白细胞介素—1,2,6在骨质疏松患者中的表达

绝经后骨质疏松(postmenopuusal osteporosisPMO)是危及老年妇女健康的一种常见病和多发病,它的特点是以绝经早期高骨转换为特征,表现为骨吸收大于骨形成,骨小梁大量丢失,结果导致骨密度减低,骨脆性增加,易发生骨折。近年来的研究证明,在骨质疏松发生的机理中,细胞因子的水平高低起着很重要的调控作用。本文检测了非骨质疏松妇女及绝经后骨质疏松妇女血清白细胞介素—1,2,6水平及骨密度(BMD)情况,现将结果报道如下。 资料和方法 一、对象:选取正常青年妇女30例,年龄25～35岁,月经周期正常,骨密度正常者作为非骨质疏松组;选取绝经后妇女30例,年龄48～60岁,绝经2～6年,骨密度<峰值二个标准差者,作为骨质疏松     

绝经后妇女骨质疏松患者外周血NLR、PLR水平与骨密度的相关性分析

目的:探讨绝经后妇女骨质疏松患者外周血中性粒细胞与淋巴细胞比值(NLR)、血小板与淋巴细胞比值(PLR)水平与骨密度(BMD)的相关性.方法:选取2018年4月至2020年9月在本院采用双能X线吸收法(DXA)进行BMD检查的166例绝经后妇女为研究对象,依据BMD检查结果将研究对象分为三组:对照组(60例)、骨量减少组(55例)、骨质疏松组(51例).BMD采用双能X线骨密度测定仪进行测定;采用日本Sysmex XE-2100型全自动血细胞分析仪进行血常规检查,计算两组外周血NLR、PLR水平并进行比较;采用Pearson分析外周血NLR、PLR水平与BMD的相关性;采用多因素Logistic回归模型分析绝经后妇女发生骨质疏松的影响因素.结果:对照组、骨量减少组、骨质疏松组腰椎、髋部BMD均依次降低(P<0.05),中性粒细胞、血小板、NLR、PLR均依次升高(P<0.05);Pearson相关分析结果显示,骨质疏松组外周血NLR、PLR水平与腰椎、髋部BMD均呈负相关(P<0.05);多因素Logistic回归分析结果显示,年龄、NLR、PLR均是绝经后妇女发生骨质疏松的危险因素(P<0.05),BMI是保护因素(P<0.05).结论:与绝经后妇女骨量正常者相比,绝经后妇女骨质疏松患者外周血NLR、PLR水平较高,与骨质疏松的发生、发展密切相关,年龄、NLR、PLR均是绝经后妇女发生骨质疏松的危险因素,BMI是保护因素,可能为预防、诊断及治疗绝经后妇女骨质疏松提供参考.     

绝经早期妇女血清PINP、ICTP和OC水平与骨密度的关系

目的:分析绝经后1年～5年的绝经早期妇女骨密度(BMD)与血清Ⅰ型前胶原氨基端前肽(PINP)、Ⅰ型胶原交联羧基末端肽(ICTP)和骨钙素(OC)水平的变化特点,探讨骨转换生化指标在绝经早期女性(绝经1～5年)骨质疏松(OP)早期诊断中的价值。方法:采用双能X线骨密度吸收测定仪(DEXA)对90例绝经早期妇女进行不同部位的BMD测定,并根据BMD测定结果分为BMD正常组和BMD降低组;用放射免疫分析,测定血清PINP、ICTP和OC含量,分析与BMD的相关性。结果:36例出现BMD降低(40%);BMD减低组的PINP、ICTP和OC均明显高于BMD正常组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);腰椎(L1—4)BMD与ICTP、PINP和OC呈负相关。结论:绝经早期妇女BMD减低者的骨转换增高,妇女绝经后早期定期联检OC、PINP和IC-TP,可早期识别出那些有高骨转换率而致发生骨质疏松风险的人群,以指导及时的预防性治疗,从而可阻挡或延缓OP进程,降低OP的发生率。     

PMO患者血清E2、IL-6及IGF-Ⅰ水平的临床观察

目的：通过观察绝经后骨质疏松症（PMO）患者血清E2、IL-6及IGF-Ⅰ含量的变化,探讨E2、IL-6及IGF-Ⅰ在绝经后骨质疏松症发病机理中的作用。方法：根据腰椎骨密度（BMD）扫描结果,将受试者分为三组,即绝经后骨质疏松组32例、绝经后非骨质疏松组30例、绝经前健康组30例。采用放免法测定血清IL-6、BGP、IGF-Ⅰ水平,用化学发光免疫分析法测定血清E2水平,同时测定血清P、Ca、AKP水平。结果：绝经后妇女血清IL-6水平高于绝经前妇女,骨质疏松组又高于非骨质疏松组。IL-6与BMD、E2呈负相关关系（r分别为-0．587、-0．438,P〈0．05）,与BGP呈正相关关系（r=0．545,P〈0．05）。绝经后妇女IGF-Ⅰ含量降低,骨质疏松组IGF-Ⅰ含量最低。IGF-Ⅰ与BMD、E2呈显著正相关关系（相关系数r分别为0．569、0．433,P〈0．01）,与年龄呈显著负相关关系（r=-0．538,P〈0．01）。结论：绝经后骨质疏松为高转换率骨质疏松,IL-6高表达与骨质疏松症发病以及雌激素减少有关,雌激素水平下降可导致IL-6分泌的增多。体内雌激素还有助于维持IGF-Ⅰ的水平,绝经后骨质疏松患者体内IGF-Ⅰ水平明显下降。IL-6分泌增多、IGF-Ⅰ水平下降均可以导致骨吸收超过骨形成,引起骨丢失和骨质疏松症的发生。因此,IL-6、IGF-Ⅰ可作为一种预测骨质疏松症发病的检测手段。合理应用雌激素、IGF-Ⅰ可预防绝经后骨质疏松症的发生。     

绝经妇女外周血单个核细胞骨代谢调控因子表达变化

目的:探讨绝经妇女雌激素水平下降所致免疫细胞骨代谢调控因子变化。方法:纳入绝经妇女、未绝经妇女各30例,电化学发光法检测血清雌二醇(E2)水平;RT-PCR法检测外周血单个核细胞(PBMC)中雌激素受体(ERα、ERβ)、白细胞IL-6、TNFα-。核因子κB受体活化因子配基(RANKL)、核因子κB受体活化因子(RANK)mRNA表达;ELISA检测血清IL-6、TNFα-蛋白含量;双能X线骨密度仪检测腰椎2~4(L2-4)前后位骨密度(BMD)。结果:与未绝经组比较,绝经妇女E2水平明显下降,腰椎BMD显著降低(P<0.05),外周血单个核细胞ERα、ERβmRNA表达明显降低(P<0.05),IL-6、TNFα-、RANKL、RANKmRNA表达明显升高(P<0.05),IL-6及TNFα-血清蛋白含量明显升高(P<0.05)。相关性分析显示PBMC中ERα、ERβmRNA表达与血清E2水平、腰椎BMD呈显著正相关性(P<0.05),PBMC中IL-6、TNFα-、RANKL、RANKmRNA表达与血清E2水平、腰椎BMD呈显著负相关性(P<0.05)。结论:绝经后妇女雌激素水平下降伴随着外周血免疫细胞雌激素受体转录水平下降,同时,炎性骨吸收调控因子和溶骨性细胞因子表达升高,这种变化可能在绝经后骨丢失中发挥重要作用。     

健康绝经妇女体成分差异对跟骨骨密度的影响

目的探讨锦州市健康绝经妇女身体质量指数(BMI)、左下肢肌肉含量及脂肪含量等身体组成成分与左侧跟骨骨密度(BMD)的关系。方法使用体成分仪及骨密度仪测量421例健康绝经妇女的体成分和左侧跟骨骨密度。结论左侧跟骨BMD与年龄呈负相关,与左下肢肌肉量、BMI呈正相关关系,而与左下肢脂肪量没有相关性。结论 BMI是影响绝经妇女BMD的重要因素,加强运动、增加身体肌肉含量对预防骨质疏松有重要作用。     

绝经后女性骨密度与雌激素水平、免疫细胞因子和骨代谢指标的相关性研究

目的:分析绝经后女性骨密度变化及其与雌激素水平、免疫细胞因子和血清骨代谢指标的相关性。方法:将135 名绝经后女性根据其腰椎骨密度(BMD)分为骨质疏松(OP)组(54 例)、骨量减少组(43 例)及正常组(38 例)。测定三组研究对象血清雌二醇(E2)、骨源性碱性磷酸酶(BALP)、骨钙素(BGP)、抗酒石酸酸性磷酸酶-5b(TRAP-5b)、白细胞介素-6(IL-6)、白细胞介素-10(IL-10)、肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)、转化生长因子-β(TGF-β1)水平,并分析其与BMD 的相关性。结果:与正常组比,OP 组和骨量减少组血清E2、TGF-β1、IL-10 水平均显著降低(P<0.05),血清BALP、BGP、TRAP-5b、IL-6 及TNF-β水平均显著升高(P<0.05);与骨量减少组比,OP 组的血清E2 水平更低,血清BALP、BGP、TRAP-5b、IL-6 及TNF-β水平均更高,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。E2、TGF-β1、IL-10 与BMD 呈正相关(P<0.05);BALP、BGP、TRAP-5b、IL-6 及TNF-α均与BMD 呈负相关(P<0.05)。低血清E2 水平和高血清BALP、BGP、TRAP-5b、IL-6、TNF-α水平是绝经后女性BMD 降低的独立影响因素(P<0.05)。结论:绝经后女性E2 水平降低,引起骨重建失衡及骨免疫炎症反应,该变化与BMD 降低有关。     

基于双能X线骨密度仪在绝经后妇女椎体脆性骨折中的应用

目的:探讨双能X线骨密度仪(DXA)在绝经后妇女椎体脆性骨折中的应用。方法:通过DXA连续检测274例50岁以上无症状绝经后妇女腰椎(L_1-L_4)、股骨颈和全髋的骨密度(BMD)同时,应用椎体骨折评估软件(VFA)评估椎体脆性骨折;收集所有受检者一般资料。结果:274例受检者经VFA检查发现有103例椎体脆性骨折。(1)单因素分析显示,年龄、绝经年限、绝经年龄及各部位BMD是绝经后妇女椎体脆性骨折的可能影响因子(P0.05);(2)选择单因素分析有统计学意义并经共线性诊断的变量,进一步行多因素二分类Logistic回归分析显示,绝经年限及全髋BMD是椎体脆性骨折的危险因素(P0.05);(3)BMD联合VFA骨质疏松诊断率提高7.3%(P0.05)。结论:绝经年限增加、全髋BMD降低对绝经后妇女椎体脆性骨折有重要的预测价值。对绝经后妇女椎体脆性骨折的防治在重视BMD的同时要联合进行椎体骨折评估,以提高椎体脆性骨折及骨质疏松诊断率。     

骨代谢标志物与骨质疏松的相关性研究

目的探讨绝经后妇女骨代谢标志物与骨质疏松的相关性。方法应用双能X线骨密度仪测量绝经期妇女腰椎和股骨的骨密度值,并按骨密度值将136例患者分为63例骨量减少组和73例骨质疏松组,用电化学发光法测定两组患者血清骨钙素(N-MID),总骨I型前胶原N端肽(PINP)和β胶原特殊序列(β-crosslaps)的水平。结果在骨量减少组和骨质疏松组血清N-MID测定结果分别为21.63±24.77ng/mL和21.4±15.6ng/mL、PINP分别为46.8±46.37ng/mL和61.4±52.83ng/mL、β-crosslaps分别为0.48±0.46ng/mL和0.49±0.40ng/mL,两组间的差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论绝经后骨质疏松患者血清骨代谢标志物水平与骨密度不存在密切的相关性;血清N-MD、PINP、β-Crosslaps只反映绝经后妇女骨转换的高低,对骨质疏松的诊断无明显帮助。     

女性Graves病患者行131Ⅰ治疗前后骨密度及血清骨代谢指标变化的研究分析

目的 分析女性Graves病患者行131Ⅰ治疗前后骨密度及血清骨代谢指标的变化.方法 收集经131Ⅰ治疗的86例女性Graves病患者的资料,根据绝经情况随机分为绝经组和未绝经组,各43例,分别于治疗前、治疗后测量两组的腰椎、髋部骨密度(BMD)及血钙(Ca)、磷(P),甲状旁腺激素(PTH),碱性磷酸酶(ALP),血骨钙素(BGP)等骨代谢指标.结果 131Ⅰ治疗前,两组的BMD及骨代谢指标均有不同程度的改变,组间对比差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05);治疗后,两组的BMD明显上升,骨代谢指标ALP、BGP水平明显降低,未绝经组变化更加明显(P＜0.05),但两组血Ca、P、PTH水平差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).结论 131Ⅰ治疗可以改善女性Graves病患者的骨密度及骨代谢情况.     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

What will studies of Fulani individuals naturally exposed to malaria teach us about protective immunity to malaria?

There are an estimated over 200 million yearly cases of malaria worldwide. Despite concerted international effort to combat the disease, it still causes approximately half a million deaths every year, the majority of which are young children with Plasmodium falciparum infection in sub-Saharan Africa. Successes are largely attributed to malaria prevention strategies, such as insecticide-treated mosquito nets and indoor spraying, as well as improved access to existing treatments. One important hurdle to new approaches for the treatment and prevention of malaria is our limited understanding of the biology of Plasmodium infection and its complex interaction with the immune system of its human host. Therefore, the elimination of malaria in Africa not only relies on existing tools to reduce malaria burden, but also requires fundamental research to develop innovative approaches. Here, we summarize our discoveries from investigations of ethnic groups of West Africa who have different susceptibility to malaria.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.