武汉市社区肺结核可疑症状者求医行为及其影响因素分析

目的 了解武汉市社区肺结核可疑症状者的求医行为及其影响因素,为提高肺结核患者发现率提供依据。 方法 采用整群等比例随机抽样方法,抽取4个调查点,每个调查点15岁以上常住人口共5878名。2010年5-7月,筛选出调查前6个月内连续咳嗽、咯痰2周以上或咯血、痰中带血者作为调查对象（共270名）,进行面访式问卷调查。270份调查问卷中,259份合格,合格率95.9%。对270名调查对象进行X线胸片检查、3次痰涂片和2次痰培养检查。用卡方检验及logistic回归对肺结核可疑症状者求医行为的影响因素进行分析。 结果 259例中,79例（30.5%）没有任何求医行为,86例（33.2%）曾去社区及以上医疗机构正式就诊,89例（34.4%）曾自我药疗,5例（1.9%）曾去私人诊所就诊。多因素logistic回归分析显示,有无医疗保障与可疑症状者是否正式就诊相关,差异有统计学意义（β=1.225,Wald χ²=3.955,OR=3.405, 95%CI＝1.018~11.392,P<0.05）;有无严重或慢性呼吸道症状与可疑症状者是否正式就诊高度相关,差异有统计学意义（β=1.601,Wald χ²=22.210,OR=4.959, 95%CI＝2.548~9.652,P<0.01）;是否感到羞耻与可疑症状者是否正式就诊高度相关,差异有统计学意义（β=0.927,Wald χ²=7.767,OR=2.528, 95%CI＝1.317~4.853,P<0.01）。 结论 武汉市社区肺结核可疑症状者主动就诊率不高,有无医疗保障、有无严重或慢性呼吸道症状及是否感到羞耻是影响肺结核可疑症状者求医行为的主要因素。     

Health-seeking behaviour among adults with prolonged cough in Vietnam

Objective To assess health‐seeking behaviour among adults with prolonged cough in a population‐based, nationally representative sample in Vietnam. Methods Cross‐sectional survey conducted from September 2006 to July 2007. All inhabitants aged ≥15 years were invited for screening for cough, history of tuberculosis (TB) treatment and chest X‐ray (CXR) examination. TB suspects, defined as any survey participant with CXR abnormalities consistent with TB, or productive cough for more than 2 weeks or TB treatment either currently or in the preceding 2 years submitted sputum specimens for smear examination and culture and provided information on health‐seeking behaviour in an in‐depth interview. Results Of 94 179 persons participating in the survey, 4.6% had prolonged productive cough. Forty‐four percentage of those had sought health care and reported pharmacies (35%), commune health posts (29%), public hospitals (24%) and private physicians (10%) as first point of contact. Only 7% had undergone sputum smear examination. Of TB suspects with prolonged productive cough, 2.9% were diagnosed with TB; 10.2% of these reported smear and 21.9% reported X‐ray examination when visiting a health care facility. The average patient delay was 4.1 weeks (95% CI: 3.9–4.4) among cough suspects and 4.0 weeks (95% CI: 3.1–4.9) among TB cases. Conclusions In this Vietnamese survey, nearly half of persons with cough for more than 2 weeks had visited a health care provider. The commonest first health facility contacted was the pharmacy. Sputum smears were rarely examined, except in the provincial TB hospital. Our findings highlight the need to improve diagnostic practices by retraining health staff on the performance of sputum examination for TB suspects.     

Health care seeking among individuals with cough and tuberculosis: a population-based study from rural India.

SETTING: Ujjain district, Madhya Pradesh, India. OBJECTIVE: To describe and compare health care seeking among men and women with cough of >3 weeks, with special focus on the utilisation of private and public health care. DESIGN: A population-based cross-sectional survey including 45 719 individuals aged > or = 15 years. RESULTS: The prevalence of cough was respectively 2.8% and 1.2% among men and women. The majority of men and women reported seeking health care for their symptoms (69% vs. 71%), but only 23% visited a public provider at some point during their illness. A similar health care seeking pattern was found for patients diagnosed with tuberculosis (TB) in our survey. No significant differences in health care seeking were found between men and women. Only 13% of those seeking care reported having had a sputum smear examination since the onset of cough. Factors associated with sputum examination were history of TB, haemoptysis and visiting a public provider. CONCLUSION: The low utilisation of public health care services and the few sputum examinations reported in this rural Indian setting illustrate the need for improved diagnostic practices as well as involvement of private providers in TB control activities.     

Prevalence of smear-positive pulmonary tuberculosis in a rural district of Ethiopia.

SETTING: A rural district in Southern Ethiopia. OBJECTIVE: To estimate the prevalence of smear-positive pulmonary tuberculosis (TB). DESIGN: In this cross-sectional study, adults aged >14 years were surveyed by home-to-home visit, and asked about cough of > or = 2 weeks with or without sputum, chest pain or difficulty in breathing. Symptomatic suspects submitted three sputum samples for standard smear microscopy. RESULTS: Of 16697 adults surveyed, 436 (2.6%) were symptomatic and submitted sputum samples. Thirteen (3%) were positive for acid-fast bacilli, and the prevalence of smear-positive TB was 78 per 100 000 population (95%CI 36-120). Twenty-four smear-positive cases identified through the existing health care delivery were on anti-tuberculosis medication at the time of the survey. The ratio of smear-positive cases on treatment to those newly detected by the survey was 2:1. CONCLUSION: The prevalence of TB in this rural setting was unexpectedly low. For every two cases of smear-positive TB on treatment, there was one undetected infectious case in the community. However, as our screening technique did not allow detection of cases who did not report symptoms, the true prevalence may have been underestimated.     

Duration of cough, TB suspects' characteristics and service factors determine the yield of smear microscopy

Objective To determine the efficiency of routine tuberculosis (TB) case detection by examining sputum smear positivity for acid‐fast bacilli in relation to duration of cough, characteristics of TB suspects examined and health service factors. Method We combined patient interviews with routine data from laboratory registers in 6 health care facilities in San Juan de Lurigancho district, Lima, Peru. A TB case was defined as a TB suspect with at least one positive sputum smear. We calculated adjusted odds ratios with 95% confidence intervals for the association between smear positivity and health service and patient’s characteristics. Results Smear positivity was 7.3% (321/4376). Of the 4376 adults submitting sputa, 55.3% (2418) reported cough for <14 days. In this group, smear microscopy yielded 3.2% (78/2418) positive results vs. 12.4% (243/1958) in patients coughing for 14 or more days. Having cough for >2 weeks, being referred by health care staff, attending a secondary‐level health care facility, male sex and age between 15 and 44 years were independent determinants of smear positivity. Conclusions Routine case detection yields a low proportion of smear‐positive cases because of the inclusion of a high proportion of patients without cough or coughing for <2 weeks. Adherence to the national TB control programme guidelines on the selection of TB suspects would have a positive impact on the smear positivity rate, reduce laboratory costs and workload and possibly improve the reading quality of smear microscopy.     

多部门合作开展结核病防治健康促进活动的效果评价

目的评价多部门合作在农村地区开展结核病健康促进活动的效果。方法综合项目报表数据,同时在我国中部和西部各一个项目省地区开展村民、患者的随机专项问卷调查,并对相关项目资料进行统计分析。结果项目地区选择的合作部门排在前4位的是妇联、教委、宣传部门和村委会,分别有69.7%、63.7%、60.7%和59.2%的项目县认为合作的效果较好。宣传家户覆盖率86.1%,接受过面对面宣传的村民中有78.8%的村民接受过妇联干部的宣传。接受过宣传的村民对6项结核病相关问题的知晓率要高于未接受过宣传的村民,分别为67.8%和52.3%(P0.01)。患者就医行为调查发现主动就诊者中有66.1%的患者是因村医或妇联宣传而就诊。结论农村地区多部门合作开展健康促进活动提高了村民的结核病知晓率,促进了可疑者的主动就医行为,在结核病防治工作起重要作用。     

Prevalence of pulmonary tuberculosis and comparative evaluation of screening strategies in a Brazilian prison.

SETTING: A prison (1171 male inmates) in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. OBJECTIVES: To determine the prevalence of active pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) and to assess the performance of several screening strategies. DESIGN: In a cross-sectional study, all inmates underwent chest radiographic screening. Subjects with abnormal findings underwent sputum smear examination and sputum culture. Taking this strategy as the reference, we assessed three targeted screening strategies to identify TB suspects: Strategy 1: cough >3 weeks; Strategy 2: WHO score > or = 5; Strategy 3: presence of at least one potentially TB-related symptom. RESULTS: The prevalence of TB cases was 4.6% (48/1052) and 2.7% for definite TB cases. If TB suspects identified by targeted screening had sputum smear examination alone, 37 (86.0%) of the 43 cases would have been missed by Strategy 1, 34/43 (79.1%) by Strategy 2 and 34/43 (79.1%) by Strategy 3. If TB suspects had both sputum smear examination and, for smear-negative subjects, chest radiography, respectively 28/43 (65.1%), 18/43 (41.9%) and 13/43 (30.2%) of cases would have been missed. CONCLUSION: All three targeted screening strategies were unreliable. Given the importance of early TB diagnosis in overcrowded and highly endemic settings, routine radiography-based screening may be warranted.     

四川省成都市入户调查集中推荐可疑症状者检查发现肺结核患者分析

目的 探讨入户调查、集中推荐发现病人方式对提高肺结核病人发现的作用。 方法 采取政府组织、部门参与、开展健康教育,发动群众自报互报;镇村干部配合、乡村医生入户调查、登记常住人口,以当面询问与观察的方式发现线索患者,并集中推荐到指定医院初筛,疑似患者由结防机构定诊。 结果 成都市于2009年先后在9个区县入户登记应调查人数3 910 504人,实际调查3 817 928人,调查率97.6%,新发现活动性肺结核411例,其中新发涂阳172例,占41.8%;新发现活动性病例数与涂阳新病例数分别占同期CDC登记总病例数的23.8%和21.9%。 结论 适时开展入户调查集中推荐可疑者就诊是提高病人发现率的有效方法 。通过入户调查、集中推荐工作的实施,有利于现代结核病控制策略落实到基层;有利于提高群众推荐可疑者、可疑者主动就诊的积极性,提高肺结核患者的发现。     

Gender disparity amongst TB suspects and new TB patients according to data recorded at the South African Institute of Medical Research laboratory for the Western Cape Region of South Africa.

OBJECTIVE: To describe the sex and age distribution of sputum submission and smear positivity in the Western Cape Province of South Africa. METHOD: Laboratory registers of the South African Institute of Medical Research were examined retrospectively for the year 1999. RESULTS: Male tuberculosis (TB) suspects outnumbered females by 1.45:1, whereas amongst confirmed TB cases the ratio was 2.08:1. The odds ratio (OR) for smear positivity amongst males and females was 1.544. The proportion of male sputum positives significantly exceeded the proportion of males in the general population, as measured by the 1996 census. Not only did the number of male TB suspects and confirmed cases exceed that of females in absolute terms, but the proportion of male suspects proving smear-positive exceeded that of females. The age by sex distribution of new smear-positive patients followed the trend reported in recent literature. CONCLUSION: The gendered incidence of tuberculosis identified from this census is consistent with that of other developing countries. However, the smaller proportion of female TB suspects proving smear-positive suggests a higher index of suspicion in females and/or longer delays prior to care seeking amongst males.     

福建省山区农村DOTS策略执行现状分析

目的评价福建省山区农村DOTS策略执行现状。方法采用定量与定性相结合的方法，对肺结核病人问卷调查，并对知情人员及肺结核病人深入访谈，内容包括：结核病患者发现和治疗管理过程，相关部门对结核病控制的相关策略措施等；从政府承诺、病人发现过程、督导管理落实三方面分析评价。结果调查的3个县政府承诺落实较好；在村卫生室／私人诊所首次就诊的病人占53．5％，在结防机构的首次就诊仅占6．9％；有26．4％的病人就诊延迟，且59．9％的病人存在确诊延迟；94．9％的涂阳病人治疗过程中有医生上门访视，但72．9％的涂阳病人认为没有必要由医生看着吃药。仅有47．3％的病人在医务人员直接面视督导下服药。结论政府承诺及领导重视能保证结防工作顺利开展；应引导疑似肺结核病人和可疑症状者到结防机构就诊，提高归口管理工作的效率，减少卫生服务提供方造成的确诊延迟。直接面视下的短程督导化疗是DOTS策略的关键，应加强对村卫生室／私人诊所等乡村医生培训，提高认识，并制定适合我国农村地区并且符合医学伦理的策略。     

对肺结核可疑者采用症状查痰法提高患者发现率

目的探讨更全面的发现肺结核病例的检查诊断程序。方法在采用通用的胸透筛查法发现肺结核患者的基础上，采用症状查痰法，对有症状且≥3周者，直接做痰结核分枝杆菌检查，并拍摄X线胸片，对按胸透筛查法和症状查痰法发现的患者进行比较；对肺结核诊断程序改进后的结核病患者的发现情况进行分析。结果采用症状查痰法发现活动性肺结核新病例900例，比胸透筛查法多发现活动性肺结核患者73例，患者发现率提高8．8％(73／827)；发现涂阳肺结核病例262例，比胸透筛查法多发现活动性肺结核患者30例，患者发现率提高12．9％(30／232)；培养阳性肺结核病例360例，比胸透筛查法多发现患者63例，患者发现率提高21．2％(63／297)。症状查痰法发现新病例的细菌学检查阳性者的比例高于胸透筛查法，胸透筛查法发现新病例中，涂片阳性者占28．1％(232／827)，痰菌培养阳性者占35．9％(297／827)；而症状查痰法发现新病例中，涂片阳性者占29．1％(262／900)，痰菌培养阳性者占40．0％(360／900)。症状查痰法多检出的活动性肺结核患者73例中，涂阳和菌阳患者的比例均很高，分别为41．1％(30／73)和86．3％(63／73)，较胸透筛查法的检出涂阳比例(28．1％)和菌阳比例(35．9％)高。结论采用症状查痰法比胸透筛查法发现的活动性肺结核患者增加，特别是菌阳肺结核患者的发现率增加21．2％，使这些患者得到及时诊断，有利于结核病传染源的控制。     

福建省山区农村DOTS策略执行现状分析

目的评价福建省山区农村DOTS策略执行现状。方法采用定量与定性相结合的方法,对肺结核病人问卷调查,并对知情人员及肺结核病人深入访谈,内容包括:结核病患者发现和治疗管理过程,相关部门对结核病控制的相关策略措施等;从政府承诺、病人发现过程、督导管理落实三方面分析评价。结果调查的3个县政府承诺落实较好;在村卫生室/私人诊所首次就诊的病人占53.5%,在结防机构的首次就诊仅占6.9%;有26.4%的病人就诊延迟,且59.9%的病人存在确诊延迟;94.9%的涂阳病人治疗过程中有医生上门访视,但72.9%的涂阳病人认为没有必要由医生看着吃药,仅有47.3%的病人在医务人员直接面视督导下服药。结论政府承诺及领导重视能保证结防工作顺利开展;应引导疑似肺结核病人和可疑症状者到结防机构就诊,提高归口管理工作的效率,减少卫生服务提供方造成的确诊延迟。直接面视下的短程督导化疗是DOTS策略的关键,应加强对村卫生室/私人诊所等乡村医生培训,提高认识,并制定适合我国农村地区并且符合医学伦理的策略。     

村医集中推荐肺结核可疑症状者检查对提高新涂阳肺结核发现率的研究

目的探讨病人主动发现的新途径,提高新涂阳肺结核发现率。方法选择2003年新涂阳登记率低于全省平均水平的30个县,由经过培训的乡村医生对肺结核可疑症状者进行摸底调查,集中组织他们到县结防科或附近的乡镇、综合医院痰检点进行免费查痰。同时,县结防科对其他非结防机构网络直报但未前来就诊的肺结核和疑似肺结核病人进行追踪调查。结果2004年11月至2005年10月,30个县共发现新涂阳肺结核病人12 091例,新涂阳登记率由项目实施前的36.21/10万,提高到49.94/10万(χ²=101.7,P<0.000 1),发现率达到86.0%。30个县共登记肺结核可疑症状者43 464例,其中村医集中推荐15 363例,占35.3%,村医推荐发现新涂阳病人3 870例,占新涂阳病人发现总数的32.0%。县结防科对传染病网络直报病人的追踪率为70.9%,追踪到位率仅33.1%。结论利用村医集中推荐肺结核可疑症状者到县结防科检查,并给予一定的激励机制,是提高病人发现的有效方法之一。     

A prevalence survey for smear-positive tuberculosis in Thai prisons.

SETTINGS: Twenty-seven prisons in Thailand. OBJECTIVES: To measure the prevalence of smear-positive tuberculosis (TB) and to compare its detection using the World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines for prisons or the International Standards for Tuberculosis Care (ISTC) criteria. METHOD: Prisoners who were not on TB medications and who had not been treated for TB in the previous 6 months were enrolled in the survey. Prison nurses conducted a one-time mass screening using the WHO questionnaire, with follow-up sputum collection in TB suspects. RESULTS: Of 71594 prisoners, 22132 (30.9%) were identified as TB suspects, and 254 were confirmed by sputum smear, for a prevalence of 354.8/100000. Males were most likely to be diagnosed with TB disease (OR 2.6), as were those transferring in from another prison versus new prisoners (OR 3.0). The positive predictive value of the WHO criteria was 1.2%, and that of the ISTC standard was 5.9%. CONCLUSION: TB prevalence in this survey remained high. WHO guidelines, recognised as a standard, require health workers to question prisoners and measure height and weight. The ISTC standard, a single question about cough >or=2 weeks, is simple, may be asked by non-health personnel and may be a better alternative.     

Efficiency of a third serial sputum smear examination in the diagnosis of tuberculosis in Moldova and Uganda.

SETTING: Twenty-four and 30 tuberculosis (TB) microscopy laboratories in Moldova and Uganda, respectively. OBJECTIVE: To estimate the workload required to identify one additional case of TB with a third serial sputum smear examination. METHODS: Retrospective laboratory register study to determine the prevalence and the incremental yield of TB cases from a third serial sputum smear examination among suspects in Moldova and Uganda, with the reciprocal of the product of these two fractions providing the number of examinations required to identify one additional TB case. RESULTS: In Moldova, 9% (1141/12525) and in Uganda 20% (7280/36054) of suspects met the TB case definition with at least one positive sputum smear. The incremental yield from the third examination was 4% in Moldova and 3% in Uganda. To detect one additional TB case on a third smear, 273 examinations (95%CI 200-389) in Moldova and 175 (95%CI 153-222) in Uganda were thus required. This corresponded to an average of 11 days (8-16) and 7 days (6-9), respectively, to diagnose one additional case of TB. CONCLUSION: In both countries, the third serial sputum smear examination was inefficient in diagnosing sputum smear-positive TB.     

Treatment seeking for symptoms suggestive of TB: comparison between migrants and permanent urban residents in Chongqing, China

objectives To understand the health-seeking behaviour of rural-to-urban migrants with chronic cough in Chongqing city, and compare this with the permanent urban population taking into account the socioeconomic factors influencing delays in access to healthcare in urban China.
methods Patient survey in 23 health facilities from different levels of two urban districts in Chongqing: 1005 tuberculosis (TB) suspects (229 rural-to-urban migrants and 776 permanent urban residents) were interviewed about socioeconomic status and service-seeking behaviours.
results Migrants (67.7%) delayed treatment by more than 2 weeks, as did 54.0% of urban residents ( P  < 0.01). The reasons given by migrants for the delay in seeking care were lack of money and lack of perceived need for care. Female TB suspects, people without health insurance, those without sufficient knowledge of TB, without full-time employment and people with low incomes also experienced longer patient delay ( P  < 0.01).
conclusions To be more effective, TB control efforts need to be better accessible to the economically and socially vulnerable.     

The cost of medical care and people's health-seeking behaviour before being suspected of tuberculosis in three local health systems, Nicaragua.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the medical costs incurred by users and delay between first contact with a care provider and sputum test for acid-fast bacilli (AFB) in three areas of Nicaragua. METHODS: Directed interviews of consecutive series of tuberculosis (TB) suspects whose sputum had been examined for AFB. RESULTS: Of 252 TB suspects interviewed, 52% used more than one type of care giver and 35% used private practitioners. As a consequence, 18%, 21% and 29% of the interviewees in Carazo, El Viejo and Matagalpa, respectively, spent more than 1 month of the country's median income per inhabitant on medical care between the first visit to a care provider and the first sputum examination. Furthermore, more than 3 months elapsed on that part of the care pathway for 30%, 17% and 3% of interviewees in Matagalpa, El Viejo and Carazo, respectively. CONCLUSION: This study sheds light on the costs and delays incurred by TB suspects before reaching a laboratory for sputum smear examination. Both costs are lower for those suspects who exclusively use first-line governmental health services (FLGHS). This has been relatively little documented in Latin America to date and could be used as an argument to develop strategies to strengthen the credibility of FLGHS.     

Health care seeking pattern of tuberculosis patients attending an urban TB clinic in Delhi

The study of pattern of health care seeking of tuberculosis patients is important for identification of factors which might influence delayed reporting of tuberculosis cases, especially the open pulmonary cases. Consecutive 301 pulmonary TB patients, belonging to any of the categories under RNTCP, diagnosed at New Delhi Tuberculosis Centre or its sub-centres over a six-month period were assessed for health care seeking pattern. "Delay" was defined as the time over 3 weeks that a case took to report to the area TB facility. 43.2% patients reported to the TB health facility on their own and others were referred by government hospitals (34.9%) and general practitioners (21.9%). Median delay over 3 weeks was 2.69 weeks for all three categories combined, with a significantly higher delay (3.41 weeks) for retreatment cases as compared to new cases (2.13 weeks). No significant differences were observed in health seeking delay in relation to sex, income, literacy status and source of referral and sputum status. Extensive health education activities can reduce this period of delay in health seeking and result in reduction of transmission of tuberculosis to healthy members of the family and community.     

2010年我国城乡肺结核患者就诊报告过程及其相关因素分析

目的分析2010年中国结核病流行病学抽样调查（简称“流调”）发现患者在调查前出现症状、就诊、确诊、报告至开始治疗的全过程并比较城乡差异。方法以2010年在全国77个城镇调查点、99个乡村调查点进行结核病调查发现的≥15岁的肺结核患者作为研究对象,采用统一结构化的问卷,以面对面询问的形式进行社会经济情况及发病、就诊、治疗过程中相关因素的问卷调查,按照1301例患者（其中城乡患者分别为373例、928例）自然就诊报告过程进行分析,采用y。检验（显著性水平设为0．05）比较城乡差异并探讨其原因。结果城镇患者中49．3％（184／373）在流调前出现了肺结核相关症状,低于乡村患者（59．9％,556／928）,差异有统计学意义（x2=12．15,P〈O．01）。城乡有症状者中就诊者分别占47．3％（87／184）、46．6％（259／556）,城乡有症状就诊者中确诊肺结核者分别占41．4％（36／87）、34．0％（88／259）,确诊结核病后进行了传染病报告者分别占69．4%（25／36）、70．5％（62／88）,开始了抗结核治疗者分别占91．7％（33／36）、88．6G（78／88）,以上差异均无统计学意义（x2=1．52、0．01、0．03,P值均〉0．05）。总结患者在流调前发病、就诊、诊断、治疗全过程,可见患者分流的最主要环节是无症状不就诊、有症状未就诊、有症状就诊诊断为其他疾病,分别占所有患者的42．1％（548／1301）、30．3％（394／1301）、17．1％（222／1301）,最终仅有8．5％（111／1301）的患者出现了症状后确诊并开始了抗结核治疗,另有1.0％（13／1301）的患者虽未出现症状但因为其他原因确诊患了肺结核。结论患者有症状不就诊、就诊未确诊、确诊未治疗应被视为防控策略需重点注意的薄弱环节,城乡患者主要在出现症状的比例上存在差异,乡村患者无症状比例较低,其有症状就诊、就诊者确诊、确诊者治疗比例与城镇患者差异无统计学意义。     

黔南州结核病传染源调查研究

目的　探索结核病传染源的发现方法,了解其分布,为制定结核病控制措施提供科学依据。方法 选择 12个县市中的 8个县为调查点,余 4个县为对照点。调查点与对照点县疾控中心设结核防治组,负责可疑结核病例的痰检,对胸片或胸透异常及有可疑结核病症状者,进行痰涂片检查。调查点工作内容除病例痰检免费、涂阳病例免费治疗外与对照相同。结果 调查点肺结核报告病例痰检率 51.1%,涂阳年登记率 25.99/10万,对照点肺结核痰检率 18.3%,涂阳病例年登记率 0.26/10万 ;临床首诊为支气管炎、肺部感染和其他痰病病例中结核菌检出率分别为 12.4%、11.8%、8.2%。结论 农村结核感染形势严峻,政府应加大投入,对农村现阶段应免费痰检,涂阳病例免费治疗,医疗单位应将结核菌痰检作为呼吸系统疾病的常规检验项目,以及早发现传染源。