和钙化,而PPARγ激动剂罗格列酮可以抑制TGF-β1诱导下VSMC钙化的发生。     

酸性环境对慢性肾功能衰竭大鼠血管中膜钙化的影响及其机制

目的探讨酸性环境对慢性肾功能衰竭大鼠血管中膜钙化的影响及可能的作用机制。方法体内实验:将雄性SD大鼠随机分为对照组、肾功能衰竭组、血管钙化组和酸干预组,造模成功后采用von Kossa染色和邻甲酚酞络合酮比色法测定大鼠胸主动脉血管钙化情况。体外实验:分离培养SD大鼠胸主动脉血管平滑肌细胞(VSMC),随机分为正常对照组、高磷组、酸干预组和抑制剂组(BMP信号通路抑制剂Noggin),采用茜素红染色和邻甲酚酞络合酮比色法检测细胞钙化情况,酶联免疫吸附法检测细胞碱性磷酸酶(ALP)活性,RT-PCR和Western blot检测细胞BMP-2、Smad1、Runx2的表达情况。结果体内实验:成功制备了慢性肾功能衰竭大鼠血管钙化模型;与血管钙化组相比,酸干预组大鼠血管钙盐沉积明显减轻(P0.05)。体外实验:与正常对照组相比,高磷组细胞钙盐沉积明显增加(P0.05),ALP活性和Runx2表达均增高(P0.05);与高磷组相比,酸干预组细胞钙盐沉积减少(P0.05),ALP活性、Runx2、BMP-2和Smad1表达均降低(P0.05);与高磷组相比,抑制剂组细胞钙盐沉积和Runx2表达均降低(P0.05)。结论酸性环境可以抑制慢性肾功能衰竭大鼠血管中膜钙化的发生,其可能的机制之一是通过BMP-2信号通路抑制了VSMC成骨/成软骨样表型转化来实现的。     

高果糖、高脂喂养致小鼠肝脏内质网应激的时程变化

目的探讨高果糖与高脂饮食对比诱导的小鼠肝脏内质网应激(ERS)的发生时程变化。方法雄性C57BL/J6小鼠分为对照组、高果糖组及高脂组,分别在喂养3 d、8 w后测定各组小鼠空腹血糖(FPG)、空腹血清胰岛素(FINS)、肝脏甘油三酯(TG)含量,并测定各组小鼠肝脏ERS标志物——磷酸化胰腺内质网激酶(p-PERK)及磷酸化山梨醇要求激酶-1(p-IRE1/t-IRE1)的蛋白表达。结果喂养3 d后,与对照组相比,两组FPG、FINS无明显变化,而肝TG水平均显著增加;喂养8 w后,与对照组相比,两组FPG、FINS、肝TG水平均显著增加;喂养3 d后,与对照组相比,高果糖组的肝内p-PERK、p-IRE1蛋白表达显著增加,提示出现ERS,而高脂组GRP78、p-PERK的蛋白表达与对照组无显著区别;喂养8 w后,高果糖、高脂组的肝内p-PERK、p-IRE1蛋白表达均显著增加。结论短期和长期高果糖和高脂喂养均可引起肝内脂质沉积,但高果糖喂养小鼠在脂肪肝发生早期即可出现肝ERS,而高脂喂养小鼠则在长期喂养后方出现肝ERS,提示ERS与高果糖、高脂饮食诱导的脂肪肝发生发展均有关,但介导机制不同。     

阿托伐他汀对大鼠主动脉平滑肌细胞钙化的抑制作用

目的研究阿托伐他汀对体外大鼠主动脉平滑肌细胞钙化(VSMC)的作用。方法采用组织块培养法体外培养大鼠主动脉平滑肌细胞。细胞分5组,即正常组(常规细胞培养液)、钙化组(加入10 mmol／Lβ-磷酸甘油、1×10-7mol／L胰岛素及50μg／L维生素C钙化培养基)和阿托伐他汀(1μmol／L、5μmol／L和10μmol／L)组,后者在诱导血管平滑肌细胞钙化之前,分别给予阿托伐他汀1μmol／L、5μmol/L、10μmol／L预处理24 h后,再加入钙化培养基诱导细胞钙化,连续培养14 d。细胞爬片茜素红S染色观察VSMC钙化;比色法测定细胞Ca2+浓度和细胞蛋白质含量,两者之比作为细胞钙沉积含量;比色法测定细胞ALP活力;MTT法检测细胞增殖。结果阿托伐他汀各组钙结节计数减少,细胞钙沉积含量减少,ALP活力和细胞增殖均降低,并呈剂量依赖性。结论阿托伐他汀对大鼠主动脉平滑肌细胞体外钙化有抑制作用。     

内质网应激与自噬的交互作用对血管钙化的影响

目的证实内质网应激(ERS)和自噬的交互作用对血管钙化(VC)的影响。方法维生素D3肌注和尼古丁灌胃制备大鼠在体血管钙化模型,取主动脉行茜素红染色和钙含量检测,Western blot检测相关蛋白的表达水平。结果与对照组相比,钙化组大鼠主动脉管壁钙沉积显著增加,血管平滑肌细胞(VSMC)收缩表型标志蛋白SM-22α和Calponin表达显著降低,而成骨细胞样表型标志蛋白骨形态发生蛋白2(BMP-2)和Runt相关转录因子2(RUNX2)表达显著升高,ERS标志蛋白葡萄糖调节蛋白(GRP78)和C/EBP同源蛋白(CHOP)以及自噬标志蛋白轻链3(LC3Ⅱ)和Beclin-1表达显著升高。钙化大鼠应用ERS激动剂衣霉素[10μg/(kg·d)]可进一步增加血管壁钙沉积及BMP-2和RUNX2表达水平,而SM-22α和Calponin表达进一步减少,GRP78和CHOP以及LC3Ⅱ和Beclin-1表达水平进一步增加。钙化大鼠应用自噬抑制剂3-甲基腺嘌呤[10 mg/(kg·d)]可降低LC3Ⅱ和Beclin-1水平,同时GRP78和CHOP表达升高,增加血管壁钙沉积及BMP-2和RUNX2表达水平,降低SM-22α和Calponin表达。结论内质网应激与自噬的交互作用影响血管钙化的发展。     

吡格列酮通过内质网应激致凋亡途径对大鼠血管平滑肌细胞钙化的影响

目的　探讨吡格列酮通过内质网应激致凋亡途径对大鼠血管平滑肌细胞钙化的影响及机制。方法　利用β-甘油磷酸钠联合丙酮酸钠制备钙化血管平滑肌细胞模型,予不同浓度（10、50、100　μmol/L）吡格咧酮干预。用Von　Kossa　染色、茜素红S染色测定钙含量以及碱性磷酸酶（ALP）活性观察细胞钙化程度。采用流式细胞术及Tunel法检测细胞凋亡率,实时荧光定量PCR及Western　Blot检测各组细胞GRP78、Caspase-12和Runx2的mRNA及蛋白表达。结果　钙化组其钙含量、ALP活性较对照组细胞增多（P<0.05）,而不同浓度吡格列酮呈剂量依赖性地减轻钙化大鼠血管平滑肌细胞的钙含量和ALP活性（P<0.05）;钙化组其细胞凋亡率较对照组明显升高,而不同浓度吡格列酮呈剂量依赖性地减轻钙化大鼠血管平滑肌细胞凋亡率（P<0.05）;钙化组GRP78、Caspase-12和Runx2　的mRNA及蛋白表达明显升高,而不同浓度吡格列酮呈剂量依赖性地下调钙化大鼠血管平滑肌细胞GRP78、Caspase-12和Runx2的mRNA及蛋白表达（P<0.05）。结论　吡咯列酮通过内质网应激致凋亡途径作用可减轻β-磷酸甘油诱导的血管平滑肌细胞钙化,其作用可能与GRP78、Caspase-12及Runx2表达下调有关。     

Intussusceptive angiogenesis and its role in vascular morphogenesis, patterning, and remodeling

New blood vessels arise initially as blood islands in the process known as vasculogenesis or as new capillary segments produced through angiogenesis. Angiogenesis itself encompasses two broad processes, namely sprouting (SA) and intussusceptive (IA) angiogenesis. Primordial capillary plexuses expand through both SA and IA, but subsequent growth and remodeling are achieved through IA. The latter process proceeds through transluminal tissue pillar formation and subsequent vascular splitting, and the direction taken by the pillars delineates IA into overt phases, namely: intussusceptive microvascular growth, intussusceptive arborization, and intussusceptive branching remodeling. Intussusceptive microvascular growth circumscribes the process of initiation of pillar formation and their subsequent expansion with the result that the capillary surface area is greatly enhanced. In contrast, intussusceptive arborization entails formation of serried pillars that remodel the disorganized vascular meshwork into the typical tree-like arrangement. Optimization of local vascular branching geometry occurs through intussusceptive branching remodeling so that the vasculature is remodeled to meet the local demand. In addition, IA is important in creation of the local organ-specific angioarchitecture. While hemodynamic forces have proven direct effects on IA, with increase in blood flow resulting in initiation of pillars, the preponderant mechanisms are unclear. Molecular control of IA has so far not been unequivocally elucidated but interplay among several factors is probably involved. Future investigations are strongly encouraged to focus on interactions among angiogenic growth factors, angiopoetins, and related receptors.     

缬沙坦对血管损伤小鼠血管重构的影响

目的观察缬沙坦对血管损伤小鼠血管壁内膜、中膜的影响。方法8周龄雄性C57BL／6野生型小鼠80只,随机分为手术组（n=20）、治疗组（n=20）、假手术组（n=20）和对照组（n=20）。手术组：行聚乙烯套管包裹股动脉手术,术后开始蒸馏水灌胃治疗（1mL／次,qd）;治疗组：行聚乙烯套管包裹股动脉手术,术后开始缬沙坦灌胃治疗（10mg／kg,qd）;假手术组：游离出股动脉不套管,术后不灌胃;对照组：不手术,不灌胃。于手术后第14天处死小鼠,取各组损伤套管处股动脉（对照组取相应部位股动脉）;采用苏木素-伊红（HE）染色,光镜下观察血管形态学变化,NIH分析软件测量新生血管内膜和中膜的面积。结果各组中膜均无增厚表现,与术前相比差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。假手术组及对照组无新生内膜增厚,与实验前相比差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）;手术组与治疗组内膜均增厚、面积增大,其中手术组内膜面积增厚程度最大,但与治疗组相比差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。手术组与假手术组及对照组相比,内膜面积比较差异统计学意义（P〈0．05）。结论短期应用缬沙坦能一定程度上抑制损伤后血管内膜增厚、抑制血管重构。     

血管平滑肌细胞自噬与血管钙化关系的研究进展

细胞自噬是细胞利用溶酶体进行自身降解的生物学过程,是一种进化上高度保守的分解代谢过程,对于维持细胞稳态起着重要作用。血管钙化是广泛存在于动脉粥样硬化、糖尿病、终末期肾病等多种疾病中的共同病理表现,是影响心血管疾病死亡率的独立危险因素,目前尚缺乏有效的治疗手段。近年来发现血管平滑肌细胞(VSMCs)自噬可通过调节其降解活动及平滑肌细胞的成骨样分化,从而在调控血管钙化中发挥重要作用。本文就VSMCs自噬与血管钙化的最新研究进展做一综述。     

Early experience on peripheral vascular application of the vascular plugs

BackgroundTranscatheter closure of various congenital and acquired vascular malformations with Amplatzer Vascular plugs I and II has been established. Here we present our experience with device closure.Materials and methodsBetween October 2006 and August 2012, nine (three males and six females) patients aged between 11 months and 62 years (mean age 19 years) underwent percutaneous device closure with AVP I and II vascular plugs for congenital and acquired arteriovenous malformation and cardiac diverticulum are presented here.ResultsOne case of coronary cameral fistula, four cases of pulmonary arteriovenous fistula, one case of large major aortopulmonary collaterals (in tetralogy of Fallot closed before intracardiac repair), one case of congenital cardiac diverticulum, one case of fistula between external carotid artery and internal jugular vein and one case of iatrogenic carotid jugular fistula were successfully closed with AVP I and II plugs. Overall in nine cases, 16 AVP I and II plugs were deployed to occlude feeding vessels and one cardiac diverticulum. The technical success rate was 100%. No major complications were observed.ConclusionAmplatzer vascular plugs can be used successfully for closure of various congenital and acquired vascular malformations with good result.     

高频超声检测脑梗死与短暂性脑缺血发作患者血管内皮功能的探讨

目的:研究脑梗死、短暂性脑缺血发作(TIA)患者颈动脉内-中膜厚度、血管弹性与肱动脉血管内皮功能.方法:研究对象分为3组:脑梗死患者、TIA患者、正常同龄人,每组各30例.用高频超声测量颈动脉内-中膜厚度、收缩期颈动脉内径(DS)、舒张期颈动脉内径(DD),计算颈总动脉壁弹性的相关参数:可扩张度(DC)、顺应性(CC)...     

Structural stability of neoangiogenic intramyocardial microvessels supports functional recovery in chronic ischemic myocardium

We hypothesize that combining angiopoietin-1 (ANG-1) or ANG-2 with vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) improves myocardial perfusion and contractile function by modulating vascular adaptation of neoangiogenic microvessels in a chronic ischemic swine model. Four weeks after occlusion of the left circumflex coronary artery (LCx), animals were injected with AdVEGF₁₆₅ (n = 6), AdVEGF₁₆₅+AdANG-1 (n = 6), AdVEGF₁₆₅+AdANG-2 (n = 6) or control vector (n = 5) into the left ventricular posterolateral wall. Regional perfusion by fluorescent microspheres and segmental myocardial tissue velocity by tissue Doppler imaging (TDI) were assessed at baseline, 4 weeks post occlusion and 4 weeks post therapy. Despite similar vascular growth following VEGF+ANG-1 and VEGF+ANG-2 treatments, transmural myocardial contractility improved only when VEGF was paired with ANG-1. In contrast, regional systolic function deteriorated uniformly across subepicardial, mid-myocardial and subendocardial segments in VEGF and VEGF+ANG-2 treated groups. Contractile improvement was associated with enhanced vascular stability through augmented arteriole formation, tight structural integration between VE-cadherin and β-catenin at endothelial junctions and improved cross-talk between endothelium and myocardium. Structural stability of developing intramyocardial microvessels contributes to systolic function during ischemic neovascularization. Coordinated regulation of angiogenic revascularization that supports vascular stability is a key aspect in improving therapeutic outcomes in ischemic myocardium.     

干细胞分化为平滑肌细胞参与血管病变

动脉粥样硬化,冠状动脉介入术后再狭窄以及器官移植相关的血管病变,以增生内膜平滑肌细胞增殖,分泌细胞外基质为主要特点。传统观点认为增生内膜的平滑肌细胞系血管中层平滑肌细胞向内膜迁移,增殖的结果。现代认为干细胞能分化为血管平滑肌细胞,参与上述疾病的发生、发展。     

Effects of Estrogen Level on the Function of Vascular Endothelial Cells and Expression of Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule-1(?)

Objectives To ob-serve the effect of different estrogen levels on the secretory function of vascular endothelial cells of female rats, and study the effect of modulation of estrogen level on the expression of vascular cell adhesion molecule - 1 and the concentration of estrogen receptor in vascular endothelial cells. Methods Radioim-munology was used to measure the serum concentration of endothelin and PGI2, and copper - cadmium reduction was employed to measure the serum content of nitrogen monoxide. Radioligand binding and flowcy-tometry were used to measure the expression of estrogen receptor and vascular cell adhesion molecule (VCAM - 1) of vascular endothelial cells respectively. Results 1. The serum concentration of nitric oxide and PGI2 decreased when the ovaries of female rats were removed. In ovariectomized rats, given estrogen, the concentration rose ( P < 0. 05), but the plasma concentration of endothelin was adverse to it. 2. The concentration of estrogen receptor of vascular endothelial cel