骨外固定器行胫骨迁移治疗血栓闭塞性脉管炎的护理

目的总结利用骨外固定器行胫骨迁移治疗血栓闭塞性脉管炎的护理经验.方法对35例血栓闭塞性脉管炎37条患肢应用骨外固定器迁移胫骨治疗.术前积极处理患肢、有效的心理护理,术后严密观察,做好骨外固定器迁移胫骨的护理.结果 32例间歇性跛行距离增加;27例夜间静息痛均得到缓解;7例足趾缺血坏死中除3例术后患肢缺血加重截肢外,余4例患肢供血改善,坏死区域结痂愈合;总有效率91.9%.结论全面、准确地评估患者,完善术前准备及术后正确迁移指导可提高骨外固定器行胫骨迁移治疗血栓闭塞性脉管炎的有效性.     

骨外固定器行胫骨迁移治疗血栓闭塞性脉管炎的护理

目的总结利用骨外固定器行胫骨迁移治疗血栓闭塞性脉管炎的护理经验.方法对35例血栓闭塞性脉管炎37条患肢应用骨外固定器迁移胫骨治疗.术前积极处理患肢、有效的心理护理,术后严密观察,做好骨外固定器迁移胫骨的护理.结果 32例间歇性跛行距离增加;27例夜间静息痛均得到缓解;7例足趾缺血坏死中除3例术后患肢缺血加重截肢外,余4例患肢供血改善,坏死区域结痂愈合;总有效率91.9%.结论全面、准确地评估患者,完善术前准备及术后正确迁移指导可提高骨外固定器行胫骨迁移治疗血栓闭塞性脉管炎的有效性.     

胫骨骨搬运治疗血栓闭塞性脉管炎的疗效分析

[目的]探讨胫骨横向骨搬运技术治疗下肢血栓闭塞性脉管炎的有效性。[方法]对来本院治疗的52例血栓闭塞性脉管炎患者行胫骨横向骨搬运手术,术后50 d完成骨搬运,然后通过血管造影、肢体存活情况及随访观察评价疗效。[结果]52例中45例获得满意疗效,随访时间2~3年,肢体缺血坏死症状完全改善。7例术后仍有严重下肢缺血坏死,行下肢截肢术。总有效率为87%。[结论]胫骨横向骨搬运技术可以有效治疗下肢血栓闭塞性脉管炎,手术操作简单,安全有效,值得临床应用推广。     

胫骨迁移血管再生治疗血栓闭塞性脉管炎35例分析

目的 评价胫骨迁移血管再生治疗血栓闭塞性脉管炎的手术成功率和长期有效率。 方法 对2000年11月至2006年11月黑龙江省医院周围血管病科胫骨迁移血管再生治疗血栓闭塞性脉管炎的资料进行分析。35例血栓闭塞性脉管炎病人进行动脉造影,选择股浅动脉下段闭塞或腘动脉闭塞股深动脉流出道良好的病人行手术治疗。分离病人的胫骨并每天缓慢迁移分离的胫骨,通过刺激胫骨骨髓再生新鲜小动脉和毛细血管网改善缺血区供血。 结果 35例中32例获得满意疗效,随访时间2~6年。临床缺血症状彻底改善。3例术后3个月后仍有严重下肢缺血行下肢截肢术。总有效率91%。 结论 胫骨迁移血管再生手术可以有效治疗血栓闭塞性脉管炎,手术方法简单,安全有效,且治疗费用低,值得临床推广。     

胫骨横向骨搬移技术治疗下肢血栓闭塞性脉管炎疗效观察

目的 观察胫骨横向骨搬移技术治疗下肢血栓闭塞性脉管炎的临床疗效。方法 回顾性分析自2018-06—2020-06采用胫骨横向骨搬移技术治疗的68例下肢血栓闭塞性脉管炎,术后第3～5 d开始进行骨搬移,每天向外搬移1 mm（分4次进行,每次0.25 mm）,搬移14 d后原位置停留3 d,然后按照相反方向、相同速度往回搬移14 d,此时注意复查X线片观察胫骨开窗骨块位置。结果 68例患者均获得随访,随访时间12～24个月,平均16.3个月。68例术后3个月复查下肢CT血管造影,结果显示与术前对比患肢微循环再生、重建丰富,侧支循环建立良好。本组术后3个月疼痛VAS评分、足部皮温、踝肱指数、间歇性跛行距离、经皮氧分压均较术前改善,差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。结论 胫骨横向骨搬移技术治疗下肢血栓闭塞性脉管炎疗效确切且操作简单,可改善患肢血运、促进创面愈合,在选择合适的患者和手术适应证前提下值得临床推广应用。     

胫骨横向骨搬运技术对于血栓闭塞性脉管炎的治疗效果分析

目的探讨胫骨横向骨搬运技术对于血栓闭塞性脉管炎的治疗效果,供临床参考。方法选取2014年6月至2018年6月本院收治的66例血栓闭塞性脉管炎(Thromboangitis Obliterans,TAO)患者作为研究对象,所有患者均行胫骨横向骨搬运技术,比较所有入选患者术前和拆除外固定架后跛行距离的变化,比较所有入选患者术前、术后14天、术后28天和术后56天患肢静息痛视觉模拟评分(visual analogue scale,VAS)评分、患侧足趾皮温、患侧足趾血氧饱和度的变化。所有入选患者拆除外固定架后行下肢动脉造影检查,观察微血管再生情况。结果 (1)术前的跛行距离明显少于拆除外固定架后的跛行距离(P0.05),差异具有统计学意义;(2)术前、术后14天、术后28天和术后56天患肢静息痛VAS评分依次下降(P0.05),差异具有统计学意义;(3)术前、术后14天、术后28天和术后56天患侧足趾皮温依次升高(P0.05),差异具有统计学意义;(4)术前、术后14天、术后28天和术后56天患侧足趾血氧饱和度依次升高(P0.05),差异具有统计学意义。(5)下肢动脉造影显示,64例患者可见胫骨搬移段新生血管,并向肌肉和皮下组织蔓延。结论骨搬移血管再生术是治疗TAO较为低成本的方法,具有疗效确切、操作简单、创伤小的优点,值得临床考虑。     

人造血管搭桥动静脉转流术治疗血栓闭塞性脉管炎46例

采用人造血管搭桥行动静脉转流术治疗下肢血栓闭塞性脉管炎46例，术后4～5周彩色多普勒示人造血管通畅，吻合口远端静脉可见动脉血流信号，46例均恢复正常工作。重点总结了术前心理护理、血管造影护理及术后体位护理、患肢局部血运观察、抗凝剂的正确应用等护理措施。     

一期大隐静脉动脉化治疗下肢血栓闭塞性脉管炎

目的：通过一期大隐静脉动脉化治疗下肢血栓闭塞性脉管炎。方法：通过利用自体头静脉在患肢大隐静脉与患肢股动脉或髂外动脉之间搭桥，为６６例９１侧下肢血栓闭塞性脉管炎患者实施手术。结果：术后下肢缺血性疼痛消失，皮温皮色恢复正常，足趾及跖部创面愈合，多普勒超声探测及动脉造影提示患足血供良好。结论：本术式不影响静脉血回流，简易、经济，效果良好，使用头静脉搭桥可使本术式应用范围更广。     

一期动静脉转流术在广泛性下肢动脉缺血循环重建中的应用

目的 探讨一期动静脉转流治疗广泛性下肢动脉缺血性病变的手术方式与临床疗效。方法 1995年10月～2005年10月，采用一期动静脉转流手术治疗下肢缺血性病变90例（肢），其中下肢广泛性动脉硬化闭塞症62例，血栓闭塞性脉管炎28例。通过回顾性分析临床资料和术后随访，总结分析一期动静脉转流手术方式的选择与临床疗效。结果 90例（肢）患者中，88例术后缺血症状明显改善，患肢疼痛消失或明显减轻．皮肤温度较术前普遍升高1～2C，手术治疗总有效率为97．7％（88／90）。2例手术失败。其中1例术后2周行膝上截肢，1例术后1周行膝下截肢。72例获术后随访，中位随访时间3．8年。其中8例患者术后5年内再次接受大网膜移植或截肢术，其余64例患者下肢缺血症状消失，生活质量明显改善。结论对于无条件实施动脉旁路术的广泛性下肢动脉缺血患者，一期动静脉转流术可迅速再建缺血下肢的血液循环，临床疗效较满意，是一种有效的治疗方式。     

外固定器治疗儿童胫骨慢性骨髓炎后骨缺损和肢体短缩

[目的]探讨运用外固定器行骨段转移术治疗儿童胫骨慢性骨髓炎造成的骨缺损和肢体短缩的疗效及经验,为临床合理选择治疗方法提供依据.[方法]回顾性研究1994年1月～2010年1月采用外固定器治疗的26例儿童胫骨慢性骨髓炎造成的骨缺损和肢体短缩行骨段转移术.男15例,女11例,年龄8～17岁,平均11.6岁,术前患肢平均骨缺损长度4.8 cm,肢体短缩差值平均5.3 cm.[结果]全部病人均获随访.术后随访平均116个月,平均外固定指数48.0 d/cm.延长范围5.8～15.1 cm(平均10.3 cm),骨不连接愈合时间平均6.6个月(4～ 13个月).骨愈合率100％,所有患者肢体长度差异得到纠正.[结论]骨外固定器行骨段转移术是治疗儿童伴有肢体短缩的胫骨大段骨缺损的有效方法.     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.