先天性V型食管闭锁的临床特点及诊治经验

目的探讨先天性V型食管闭锁的临床特点、诊治及预后情况。方法回顾性分析2007年3月至2020年12月在首都医科大学附属北京儿童医院确诊并接受治疗的40例先天性V型食管闭锁患儿临床资料;其中男16例, 女24例。收集并总结分析所有患儿临床表现及辅助检查结果、诊治经过及预后情况。结果 40例患儿中, 27例(27/40, 67.5%)于1岁内确诊。临床表现包括进食时呛咳、窒息、青紫(35/40, 87.5%)以及反复肺部感染(25/40, 62.5%)。40例均经食管造影(阳性率97.4%)和(或)纤维支气管镜(阳性率100.0%)检查确诊。34例瘘管位于第7颈椎至第2胸椎水平, 经颈部入路行气管食管瘘修补术;6例瘘管位于第2至第4胸椎水平, 采用右侧胸膜外入路。32例治愈;1例术后造影发现第二条瘘管;5例出现喉返神经损伤;1例出现吻合口漏, 经保守治疗1个月后痊愈;1例死于呼吸衰竭。36例获随访, 3例失访;3例气管食管瘘复发, 经再次手术后治愈;1例出现食管狭窄, 经扩张5次后治愈。其余患儿生长发育正常, 无不适表现。结论先天性V型食管闭锁临床症状不典型, 易误诊, 对可疑患儿行食管造...     

小儿先天性H型气管食管瘘的诊断与治疗

目的总结先天性H型气管食管瘘的诊治经验。方法收集本院近10年来收治的8例先天性H型气管食管瘘患儿临床资料,其中男性5例,女性3例,通过食管造影确诊5例,胸部CT±气道重建确诊1例,纤维支气管镜确诊1例,瘘管切断缝合术6例。结果 8例均手术治疗痊愈,1例术后第4天出现气胸、纵隔气肿,经保守治疗痊愈。随访3个月至9年,1例术后1个月复发,经再次手术治疗痊愈。结论先天性H型气管食管瘘诊断困难,对临床表现可疑者可通过多种检查方式获得诊断,瘘管切断缝合术可取得良好的治疗效果。     

H型先天性食管气管瘘的程序化诊治

目的总结程序化诊治H型先天性食管气管瘘(H-type tracheoesophageal fistula, H-TEF)的临床效果。方法回顾性分析2017年3月至2022年3月广州市妇女儿童医疗中心新生儿外科收治的10例采取程序化诊治的H-TEF患儿临床资料。其中新生儿6例, 主要表现为反复出现喂养后呛咳;婴幼儿4例, 主要表现反复发生肺炎。合并先天性心脏病1例, 胸椎半椎体畸形1例。程序化诊治流程:经食管造影和(或)纤维支气管镜检查明确诊断后置入鼻胃管喂养;待炎症指标正常或接近正常, X线胸片肺部无炎性改变后, 于术前纤维支气管镜引导下在食管气管瘘管内留置导管;经床边X线检查确认瘘管位置, 如瘘管位于第2胸椎水平以上则采取经颈部手术、位于第2胸椎水平以下则采取经胸腔镜手术。结果 10例中, 经食管造影确诊7例, 经纤维支气管镜确诊3例。患儿术前均成功放置食管气管瘘管内导管。7例瘘管位于第2胸椎水平以上, 采取经右颈开放下食管气管瘘修补术;3例瘘管位于第2胸椎水平以下, 采取胸腔镜手术。均于术后次日即经鼻胃管喂养, 术后1周予食管造影检查, 无一例出现吻合口漏或食管气管瘘复发。随访8个...     

胸腔镜治疗先天性食管气管瘘1例

<正>小儿单纯性食管气管瘘(H-type tmcheoesophageal fistula)少见,早期诊断困难。对于可疑婴儿食管气管瘘可以行消化道造影和支气管镜检。手术是关闭瘘管的唯一方法。瘘管修补手术大部分选择经颈部入路,瘘管位于1、2以下适合选择胸腔入路修补瘘管。我们近日完成1例胸腔镜下食管气管瘘修补术,现总结如下:患儿,7个月,男,足月顺产,出生体重2.8 kg。因生后痰鸣、喂养时呛咳,于当地医院治疗,生后28 d行纤维支气管     

胃管内灌注美兰支气管镜观察法对儿童先天性气管食管瘘诊断价值分析

目的回顾性分析胃管内灌注美兰支气管镜观察法在儿童先天性气管食管瘘中的诊断价值。方法回顾性分析2015年9月至2016年5月深圳市儿童医院呼吸科确诊的2例先天性H型气管食管瘘患儿和3例先天性气管食管瘘术后复发患儿的临床资料,对食管造影、支气管镜常规检查法、管内灌注美兰支气管镜观察法、胸部CT的检查结果进行分析。结果 5例患儿胃管内灌注美兰后支气管镜检查均可观察到气管内美兰渗出;2例气管食管瘘术后复发患儿支气管镜常规检查未发现有瘘口存在;4例患儿行食管造影检查,仅1例诊断出气管食管瘘;4例患儿行胸部多排螺旋CT(MDCT)检查均未见到瘘管,但可见食管下段含气影。结论胃管内灌注美兰支气管镜观察法是诊断儿童先天性H型气管食管瘘和先天性气管食管瘘术后复发值得推荐的检查方法;常规支气管镜检查及食管碘油造影均有漏诊可能;胸部MDCT对于诊断先天性气管食管瘘价值有限,但食管下段含气影提示有气管食管瘘存在的可能。     

小儿复发性食管气管瘘胸腔镜修补术的气道管理

目的 探讨小儿食管闭锁手术后复发性食管气管瘘胸腔镜修补术的气道管理策略.方法 回顾性分析首都医科大学附属北京儿童医院29例复发性食管气管瘘胸腔镜修补术患儿临床资料,收集术前情况、单肺通气方法、术中所见瘘口位置与瘘管外径等数据,观察单肺通气前(T1)、单肺通气后10 min(T2)、单肺通气后30 min(T3)、单肺通...     

胸腔镜联合3D打印生物可降解气管外支架治疗复发性气管食管瘘

目的探讨胸腔镜联合个体化3D打印生物可降解气管外支架治疗复杂的复发性气管食管瘘的可行性和安全性。方法收集2022年1月至2022年8月在西安交通大学第二附属医院小儿外科治疗的7例复发性气管食管瘘(recurrent tracheoesophageal fistula, rTEF)患儿的临床资料, 其中女2例, 男5例, 年龄在4个月至10岁。依据术前胸部薄层CT(0.5 mm)进行气道三维重建并设计个体化支气管外支架, 于西安交通大学机械制造系统工程国家重点实验室3D打印制作。所有患儿均接受胸腔镜气管食管瘘修补术联合3D打印生物可降解气管外支架置入术, 支架于瘘管水平包绕气管并固定于气管软骨。结果 7例患儿均成功完成胸腔镜气管食管瘘修补术及个体化3D打印生物可降解气管外支架置入术。手术时间为120～200 min, 术后机械通气时间为5～11 d, 监护病房住院日6～13 d, 总住院日14～37 d。2例术后出现吻合口瘘, 经保守治疗后痊愈。随访10～15个月时, 7名患儿均未见气管食管瘘复发。结论胸腔镜气管食管瘘修补术联合3D打印可降解气管外支架可阻止rTEF黏膜管道的再通, 可预...     

胸腔镜联合3D打印生物可降解气管外支架治疗复发性气管食管瘘北大核心CSCD

目的探讨胸腔镜联合个体化3D打印生物可降解气管外支架治疗复杂的复发性气管食管瘘的可行性和安全性。方法收集2022年1月至2022年8月在西安交通大学第二附属医院小儿外科治疗的7例复发性气管食管瘘(recurrent tracheoesophageal fistula,rTEF)患儿的临床资料,其中女2例,男5例,年龄在4个月至10岁。依据术前胸部薄层CT(0.5 mm)进行气道三维重建并设计个体化支气管外支架,于西安交通大学机械制造系统工程国家重点实验室3D打印制作。所有患儿均接受胸腔镜气管食管瘘修补术联合3D打印生物可降解气管外支架置入术,支架于瘘管水平包绕气管并固定于气管软骨。结果7例患儿均成功完成胸腔镜气管食管瘘修补术及个体化3D打印生物可降解气管外支架置入术。手术时间为120~200 min,术后机械通气时间为5~11 d,监护病房住院日6~13 d,总住院日14~37 d。2例术后出现吻合口瘘,经保守治疗后痊愈。随访10~15个月时,7名患儿均未见气管食管瘘复发。结论胸腔镜气管食管瘘修补术联合3D打印可降解气管外支架可阻止rTEF黏膜管道的再通,可预防rTEF的复发,安全可行。     

食管闭锁术后发生食管气管瘘复发患儿的程序化治疗

目的探讨采用程序化方案治疗食管闭锁术后食管气管瘘复发(rTEF)的临床效果。方法回顾性分析2016年12月至2019年9月广州市妇女儿童医疗中心新生儿外科应用程序化治疗10例食管闭锁术后rTEF患儿的临床资料。其中Ⅲ型8例,Ⅳ型1例,Ⅴ型1例。根据有无严重肺炎或撤机困难来决定是否分期手术(第一期行手术放置"三管",即食管气管瘘口引流管、胃造口管、空肠营养管;第二期行rTEF修补术)。再次手术(指rTEF修补术)时机为无严重呼吸道症状,行CT检查无胸腔积液或积脓,距首次手术>2个月。结果 10例患儿中,7例经食管造影诊断rTEF,3例经纤维内镜检查诊断。rTEF确诊时间中位数为首次手术(指食管闭锁手术)后75 d(8～288 d),再手术时间中位数为首次手术后122 d(70～332 d)。4例患儿行手术放置"三管"。10例患儿接受了胸腔镜下rTEF修补术,1例因术中渗血较多中转开放。rTEF手术治疗后发生吻合口漏1例,经保守治疗后愈合;发生吻合口狭窄4例,平均在胃镜下行食管狭窄扩张1.8次后好转,中度气管软化1例。随访6～39个月,10例患儿均未出现TEF再发。结论程序化治疗方案...     

胸腔镜在Ⅲ型食管闭锁合并气管食管瘘修补术中的应用研究

目的探讨胸腔镜在Ⅲ型食管闭锁合并气管食管瘘修补术中的应用价值。方法回顾性分析2015年6月至2018年1月采用胸腔镜手术治疗的22例Ⅲ型食管闭锁合并食管气管瘘患儿临床资料,其中男性12例,女性10例;手术年龄2~9 d,平均手术年龄(4.27±1.81)d,体质量1.5~4.05 kg,平均体质量(2.44±0.68)kg。术前均经胸片和上消化道造影明确诊断,均在电视胸腔镜下行食管气管瘘修补及食管吻合术。结果 22例中,除1例中转开胸手术以外,其余病例均在胸腔镜下顺利完成手术;平均手术时间142.3(118~165)min,术后平均住院时间15.41(8~22)d,第一次经口喂养时间平均3.78(3~5)d,平均呼吸机通气时间26.54(9~52)h。术后有8例因吻合口狭窄行胃镜下食管球囊扩张术;2例出现吻合口瘘,1例予延长禁食时间,持续胃肠减压1周后好转,1例家属放弃治疗。除放弃治疗病例外,21例获随访1个月至2年,随访中1例术后1个月出现食管气管瘘经再次手术治愈;5例随访有吻合口狭窄,经1~4次球囊扩张后改善,现无明显吞咽困难;2例有胃食管反流,现保守治疗中;1例气管稍狭窄,现观察中;其余患儿生长发育良好。结论随着新生儿麻醉及手术技术的不断提高,胸腔镜下手术成为Ⅲ型食管闭锁合并气管食管瘘患儿首选的手术方案。     

Congenital H-type tracheoesophageal fistula: a national multicenter study

Background

Congenital H-type tracheoesophageal fistula (TEF) is very rare and represents <5 % of all congenital tracheoesophageal malformations. This is a national, multicenter review of our experience with isolated H-type TEF outlining clinical presentation, methods of diagnosis, associated anomalies, treatment and outcome

Patients and methods

The medical records of all patients with the diagnosis of congenital H-type TEF treated at four pediatric surgery units in Saudi Arabia were retrospectively reviewed for: age at diagnosis, sex, presenting symptoms, associated anomalies, method of diagnosis, treatment and outcome.

Results

During the study period (January 1998–December 2013), 435 infants and children with the diagnosis of esophageal atresia with or without TEF were treated. Among these, 23 (5.3 %) had isolated TEF. There were 11 males and 12 females. Their age at presentation ranged from 5 days to 3 years and 7 months but the majority (90 %) were diagnosed during their first year of life. Their clinical presentation included: chocking and coughing during feeds in 12 (52.2 %), recurrent chest infection in 16 (69.6 %) and cyanosis in 10 (43.5 %). One presented with abdominal distension also. The diagnosis was made using esophagogram. In 11 (47.8 %), a single study confirmed the diagnosis, 8 (34.8 %) required two studies while 4 (17.4 %) required three studies. Nineteen (82.6 %) had preoperative bronchoscopy and in 13 (56.5 %), a catheter was used to cannulate the fistula. All were operated through a right cervical incision except one who underwent thoracoscopic ligation and division of the fistula. In one, the fistula was only transfixed and tied without being divided. This patient developed a recurrent fistula. Two patients developed postoperative stridor secondary to recurrent laryngeal nerve palsy. In both of them, there was complete recovery.

Conclusions

H-type TEF is very rare and commonly presents with recurrent chest infection, chocking and coughing during feeds and cyanosis. Physicians caring for these patients should be aware of this and a high index of suspicion is of paramount importance to avoid delay in diagnosis with its associated morbidity. A contrast esophagogram is valuable in confirming the diagnosis. The study however may need to be repeated. Preoperative bronchoscopy is valuable to localize and cannulate the fistula for easier access during surgery. Surgical repair is the treatment of choice and this should be performed through a right cervical incision or thoracotomy for low fistulae. Thoracoscopic ligation and division of a low H-type fistula is an alternative and less invasive approach when compared to thoracotomy.

     

Preoperative catheterization of H-type tracheoesophageal fistula to facilitate its localization and surgical correction.

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to demonstrate that preoperative catheterization of H-type tracheoesophageal fistula facilitates its identification and surgical correction. METHODS: This is a case series of seven patients with H-type tracheoesophageal fistula. Diagnosis was established in three patients and suspected in two more by means of an esophagogram. Confirmation of fistula was performed by endoscopy in all patients. On the day of surgery, either a rigid bronchoscope or a nasolaryngoscope was introduced into the trachea to localize and catheterize the fistula. Because of the location of the fistula, the surgical correction was performed through the neck in five patients and through the thorax in two patients. The fistulas were easily identified surgically and the corrections were successfully performed in all cases. An extensive dissection was not required in any case. Refistulization, identified by bronchoscopic examination one week after surgery, occurred in one patient. Surgical repair was performed again using same procedure described above. All patients are currently asymptomatic and without any evidence of refistulization. CONCLUSIONS: Preoperative catheterization of H-type tracheoesophageal fistula is useful to facilitate its preoperative identification, to plan the surgical approach, and to decrease operating times and the extent of surgery.     

Achalasia-like findings in a case with delayed diagnosis of H-type tracheoesophageal fistula

H-type tracheoesophageal fistula (TEF) may lead to chronic respiratory disease if the diagnosis is delayed. Long-standing fistula causes esophageal distention which is named as pneumoesophagus or megaesophagus and possibly affects the motility of the esophageal body which may also be encountered as a part of tracheoesophageal anomalies. Both dysmotility and megaesophagus may mimic achalasia radiologically and the patient may be advised an unnecessary esophagocardiomyotomy. The authors report a 15-year-old adolescent with H-type TEF who has been diagnosed during investigations for chronic respiratory disease due to presumptive diagnosis of achalasia. The authors emphasize that a complete anatomical and functional evaluation of the upper gastrointestinal tract should be done before recommending operation for achalasia in patients with chronic respiratory disease. H-type TEF should be investigated to avoid unnecessary cardiomyotomy.     

H-type tracheoesophageal fistula masquerading as achalasia cardia in a 13-year-old child

H-type tracheoesophageal fistula is rare. Although symptoms are present from birth, its rarity and overlap of symptoms with other respiratory conditions makes diagnosis difficult and delayed. We report a case of H-type fistula in a 13-year-old girl that was detected incidentally during investigations for achalasia cardia.     

An uncommon association of H-type tracheoesophageal fistula with infantile hypertrophic pyloric stenosis

Although infantile hypertrophic pyloric stenosis following esophageal atresia repair is known, infantile hypertrophic pyloric stenosis following H-type tracheoesophageal fistula has not been encountered previously. A case of H-type tracheoesophageal fistula and infantile hypertrophic pyloric stenosis is presented. The patient, operated on for H-type fistula, a rare congenital anomaly of the esophagus, on the tenth day of life was readmitted 19 days later because of continuous vomiting after every feeding. The clinical findings and physical and radiological examinations revealed infantile hypertrophic pyloric stenosis which required surgical treatment. It is suggested that the association of H-type tracheoesophageal fistula with infantile hypertrophic pyloric stenosis is coincidental, given the estimated incidence of one in every 84,375,000 males and 337,500,000 females.     

Congenital tracheoesophageal fistula (H-type) in a six-year-old

The case of a six-year-old boy with newly diagnosed tracheoesophageal fistula of the H-type is presented. This diagnosis is usually made in the neonatal period, but since the symptoms may mimic other respiratory illnesses and radiologic diagnosis may be difficult, the condition may go undiagnosed for years. Since correction of a tracheoesophageal fistula is curative, the diagnosis should be entertained in any child with recurrent respiratory symptoms, especially when associated with meals. A brief discussion emphasizes the importance of good communication between the clinician and radiologist and of careful radiologic evaluation.     

Congenital esophageal stenosis associated with tracheoesophageal fistula

Two patients with congenital esophageal stenosis associated with an H-type tracheoesophageal fistula in one and esophageal atresia with distal fistula in the other are presented. In both patients the correct preoperative diagnosis was made by esophagram. Satisfactory results were obtained with surgical excision. Histologic studies revealed fibromuscular stenosis and membranous esophageal mucosa, respectively.     

先天性食管闭锁及气管食管瘘11例

目的探讨先天性食管闭锁及气管食管瘘的早期诊断和治疗方法。方法先天性食管闭锁患儿11例均在入院24h内行食管泛影葡胺或碘化油造影确诊,并经胸膜外入路行食管吻合术,分析总结其诊断和治疗。结果治愈9例(81.8%),死亡2例(18.2%)。1例术后有食管吻合口狭窄,行食管扩张术后治愈;1例术后吻合口瘘,经抗感染、营养支持、充分引流后瘘口愈合。结论早期诊断、及时手术、术后护理及并发症的防治对提高先天性食管闭锁患儿的存活率有重要作用。     

胸腔镜与开胸手术治疗先天性食管闭锁并食管气管瘘的对比研究

目的 比较胸腔镜手术与开胸手术治疗先天性食管闭锁并食管气管瘘的疗效差异.方法 回顾性分析50例Ⅲ型先天性食管闭锁并食管气管瘘的临床资料,其中25例为江西省儿童医院2012年12月至2014年1月收治,采用胸腔镜治疗;另25例为首都儿科研究所2008年6月至2014年4月收治,采用开胸治疗.男27例,女23例,术前均明确诊断并完成手术治疗.胸腔镜组采用3孔法,经胸行食管气管瘘结扎,食管吻合术.开胸组采用经胸膜外完成手术.结果 胸腔镜组25例均一期完成食管吻合术,无中转,术后2例死亡.开胸组25例中23例完成经胸膜外食管吻合术,2例因食管盲端距离过长行食管气管瘘结扎,胃造瘘术,术后放弃治疗.手术时间胸腔镜组平均为127min(110～160min),开放组平均133min(105～170min);呼吸机使用时间胸腔镜组平均为2.6 d(1～13 d),开放组平均2.3 d(1～11 d),两组对比差异均无统计学意义.胸腔镜组25例中2例吻合口漏(8％),7例狭窄(28％),2例食管气食管瘘复发(8％).开放组25例中2例吻合口漏(8％),4例狭窄(16％),无食管气管瘘复发,两组比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 胸腔镜手术治疗先天性食管闭锁并食管气管瘘是安全可行的,但要求术者具备熟练的微创手术技术和相关的手术技巧.