抑郁症患者人脸照片诱发的关联性负变研究

目的研究抑郁症患者和健康人的人脸照片诱发的事件相关电位关联性负变（CNV）的特点。方法应用脑电生理仪和反应时间技术,检测38例抑郁症患者的CNV,并与30名健康对照的CNV进行比较。结果抑郁症组CNV主要为延迟型（44.74%）,健康对照主要为正常型（66.67%）,CNV分型有统计学差异（χ2=21.32,P〈0.01）。抑郁症组A点潜伏期为（380±63）ms,健康对照组为（323±59）ms,有统计学差异（t=3.81,P=0.01）;抑郁症组波幅B为（9±6）μV,健康对照组为（16±5）μV,有统计学差异（t=5.13,P〈0.01）。结论抑郁症患者的CNV波形不规则,潜伏期A点延迟,波幅B降低。     

人面照片诱发条件负变化研究——对33例脑外伤伴精神障碍者的分析

目的 研究陌生和熟悉的人面照片与短声组成不同的刺激序列所诱发的条件负变化(CNV).方法 应用事件相关电位仪和反应时间技术,检测33例脑外伤伴有精神障碍患者与30例正常人的CNV.结果 患者的CNV波形不规则,CNV-Ⅱ型(延迟型)尤甚.与正常对照组相比,脑外伤伴有精神障碍患者的潜伏期A点延迟[分别(323±59)ms和(383±61)ms,P<0.05]、波幅B降低[分别(16±5)μV和(9±6)μV,P<0.01].结论 采用照片作为刺激的CNV,可用于脑外伤伴有精神障碍的司法鉴定.     

首发精神分裂症患者康复过程中事件相关脑电位N400随访

目的研究首发精神分裂症患者的N400变异与临床症状和康复的关系。方法对58例精神分裂症首发患者和62名健康成人作了N400检测。并用阳性和阴性症状量表(PANSS)评定患者精神症状。患者组于治疗6月、15月时进行N400随访。结果 (1)与健康成人相比,患者组服药前的N400潜伏期和波幅在Cz、Pz、Fz、C3、C45个脑区明显延迟于对照组和波幅下降。(2)N400潜伏期延迟和波幅下降与阳性症状分和PANSS总分呈负相关。(3)患者组在治疗后的6月、15月随访时,N400潜伏期和波幅有显著性差异(N400潜伏期,非匹配:治疗前446±35ms,治疗6月440±37ms,治疗15月414±31ms,F值=9.72,P<0.01。N400波幅,匹配:治疗前5.2±4.6μV,治疗6月5.7±4.8μV,治疗15月7.3±5.0μV,F值=2.06,P>0.05。非匹配:治疗前8.5±5.9μV,治疗6月10.1±5.0μV,治疗15月11.9±7.0μV,F值=3.697,P<0.05)。结论 N400对精神分裂症的疗效具有一定的预测作用。随访显示精神分裂症的语言及认识缺陷症状是渐进性过程,随着疗程或治疗发生相应变化。     

精神分裂症首发患者的非匹配负波及P300随访研究

目的了解精神分裂症首发患者非匹配负波（MMN）和P300的特征以及治疗缓解后脑电波的变化。方法应用美国Bravo脑电生理仪,比较58例首发分裂症患者和54名健康人的MMN和P300电位,并用阳性和阴性症状量表（PANSS）评定患者精神症状。患者组于治疗5周和14周时随访MMN和P300。结果①精神分裂症首发患者组的MMN潜伏期[（222.4±33.0）ms]比正常对照组[（200.5±30.1）ms]延迟（t=3.66,P〈0.01）,波幅[（4.6±3.3）μV]比对照组[（7.9±3.9）μV]低（t=4.85,P〈0.01）。患者组P300中靶潜伏期P3同时延迟;②MMN潜伏期延长和波幅低,与PANSS阳性症状和思维障碍分呈负相关（r=-0.381,P〈0.05,r=-0.459,P〈0.01）;患者组经治疗14周后,MMN波幅呈增大改变和潜伏期缩短。结论MMN和P300联合应用可能作为精神分裂症首发患者临床检测指标。     

精神分裂症患者脑电失匹配负波的对照研究

目的探讨精神分裂症患者失匹配负波(mismatch negativity,MMN)的特点以及治疗后MMN的变化。方法应用美国Bravo脑电生理仪,记录43例精神分裂症患者和36名正常人的MMN,同时记录P300电位比较。患者组于治疗6周和15周时进行MMN随访。结果(1)与正常组比较,精神分裂症组的MMN潜伏期延迟和波幅降低[正常组(198.5±27.4)ms和(7.9±3.6)μV,患者组(224.9±33.8)ms,(4.6±3.3)μV,P均<0.01],患者组P300中靶潜伏期P3同时延迟(P<0.01)。(2)患者组经治疗15周后,MMN波幅呈增大改变和潜伏期缩短(P<0.01),反映患者的认知功能改善。结论MMN技术可反映精神分裂症患者诱发脑电的自动加工过程。MMN可作为精神分裂症患者的临床应用检测指标之一。     

精神分裂症患者心理旋转能力的事件相关电位研究

目的探讨精神分裂症患者心理旋转的脑电生理机制,完善与精神分裂症患者在空间能力方面的事件相关电位(event-related potentials,ERP)的功能联系。方法对来自解放军第三医院的30例精神分裂症患者和28例正常健康人进行心理旋转任务的ERP测定。测量其P300家族成分中P500的潜伏期、波幅及其错误数和反应时。结果与对照组P500[PZ:(493.39±54.00)ms,(5.63±4.22)μv;P3:(495.68±42.00)ms,(6.50±3.76)μv;P4:(478.89±43.42)ms,(4.93±3.67)μv;CZ:(487.11±45.21)ms,(5.34±4.10)μv]相比,患者组合计潜伏期均延迟[PZ:(573.37±45.01)ms,t=3.38;P3:(584.70±43.13)ms,t=2.92;P4:(578.30±41.71)ms,t=-2.30;CZ:(493.39±54.00)ms,t=-2.56],合计波幅均降低[PZ:(3.04±1.32)μv,t=3.26;P3:(4.02±1.52)μv,t=2.80;P4:(2.73±2.00)μv,t=-2.20;CZ:(5.63±4.22)μv,t=-2.43],差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05);区分正镜像时,患者组正像和镜像潜伏期都延迟、波幅都降低,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论精神分裂症患者心理旋转能力受损,正镜像受损程度不一致,正镜像加工的电生理机制可能不同,提示可作为临床辅助诊断指标。     

皮质下血管认知障碍早期注意损害的关联性负变研究

目的观察皮质下缺血性血管性认知损害(subcortical ischemic vascular cognitive impairment,SIVCI)患者关联性负变(contingent negative variation,CNV)变化特征及其与计算机辅助测验-持续操作任务(continuous performance task,CPT)的相关性,探求反映SIVCI早期注意损害的神经电生理指标,促进诊断水平的提高。方法应用意大利EB-Neuro事件相关电位工作站,对15例皮质下缺血性血管性痴呆(subcortical ischemic vascular dementia,SIVD)患者,30例皮质下缺血性血管性认知损害非痴呆型(subcortical ischemic vascular cognitive impairment no dementia,SIVCIND)患者和15名正常对照(normal control,NC)检测CNV命令信号前期待波(expectancy wave,EW)的潜伏期、波幅和面积。结果①与正常对照相比,SIVCI患者CNV波形欠规则;SIVCIND患者CNV EW波幅降低(9.98±4.10μV vs.16.13±2.75μV,P0.05),平均面积减少(14848.10±3199.16μV·ms vs.20058.87±1025.95μV·ms(P0.05),潜伏期差异无统计学意义(F(2,57)=1.90,P0.05);SIVD患者较SIVCIND患者EW波幅进一步降低(6.25±1.52μV vs.9.98±4.10μV,P0.05),平均面积进一步减少(8474.00±3511.94 vs.14848.10±3199.16μV·ms,P0.05);②EW潜伏期与CPT反应时呈正相关(R=0.748,P0.01),与CPT漏报率无相关性(R=0.22,P0.05);EW波幅与CPT反应时呈负相关(R=-0.616,P0.01),与CPT漏报率无相关性(R=-0.191,P0.05);EW平均面积与CPT反应时呈负相关(R=-0.718,P0.01);与CPT漏报率呈负相关(R=-0.829,P0.01)。结论 SIVCI患者早期可能即存在注意保持等认知异常;CNV EW平均面积可能为一个较好反映持续注意损害的神经电生理指标。     

抑郁障碍的P300及非匹配负波实验研究

目的 建立非匹配负波(MMN)并探讨抑郁障碍的特点.方法 应用美国Nicolet Bravo脑诱发电位仪,对35例抑郁障碍和32名正常成人进行了P300和MMN检测.结果 与正常对照组相比,抑郁障碍MMN潜伏期延迟(正常组:(190±21)ms,抑郁障碍(267±27)ms,t=12.94,P<0.01),同时波幅降低(正常组(8.3±1.4)μV,抑郁障碍组(5.1±2.0)μV,t=7.52, P<0.01).结论 非匹配负波新技术可反映抑抑郁障碍及其他精神障碍诱发脑电波的自动加工过程,可推广于临床应用.     

首发抑郁症患者自我旋转任务下诱发电位P500研究

目的 探讨抑郁症的自我旋转能力及其脑电生理机制,进一步了解抑郁症空间认知能力的损害.方法 对23例首发抑郁症患者和22名健康对照者进行自我旋转任务下的事件相关电位测定,检测被试者的神经心理学表现和P500的潜伏期、波幅.结果 与对照组相比,患者组左手和右手的错误率均升高[(28±5)％vs.(24±4)％,P＜ 0.05; (26±4％) vs.(24±3％),P＜0.05],而且左手和右手的反应时也均较对照组延长[(1193.79±53.32)ms vs.(742.62±15.21)ms,P＜ 0.05;(1105.57±51.61)ms vs.(732.10±16.53)ms,P＜ 0.05];患者组左手错误率升高值、反应时延长值均大于右手(P＜0.05).患者组左手、右手的P500波幅均降低[(5.22±2.41)μV vs.(8.28±3.11)μV,P＜0.05; (6.79±3.24)μV vs.(8.29±3.41)μV,P＜ 0.05],左右手潜伏期均较对照组延迟[(551.37±45.27)ms vs.(508.22±28.22)ms,P＜0.05; (542.74±46.73) ms vs.(507.52±31.48)ms,P＜0.05];患者组的左手波幅降低值、潜伏期延迟值均大于右手(P＜0.05).结论 首发抑郁症患者自我旋转能力受损提示其信息加工的速度与深度均受损,左手受损程度大于右手,提示左右手加工的生物学机制可能不同.     

强迫症患者的失匹配负波研究

目的 探讨强迫症患者失匹配负波(MMN)的特点.方法 应用美国Nicolet Bravo脑诱发电位仪,对27例强迫症患者和33名正常成人进行了MMN检测.结果 与正常对照组相比,强迫症患者MMN潜伏期延迟(正常组(191±23)ms,强迫症组(208±25)ms,t=2.793,P＜0.01),同时波幅降低(正常组(8.9±1.7)μV,强迫症组(5.4±1.9)μV,t=6.24, P＜0.01).结论 被动事件相关电位MMN可反映强迫症患者自动加工过程.失匹配负波在评价强迫症脑功能失常上可能是有用的指标.     

Denervation study of synapses of organ of corti of old world monkeys

Fine structural characteristics of synapses in the spiral organ of Corti were examined, with reference to differences between inner and outer haircell systems, and to location of neurons of origin of efferent axons. Surgical interruption of crossed olivocochlear bundle, of vestibular nerve, of facial nerve, and excision of superior cervical ganglia were used to determine the pathways of efferent axons. Interruption of the vestibular nerve near the brainstem results in degeneration of all efferent terminals on outer hair cells. Mid-line lesions at, and caudal to, the facial colliculus result in degeneration of about half of these efferent terminals. Efferent synaptic bulbs to the inner hair-cell system are small, of the order of one micron, and form type 2 junctions with afferent dendrites. They tend to have more large dense-core vesicles (about 80 nm) than the large efferent terminals of the outer hair-cell system, and appear to be the terminals of axons in the habenula perforata, which exhibit varicosities laden with large dense core vesicles. The varicosities are unaffected by excision of the superior cervical ganglia. So far as our material can reveal, it appears that the varicosities in the habenula perforata do not survive vestibular root interruption, nor do the efferent processes in the internal spiral bundle or at the base of inner hair cells. Most interestingly, the afferent processes of the inner hair-cell system, as identified for example by their relation to pre-synaptic bodies in the inner hair cells, are subject to a trans-synaptic reaction after severance of the vestibular root. They undergo a dramatic cytological transformation, characterized by increase of volume, engorgement with microtubules, microfilaments, microvesicles of various sizes, and clusters of lysosomes. Thus, both the efferent and afferent terminals of the inner hair-cell system show marked cytological differences from the corresponding terminals of the outer hair cell system.     

Mechanism of action of tubocurarine on nicotinic cholinoreceptors of neurons of the sympathetic ganglia of rats

Tubocurarine (Tc) effect on membrane currents elicited by acetylcholine (ACh) was studied in isolated superior cervical ganglion neurons of rat using patch-clamp method in the whole-cell recording mode. The "use-dependent" block of ACh current by Tc was revealed in the experiments with ACh applications, indicating that Tc blocked the channels opened by ACh. Mean lifetime of Tc-open channel complex, tau, was found to be 9.8 +/- 0.5 s (n = 7) at -50 mV and 20-24 degrees C. tau exponentially increased with membrane hyperpolarization (e-fold change in tau corresponded to the membrane potential shift by 61 mV). Inhibition of the ACh-induced current by Tc (3-30 microM/1) was completely abolished by membrane depolarization to the level of 80-100 mV. Inhibition of ACh-induced current was augmented at increased ACh doses. It is concluded that the open channel block produced by Tc is likely to be the only mechanism for Tc action on nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in superior cervical ganglion neurons of rat.     

The effect of age of onset of PD on risk of dementia

Background Dementia occurs in the majority of patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD). Late onset of PD has been reported to be associated with a higher risk for dementia. However, age at onset (AAO) and age at baseline assessment are often correlated. The aim of this study was to explore whether AAO of PD symptoms is a risk factor for dementia independent of the general effect of age. Methods Two community-based studies of PD in New York (n = 281) and Rogaland county, Norway (n = 227) and two population-based groups of healthy elderly from New York (n = 180) and Odense, Denmark (n = 2414) were followed prospectively for 3–4 years and assessed for dementia according to DSM-IIIR. All PD and control cases underwent neurological examination and were followed with neurological and neuropsychological assessments. We used Cox proportional hazards regression based on three different time scales to explore the effect of AAO of PD on risk of dementia, adjusting for age at baseline and other demographic and clinical variables. Findings In both PD groups and in the pooled analyses, there was a significant effect of age at baseline assessment on the time to develop dementia, but there was no effect of AAO independent of age itself. Consistent with these results, there was no increased relative effect of age on the time to develop dementia in PD cases compared with controls. Interpretation This study shows that it is the general effect of age, rather than AAO that is associated with incident dementia in subjects with PD. Received in revised form: 22 December 2005     

Limits of deinstitutionalization--perspectives of relatives of psychiatric patients

After a hopeful beginning, the social process of the reintegration of those with severe mental illness has come to a standstill. I am led to wonder whether "the community" really wants to live together with people suffering from severe mental illness, and if so, how closely? As long as the medical treatment of mental illness provided by the general practitioners is fundamentally deficient, as they are not able to prescribe the necessary interventions--such as out-patient psychiatric nursing, and service providers in the out-patient sector are content with offering increasingly intensive forms of care for the less seriously ill at the cost of the Social Welfare System--the reintegration of those with serious mental illness remains an illusion--which is mainly to the benefit of providers of residential care in homes and hostels.