踝关节矫正板站立训练对脑卒中患者踝关节痉挛及步行能力的影响

目的观察脑卒中踝关节痉挛患者行踝关节矫正板站立训练对踝关节痉挛及步行能力的影响。方法选取2012-07-09在我科诊治的存在踝关节痉挛的脑卒中患者40例,按随机数字表法分成对照组和治疗组,每组20例。2组均给予基础治疗:康复科脑卒中偏瘫常规治疗,包括神经发育疗法、主/被动牵伸、ADL训练、传统中医治疗等,同时对照组和治疗组分别行直接站立训练、踝关节矫正板站立训练。治疗前及治疗4周后采用改良Ashworth痉挛量表、Berg平衡量表(BBS)、踝关节活动角度、6min步行测试(6MWT)对患者进行康复评价。结果行踝关节矫正板站立训练患者的踝关节痉挛程度较直接站立训练的患者改善明显,且步行能力得以提高。结论踝关节矫正板站立训练可使脑卒中患者的踝关节痉挛程度明显降低,并提高其步行能力,较常规的直接站立训练更具优势。     

老年脑卒中患者慢性期康复效果调查：日本综合医院康复门诊与日间医院患者肢体功能比较

背景：有研究表明日间医院的康复服务与综合医院康复门诊比较,患者的功能和生活质量方面差异无显著性意义,但两者间有关脑卒中患者慢性期肢体功能的差异及其影响因素却少有报道。 目的：比较日本老年脑卒中患者慢性期分别在综合医院康复门诊和日间医院康复期间的肢体功能差异,分析影响功能差异的相关因素,以便改进老年脑卒中患者康复方案。 方法：分别对医院门诊和日间医院进行康复训练的老年脑卒中患者119例(年龄60~75岁)实施为期1年的调查分析,比较两组入选时和1年后的肢体功能指标的差异,包括健侧和偏瘫侧的股四头肌肌力、患侧膝关节伸展和踝关节背屈的关节活动度和10 m步行时间。采用逐步回归分析确定影响肢体功能指标变化的显著因素。 结果与结论：医院门诊组患者肢体健侧和偏瘫侧股四头肌肌力在入选时和1年后均大于日间医院组(P < 0.05),而两组的10 m步行时间差异均无显著性意义。医院门诊组在入选时患者患侧膝关节伸展和踝关节背屈关节活动度均小于日间医院组(P < 0.05),而1年后两组以上指标比较差异无显著性意义。逐步回归分析结果显示入选时健侧和偏瘫侧股四头肌肌力、患侧膝关节伸展和踝关节背屈关节活动度是其各自功能指标变化的显著影响因素,而偏瘫侧膝关节伸展、踝关节背屈的关节活动度越受限的患者,训练的效果越好。因此,日间医院组需要采取针对性的肌力增强或维持训练和膝关节活动度训练。     

偏瘫早期康复基础训练疗效观察

目的 探讨偏瘫早期康复基础训练对急性脑卒中患者并发症发生率和患肢功能恢复程度的影响.方法 选择急性脑卒中偏瘫患者88例,随机分成2组,对照组进行常规药物治疗,康复组除药物治疗同时给予康复基础训练.结果 康复组在肢体痉挛、肩关节半脱位、肩关节痛、足下垂内翻、废用综合征的发生及患肢功能恢复程度与对照组存在明显差异.结论 早期对偏瘫患者实施基础康复训练有利于降低脑卒中患者并发症的发生,能够改善偏瘫肢体功能,降低致残率,提高生存质量.     

3D打印膝踝足矫形器改善早期脑卒中患者步行功能的研究

目的：观察3D打印膝踝足矫形器(knee ankle foot orthosis,KAFO)对脑卒中后2周～3个月偏瘫患者步行功能的影响。方法：纳入2018年1月1日—2020年7月31日符合病例选择标准的脑卒中后偏瘫患者30例,按照随机数字表法将其随机分为对照组1,对照组2及观察组,每组各10例。在常规原发病治疗以及康复治疗基础上,3组患者均在站立及步行训练时全程佩戴矫形器。对照组1佩戴传统踝足矫形器(ankle foot orthosis,AFO),对照组2佩戴传统KAFO,观察组佩戴3D打印KAFO。3组患者均接受4周的康复治疗,治疗前后采用10 m步行测试(10-meter walk test,10-MWT)、6 min步行测试(6-minute walk test,6-MWT)、下肢Fugl-Meyer运动能力评估量表、Berg平衡量表进行评估,并测量治疗前后的足间隙数值。结果：3组患者治疗前10-MWT、6-MWT、Fugl-Meyer运动能力评分、Berg平衡量表评分、足间隙数值的差异均无统计学意义(P0.05)。治疗4周后,与治疗前相比,3组患者的10-MWT较前缩短(P0.01),6-MWT较前增加(P0.01),Fugl-Meyer运动功能评分较前增加(P0.05),Berg平衡量表评分较前增加(P0.05),足间隙较前增加(P0.05)。组间比较,观察组上述指标均优于2个对照组(P0.05)。结论：3D打印KAFO可以增强下肢运动能力,改善平衡功能,降低患者的跌倒风险,进而提高步行速度及耐力,优化康复治疗。     

痉挛肌治疗仪治疗痉挛型脑瘫患儿踝趾屈肌群痉挛临床观察

目的观察痉挛肌治疗仪对尖足痉挛型脑瘫患儿踝关节改善角度的作用。方法将符合入选标准的痉挛型脑性瘫痪患儿按就诊时间、性别随机分为2组：治疗组（痉挛肌治疗仪加综合康复治疗组）和对照组（综合康复治疗组）,连续治疗3个月,治疗前和治疗结束后分别以足背屈角改善角度作为评估指标进行评估。结果痉挛肌治疗组患儿踝关节改善角度明显高于对照组（P〈0．05）。结论痉挛肌治疗仪可以辅助降低踝趾屈肌群痉挛,明显改善踝关节活动度,从而可以改善痉挛型脑瘫患儿的站立、行走模式,是脑性瘫痪患儿安全、有效的临床康复治疗手段之一。     

肌电生物反馈联合康复训练对脑卒中偏瘫患者下肢运动功能的影响

目的探讨肌电生物反馈治疗联合康复训练对脑卒中偏瘫患者下肢运动功能的影响。方法将60例脑卒中偏瘫患者分为对照组(30例)和治疗组(30例)。两组均给予神经内科药物及康复训练,治疗组同时增加患侧下肢肌电生物反馈训练。同一治疗师分别于治疗前和治疗4 w后评定两组患者Fugl-Meyer下肢运动功能评分(FMA-L)、改良Barthel指数(MBI)、Fugl-Meyer平衡功能评分、胫前肌最大收缩时肌电积分(i EMG)值,并进行统计学分析比较。结果治疗前,两组患者各项指标组间比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);治疗后,两组治疗前后比较均有显著性差异(P<0.01);治疗组4 w后Fugl-Meyer下肢运动功能评分、MBI、Fugl-Meyer平衡功能评分和i EMG值恢复优于对照组(P<0.05、P<0.01)。结论肌电生物反馈治疗能明显改善偏瘫患者下肢运动功能。     

早期康复治疗对急性脑卒中偏瘫患者肢体功能的影响

目的　探讨早期康复治疗对急性脑卒中偏瘫患者肢体功能及日常生活能力的影响。方法　 77例急性脑卒中偏瘫患者随机分成康复组 3 9例和对照组 3 8例。两组患者接受神经内科常规治疗方法相同 ,康复组按早期康复训练程序进行系统训练 ,对照组自行锻炼。结果　采用修订的Barthel指数 (MBI)和Fugl Meyery运动功能积分法对两组患者进行治疗前后评定显示 :治疗前两组评分差异均无显著性 (P >0 0 5 ) ;治疗后康复组评分明显优于对照组 (P <0 0 1)。结论　早期康复治疗对急性脑卒中偏瘫患者运动功能及日常生活能力恢复具有促进作用 ,对患者预后有良好的影响。     

下肢康复机器人训练对脑卒中偏瘫患者下肢运动功能的康复作用

目的探讨下肢康复机器人训练对脑卒中偏瘫患者下肢运动功能的康复作用。方法共60例发病6个月的脑卒中偏瘫患者随机接受常规康复训练联合减重步行训练(BWSTT组,30例)或常规康复训练联合下肢康复机器人训练(Robot组,30例),分别于训练前和训练8周时采用Fugl-Meyer下肢评价量表(FMA-LE)评价下肢运动功能、Berg平衡量表(BBS)评价平衡功能、下肢康复机器人力矩反馈系统评价下肢肌力。结果与训练前相比,两组患者训练8周时FMA-LE(P=0.000)和BBS(P=0.000)评分、步态周期中患侧髋关节(P=0.000)和膝关节(P=0.000)反馈力矩值均增加;与BWSTT组相比,训练8周时Robot组仅步态周期中患侧髋关节(P=0.000)和膝关节(P=0.000)反馈力矩值增加。结论常规康复训练联合减重步行训练和下肢康复机器人训练均可以改善脑卒中偏瘫患者下肢运动功能,下肢康复机器人训练在提高下肢肌力方面优于减重步行训练。     

镜像疗法结合循经按摩对脑梗死偏瘫患者上肢功能的疗效观察

目的观察镜像疗法结合循经按摩对脑梗死偏瘫患者上肢运动功能及日常生活活动能力的影响。方法将贵州中医药大学第二附属医院神经内科病房的60例脑梗死偏瘫患者随机分为镜像组、循经按摩组、结合组,每组20例。3组均采取常规治疗及康复,在此基础上,镜像组采用镜像视觉反馈康复训练,循经按摩组采用循上肢手阳明大肠经按摩,结合组在镜像视觉反馈的基础上结合循经按摩。于干预前及干预3周后,比较各组患者患侧上肢Fugl-Meyer运动功能(FMA)、改良Ashworth痉挛评定、改良Barthel指数(MBI)评分。结果3组患者干预前患侧上肢FMA、MBI评分及Ashworth痉挛评定比较,差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05);干预3周后,3组患者患侧上肢FMA、MBI评分均较干预前提高,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);干预后结合组患侧上肢FMA、MBI得分较镜像组和循经按摩组更优(P<0.05);干预后镜像组Ashworth痉挛评定结果无明显差异(P>0.05),循经按摩组及结合组Ashworth痉挛评定级别均降低,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);相比镜像组,干预后结合组Ashworth痉挛评定差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论镜像疗法结合循经按摩可以有效降低脑梗死偏瘫患者肌张力,改善患侧上肢运动功能,提高日常生活活动能力,治疗效果优于单独使用镜像疗法和单独使用循经按摩。     

弹性悬带矫形器对偏瘫患者步行功能的影响

目的 评价新型弹力悬带矫形器对患者下肢运动功能及步行功能恢复的效果。方法 28例卒中后偏瘫患者随机被纳入康复治疗组（对照组）和弹力悬带矫形器治疗组（治疗组）,对照组在治疗师指导下进行常规康复训练,治疗组在常规康复训练的基础上佩带弹力悬带矫形器进行步行训练,连续治疗8周。分别于治疗前,治疗后4周和治疗后8周由同一个治疗师对下肢运动功能评分（Fugl-Meyer,FMA）、能量消耗指数（physical consume index,PCI）及包括10 m舒适步行速度和10 m快速步行速度、步频、步长、足偏角、步基宽在内的步态时空参数进行评测,并比较上述指标在治疗前后的变化,观察弹力悬带矫形器的作用效果。结果 治疗4周后,治疗组和对照组10 m舒适步行速度和10 m快速步行速度、步长、步频较治疗前提高（均P＜0.01）,步基宽、PCI较治疗前降低（均P＜0.01）;2组FMA和足偏角治疗前后差异无统计学意义。治疗后治疗组10 m舒适步行速度和10 m快速步行速度、步长较对照组明显提高（P =0.0298,0.0225,0.025）,步基宽、PCI较对照组明显降低（P =0.001,0.026）;2组步频、FMA和足偏角比较差异无统计学意义。治疗8周后,治疗组和对照组的10 m舒适步行速度和10 m快速步行速度、步长、步频及FMA评分较治疗前提高（均P＜0.01）,步基宽、PCI较治疗前降低（均P＜0.01）;2组足偏角治疗前后差异无统计学意义。治疗后治疗组10 m舒适步行速度和10 m快速步行速度、步长、步频及FMA评分较对照组明显提高（P =0.042、0.015,0.024,0.024,0.038）,步基宽、PCI较对照组明显降低（均P＜0.01）;2组足偏角比较差异无统计学意义。结论 早期使用弹力带矫形器可以纠正偏瘫患者的异常步态,提高步行速度,降低能量消耗,促进步行功能恢复。     

Classification of methods in transcranial Electrical Stimulation (tES) and evolving strategy from historical approaches to contemporary innovations

Transcranial Electrical Stimulation (tES) encompasses all methods of non-invasive current application to the brain used in research and clinical practice. We present the first comprehensive and technical review, explaining the evolution of tES in both terminology and dosage over the past 100 years of research to present day. Current transcranial Pulsed Current Stimulation (tPCS) approaches such as Cranial Electrotherapy Stimulation (CES) descended from Electrosleep (ES) through Cranial Electro-stimulation Therapy (CET), Transcerebral Electrotherapy (TCET), and NeuroElectric Therapy (NET) while others like Transcutaneous Cranial Electrical Stimulation (TCES) descended from Electroanesthesia (EA) through Limoge, and Interferential Stimulation. Prior to a contemporary resurgence in interest, variations of transcranial Direct Current Stimulation were explored intermittently, including Polarizing current, Galvanic Vestibular Stimulation (GVS), and Transcranial Micropolarization. The development of these approaches alongside Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT) and pharmacological developments are considered. Both the roots and unique features of contemporary approaches such as transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation (tACS) and transcranial Random Noise Stimulation (tRNS) are discussed. Trends and incremental developments in electrode montage and waveform spanning decades are presented leading to the present day. Commercial devices, seminal conferences, and regulatory decisions are noted. We conclude with six rules on how increasing medical and technological sophistication may now be leveraged for broader success and adoption of tES.     

Neonatal Seizures: Problems in Diagnosis and Classification

Summary: The clinical identification of neonatal seizures is critical for the recognition of brain dysfunction; however, diagnosis is often difficult because of the poorly organized and varied nature of these behaviors. Current classification systems are limited in their ability to communicate motor, autonomic, and electroencephalo-graphic features of seizures precisely and to provide a basis for uniform effective diagnosis, therapy, and determination of prognosis. Recent investigations of neonates, utilizing bedside electroencephalographic/polygraphic/ video monitoring techniques, have provided the basis for improved diagnosis and classification of seizures in the newborn. These studies have demonstrated that not all clinical phenomena currently considered to be seizures require electrocortical epileptiform activity for their initiation or elaboration. In addition, the specific clinical character of the phenomena considered to be seizures, the clinical state of the infant, and the character of the EEG indicate the probable pathophysiological mechanisms involved and suggest probable etiologies, prognosis, and therapy. Similarities between animal models that demonstrate reflex physiology and neonates with motor automatisms and tonic posturing suggest that these clinical behaviors may not be epileptic in origin but, rather, primitive movements of progression and posture mediated by brainstem mechanisms. Although not all clinical behaviors currently considered to be neonatal seizures may have similar pathophysiological mechanisms, they are clinically significant because they all indicate brain dysfunction.     

Valproate Monotherapy in the Management of Generalized and Partial Seizures

Summary: For decades, therapeutic tradition has promoted the concept of polypharmacy in the management of epilepsy. In recent years, however, studies have shown that, for most patients, monotherapy can provide comparable or better seizure control than administration of multiple anticonvulsants, while diminishing the potential for adverse reactions, drug interactions, and poor compliance. Valproate is an important monotherapeutic agent that is highly effective in the control of idiopathic primary and secondarily generalized epilepsies, and partial seizures that do not generalize. Comparative studies have found that valproate is at least as effective as phenytoin and carbamazepine in the treatment of generalized and partial seizures. Given the similar efficacy, other factors such as pharmacokinetics and side effects may therefore determine anticonvulsant selection for monotherapy.     

Un nouveau cadre conceptuel de travail pour la psychiatrie

In an attempt to place psychiatric thinking and the training of future psychiatrists more centrally into the context of modern biology, the author outlines the beginnings of a new intellectual framework for psychiatry that derives from current biological thinking about the relationship of mind to brain. The purpose of this framework is twofold. First, it is designed to emphasize that the professional requirements for future psychiatrists will demand a greater knowledge of the structure and functioning of the brain than is currently available in most training programs. Second, it is designed to illustrate that the unique domain which psychiatry occupies within academic medicine, the analysis of the interaction between social and biological determinants of behavior, can best be studied by also having a full understanding of the biological components of behavior.     

Clobazam for Treatment of Intractable Epilepsy: A Critical Assessment

Summary: Clobazam (CLB), a 1,5-benzodiazepine, is a remarkably effective add-on drug for individual patients with refractory partial epilepsy. CLB has an excellent safety record. As with all benzodiazepines used for treating epilepsy, sedation and withdrawal effects, together with the development of tolerance, limit its usefulness. Recent efforts to prevent or reverse tolerance with intermittent administration of CLB or periodic injection of a benzodiazepine antagonist, flumazenil, are encouraging and justify further investigations.     

La passion de Torquemada et le terrorisme islamique : quelques points de comparaison

This original research compares the doctrinal, psychopathological and operational standpoints of the 15th century Spanish Inquisition (Torquemada) with those of radical Islamism from 1988 to 2005 (Al-Qaeda). The following are reviewed: (a) the main texts codifying the procedure for conducting the criminal investigation of a Holy Office trial (Directorium inquisitorum); (b) the life and work of the grand inquisitor Tomás de Torquemada (1420–1498); (c) the psychopathological relations between passion (passionate psychoses, passionate idealism, paranoid personality) and fanaticism; (d) “the madmen, the enlightened and the criminals” of Islamic terrorism; (e) the cognitive and emotional motives for engagement in the jihadist radicalization of young people; (f) the common principles of monotheistic fanaticism (Inquisition, Al-Qaeda) and the particular dogmas of Islamic terrorism in our time; (g) the operating modes of the Inquisition and the Jihadist holy war. The author concludes that the rigour and seriousness of the inquisitorial judicial procedure, which was precise, individual and personalized, contrasts with the revolutionary pamphlets of Al-Qaeda, which only provide broad guidelines for the modus operandi of the fight against infidels, who are usually random victims.     

Claustration et collectionnisme : réflexions à propos d’un cas de syndrome de Diogène avec vols kleptomaniaques et vengeurs

Social withdrawal is a pathognomonic behaviour that is consistently associated with mental illnesses. Compulsive hoarding can also be interpreted as a pathological behaviour, even when it does not involve kleptomania. Diogenes syndrome (DS) was first described in 1975, and is characterized by both behaviours - social withdrawal and compulsive hoarding. Even though it is often the manifestation of a psychiatric condition, its aetiology is diverse. The most frequent ones are however: dementia, schizophrenia and mental retardation. In this study, we describe an atypical case presenting with DS. Il consists of a young man, seen in a forensic setting, who had been diagnosed with kleptomania in the past, presents with compulsive hoarding, and whose recent thefts were fuelled by revenge. Finally, to our knowledge, the way social withdrawal is viewed is seldom taken into account. We analyse its implication on social withdrawal.     

Neurological soft signs and schizophrenia: a review of current knowledge

Schizophrenia is a frequent and disabling disorder emerging during adolescence or early adulthood. The identification of underlying processes has been hampered by the complex clinical expression and the probable etiological heterogeneity. The frequency of neurological soft signs (NSS) in patients with schizophrenia and their presence early in life (during the first two years) in high risk subjects support the hypothesis that schizophrenia is a "brain disease" reflecting pre- or perinatal insults during development. The growing interest for NSS has lead to multiple studies that are often difficult to compare. The objective of this review is to summarize the current knowledge on NSS, methodological issues and the future perspectives.     

Lacan, lecteur de Minkowski : l'approche structurale

The notion of structure occupies a predominant place in the theory of Lacan. He indicates that was developed from the work of Minkowski. In fact, through his phenomeno-structural approach, Minkowski does not limit himself to purely observable phenomena, but attempts to determine the underlying structure. He refers to the comprehensive phenomenology and psychopathology, and this method provides him with clinical finesse and another means of determining a diagnosis. Thus Lacan has used this as a basis for his approach to structure to develop a theory regarding the individual. This implies that the structure of the individual is based on his relation to language. From this concept, he then develops the clinical structures of neurosis, psychosis, and perversion. These structural landmarks also have an effect on the course of treatment.