杀虫剂混配对抗DDVP淡色库蚊的毒力及增效作用的研究

目的 为延缓抗性的发展，测定了淡色库蚊幼虫DDVP抗性品系对常用的几种杀虫剂混用后的敏感性及与增效剂氯化胡椒基丁醚(S1)、八氯二丙醚(S2)和增效胺混用的效果。方法采用WHO生物测试法。计算LC50、增效系数。结果DDVP 三氯杀虫酯、氯氰菊酯 残杀威、氯氰菊酯 DDVP、残杀威 三氯杀虫酯，各组共毒系数分别为180．07～237．50、158．11～198．95、155．22～175．00、120．28～132．12；DDVP S2、DDVP S1、DDVP 增效胺的增效系数分别为2．96～11．36、1．49～2．18、1．41～1．59。结论当淡色库蚊对DDVP产生抗药性后。氯氰菊酯或三氯杀虫酯与DDVP或残杀威混用均能取得较好的防制效果。DDVP与增效剂复配亦有增效作用。     

复配杀虫剂杀灭淡色库蚊的现场效果研究

目的：为了合理地使用卫生杀虫剂，有效控制蚊虫，在5个现场测定了淡色库蚊对3种常用复配杀虫剂的敏感性。方法：采用WHO生物测试法。结果：DDVP与三氯杀虫酯、残杀威与三氯杀虫酯复配共毒系数分别是：123．24—318．23、172．80--358．05，显示出较好的增效作用。DDVP与残杀威复配效果较差。结论：当淡色库蚊产生抗药性后，应用有机磷或氨基甲酸酯类杀虫剂与有机氯类混用，能取得较好效果。     

山东省东平湖地区淡色库蚊对常用杀虫剂的抗药性调查

目的了解山东省东平湖淡色库蚊对常用5种化学杀虫剂的抗性状况,为合理有效地进行蚊虫化学防治提供依据。方法采用WHO生物测定方法,测定2010-2011年淡色库蚊敏感品系和现场种群对5种杀虫剂的抗性及增效系数。结果现场淡色库蚊种群对氯氰菊酯、残杀威、溴氰菊酯、三氯杀虫酯、DDVP的抗性指数,2010年分别为106.40、4.30、110.75、0.60和4.09倍,2011年分别为94.30、2.70、112.33、0.61和2.91倍。DDVP＋三氯杀虫酯、残杀威＋三氯杀虫酯复配增效系数分别为164.39~171.08和188.28~221.84。结论山东省东平湖淡色库蚊对5种常用化学杀虫剂均产生不同程度的抗药性,应采取多种杀虫剂复配和增效剂与杀虫剂合用措施,以克服或延缓蚊虫抗药性的产生和发展。     

杀虫剂与增效剂混用对淡色库蚊的杀灭效果

目的探讨杀虫剂与增效剂混用对淡色库蚊的杀灭效果,为合理有效地进行蚊虫化学防治提供依据。方法参照WHO生物测定方法和唐振华药物联合作用试验方法。培秉对抗DDVP（Rd）淡色库蚊,DDVP分别与氧化胡椒基丁醚（S1）八氯二丙醚（S2）、增效胺（MGK264）混用的增效系数依次为707．79、176．65、159．97;对Rp品系淡色库蚊,残杀威分别与S2、S1、MGK264混用的增效系数依次为1129．89、372．88、163．00;对Rc品系淡色库蚊,氯氰菊酯分别与S1、S2、MGK264混用的增效系数依次为661．55、454．73、351．11。结论杀虫剂与增效剂混用可对淡色库蚊起到明显的杀虫增效作用,选择杀虫效力较强的配方可提高蚊虫防治效果。     

淡色库蚊对苏云金杆菌及化学杀虫剂的抗性研究

目的探讨苏云金杆菌以色列亚种(Bti)与常用化学杀虫剂联合使用对东平湖地区淡色库蚊幼虫的杀灭效果。方法采用幼虫浸渍法测试现场淡色库蚊幼虫对Bti及5种化学杀虫剂的抗性,采用简单复配法检测Bti分别与5种化学杀虫剂混用的增效效果,增效明显的2组再次进行复配验证。结果现场淡色库蚊幼虫对Bti、溴氰菊酯、氯氰菊酯、敌敌畏、残杀威、三氯杀虫酯的抗性倍数分别为1. 04、106. 00、83. 00、5. 03、3. 51、1. 01。Bti分别与5种化学杀虫剂简单复配时均有增效效果,Bti+残杀威增效效果最佳(19. 63),其次为Bti+氯氰菊酯(11. 59)。进一步复配结果显示,残杀威与Bti以不同比例复配时都具有增效作用,其中以1∶3比例复配时共毒系数最高(189);当氯氰菊酯与Bti以1∶1及1∶3比例复配时,表现出增效作用(共毒系数:114、135)。结论将Bti与化学杀虫剂联合应用(尤其是残杀威)对山东省东平湖地区淡色库蚊有较好的灭杀效果,可延缓抗药性的发展,是蚊虫抗性治理中较为重要的防治策略。     

山东省淡色库蚊抗药性及现场治理方法的研究

目的　为延缓蚊虫抗性的发生和发展 ,更好地选用卫生杀虫剂 ,控制卫生害虫 ,测定了山东省部分地区淡色库蚊对常用杀虫剂混用的敏感性。方法　采用WHO生物测试法 ,计算LC50 、回归方程、增效系数。结果　氯氰菊酯 残杀威、氯氰菊酯 DDVP复配共毒系数分别在 12 5 .78～ 3 95 .2 1之间、12 7.3 7～ 3 64 .5 0之间 ,显示出较好的增效作用。DDVP 残杀威复配效果较差。结论　当淡色库蚊产生抗药性后 ,采用有机磷或氨基甲酸酯类杀虫剂与拟除虫菊酯类混用的方法 ,能取得较好效果。     

杀虫剂复配对淡色库蚊杀灭效果的实验研究

目的探讨杀虫剂复配对淡色库蚊的杀灭效果，为合理有效地进行蚊虫化学防治提供依据。方珐参照WHO生物测定方法和唐振华药物联合作用试验方法。结果对于DDVP、残杀威、氯氰菊酯、三氯杀虫酯4种化学杀虫剂，分别选择2种作用机制不同的杀虫剂复配对抗DDVP、抗残杀威和抗氯氰菊酯3种抗性品系淡色库蚊均起到明显的杀虫增效作用，DDVP和残杀威2种作用机制相同的杀虫剂复配对抗DDVP品系淡色库蚊无明显的杀虫增效作用。结论作用机制不同的杀虫剂复配可对蚊虫起到明显的杀虫增效作用，作用机制相同的杀虫剂复配对蚊虫无明显的杀虫增效作用，选择杀虫效力较强的配方可提高蚊虫防治效果。     

济宁城区淡色库蚊对常用杀虫剂的抗性研究

目的研究山东省济宁市城区淡色库蚊对常用杀虫剂的抗药性,为城市媒介蚊虫的防治提供参考依据。方法在媒介蚊虫流行季节,采集城区淡色库蚊幼虫,利用幼虫浸渍法,测定淡色库蚊对常用杀虫剂的LC50,计算淡色库蚊幼虫对常用杀虫剂的抗性指数。结果淡色库蚊幼虫对残杀威、敌敌畏、三氯杀虫酯、溴氰菊酯、氯氰菊酯的LC50分别为1.240 45、0.473 88、2.153 26、0.048 09、0.040 56 ppm,与敏感品系比较,济宁城区淡色库蚊对残杀威、敌敌畏、三氯杀虫酯、溴氰菊酯、氯氰菊酯的抗性指数分别为10.93、4.97、10.16、200.38、337.98。结论济宁市城区淡色库蚊对常用杀虫剂均已产生抗药性,其中对菊酯类杀虫剂的抗性水平最高,为延缓媒介蚊虫抗药性的发展,应轮换使用杀虫剂或选择微生物制剂防治蚊幼虫。     

杀虫剂与八氯二丙醚(S2)复配杀灭现场淡色库蚊效果观察

目的为了延缓和克服蚊虫抗性的发生和发展,更好地选用卫生杀虫剂,控制媒介蚊虫,测定了山东省部分地区现场淡色库蚊对常用杀虫剂与八氯二丙醚(S2)混用的敏感性.方法采用WHO生物测试法,计算LC50、回归方程、增效系数.结果残杀威 S2、氯氰菊酯 S2、DDVP S2复配增效系数分别在2.19～9.49之间、1.71～3.96之间和3.20～20.72之间,显示出较好的增效作用.结论当淡色库蚊产生抗药性后,采用杀虫剂与八氯二丙醚混用的方法,能取得较好效果.     

济宁市淡色库蚊抗药性检测分析

目的了解济宁市淡色库蚊对常用化学杀虫剂的抗性状况,为合理有效地进行蚊虫化学防治提供依据。方法采用WHO生物测定方法测定敏感品系和现场淡色库蚊对5种杀虫剂的抗性。结果5个现场的淡色库蚊对三氯杀虫酯、DDVP、残杀威、溴氰菊酯、氯氰菊酯抗性水平分别为敏感品系的1．14～7．99倍、6．10～21．18倍、3．46—6．67倍、8．50～16．50倍、28．33～135．83倍。结论济宁市淡色库蚊对5种常用化学杀虫剂均产生不同程度的抗药性,对氯氰菊酯和DDVP抗性较高,对三氯杀虫酯和残杀威抗性较低,应采取适当措施克服或延缓蚊虫抗药性的产生和发展。     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.     

Assessing occupational and environmental exposure

Exposure assessment is a poorly understood component of the science of epidemiology. The relationship between exposure to chemicals and ill-health outcomes is often calculated using crude exposure measures such as ever/never exposed or duration. When investigating subtle effects, exposures need to be characterized much more fully in terms of intensity, frequency, duration and route. While occupational exposures tend to be much greater than those experienced from the wider environment there is a need to remember that, for many chemicals, exposure can occur occupationally, environmentally and through consumer use of products containing the material of interest. Inhalation exposure has generally been the traditional focus for most epidemiological investigations but there is now growing awareness of the importance of the dermal and ingested routes of contact and internalization. Quantification of the exposure also needs to be related to a biological mechanism of action and exposure metrics need to be selected accordingly. Occupational exposures can generally be measured using simple well-validated techniques. Environmental exposures require much more sensitive instruments and are more difficult to assess. Exposure modelling, particularly for the environmental fate of chemicals has undergone many recent developments and Monte Carlo techniques can be used to characterize model uncertainty and variability. This approach to exposure assessment can now be used in the setting of the wider environment and will enable a far better understanding of the relationship between exposure and disease.     

Mercury toxicity due to the smelting of placer gold recovered by mercury amalgam

A 19-year-old man developed tremor in both hands and fatigue after starting work at a placer gold mine where he was exposed to mercury-gold amalgam. Examination revealed an intention tremor, dysdiadochokinesis and mild rigidity. The 24-h urinary mercury concentration reached a peak of 715 nmol/l (143 ug/l) shortly before the clinical examination, after which he was removed from working in the gold room [Mercury No. Adverse Effect Level: 250 nmol/l (50 ug/l)]. On review 7 weeks later his tremor had almost resolved and the dysdiadochokinesis and rigidity had gone. The 24-h urinary mercury concentration had fallen to 160 nmol/l (32 ug/l). The principal exposure to mercury was considered to be the smelting of retorted gold with previously unrecognized residual mercury in it. The peak air concentration of mercury vapour during gold smelting was 0.533 mg/m3 (Mercury Vapour ACGIH TLV: 0.05 mg/m3 TWA). Several engineering and procedural controls were instituted. This episode occurred at another mine site, unrelated to Mount Isa Mines Limited.     

How Adults with Acquired Brain Damage Perceive Computer Training as a Rehabilitation Tool: A Focus-group Study

The aim of this study was to explore and describe how adult outpatients with acquired brain damage and referred to occupational therapy perceive computer training with the RehaCom programs, in order to evaluate the method of treatment as a tool in the rehabilitation of persons with cognitive disorders. By using focus-group discussions as a qualitative method of research when analysing the result, five themes with corresponding categories emerged, describing a development of understanding and learning about capacities. Themes describing how the participants could apply strategies to overcome shortcomings in daily occupations and the therapeutic role of the occupational therapist were identified as well. The result shows that a computer training program such as RehaCom can be used as an educational tool, for example, to guide a person who is trying to adopt compensatory strategies to avoid overload by taking pauses. It was found that anything the participants learned was also applicable to occupational performance in daily life.