Cigarette smoking among adults--United States, 2000

One of the national health objectives for 2010 is to reduce the prevalence of cigarette smoking among adults to < or = 12% (objective 27.1a). To assess progress toward this objective, CDC analyzed self-reported data from the 2000 National Health Interview Survey (NHIS) sample Adult Core questionnaire and Cancer Control module. This report summarizes the findings of this analysis, which indicate that, in 2000, approximately 23.3% of adults were current smokers compared with 25.0% in 1993, reflecting a modest but statistically significant decrease in prevalence among U.S. adults. In 2000, an estimated 70% of smokers said they wanted to quit, and 41% had tried to quit during the preceding year; however, marked differences in successful quitting were observed among demographic groups. A comprehensive approach to cessation that comprises economic, clinical, regulatory, and educational strategies is required to further reduce the prevalence of smoking in the United States.     

Methodological issues in estimating smoking-attributable mortality in the United States

The authors explored two methodological issues in the estimation of smoking-attributable mortality for the United States. First, age-specific and age-adjusted relative risk, attributable fraction, and smoking-attributable mortality estimates obtained using data from the American Cancer Society's second Cancer Prevention Study (CPS II), a cohort study of 1.2 million participants (1982-1988), were compared with those obtained using a combination of data from the National Mortality Follow-back Survey (NMFS), a representative sample of US decedents in which information was collected from informants (1986), and the National Health Interview Survey (NHIS), a nationally representative household survey (1987). Second, the potential for residual confounding of the disease-specific age-adjusted smoking-attributable mortality estimates was addressed with a model-based approach. The estimated smoking-attributable mortality based on the CPS II for the four most common smoking-related diseases-lung cancer, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, coronary heart disease, and cerebrovascular disease-was 19% larger than the estimated smoking-attributable mortality based on the NMFS/NHIS, yet the two data sources yielded essentially the same smoking-attributable mortality estimate for lung cancer alone. Further adjustment of smoking-attributable mortality for disease-appropriate confounding factors (education, alcohol intake, hypertension status, and diabetes status) indicated little residual confounding once age was taken into account.     

Measles--United States, 2000

In 2000, a provisional total of 86 confirmed measles cases were reported to CDC by state and local health departments, representing a record low and a 14% decrease from the 100 cases reported in each of the previous 2 years. This report describes the epidemiology of measles in the United States during 2000 and documents the continued absence of endemic measles and the continued risk for internationally imported measles cases that might result in indigenous transmission.     

Cigarette smoking among adults--United States, 1998

One of the national health objectives for 2010 is to reduce the prevalence of cigarette smoking among adults to no more than 12% (objective 21.1a). To assess progress toward meeting this objective, CDC analyzed self-reported data from the 1998 National Health Interview Survey (NHIS) Sample Adult Core Questionnaire about cigarette smoking among U.S. adults. This report summarizes the findings of this analysis, which indicate that, in 1998, 24.1% of adults were current smokers.     

Cigarette smoking among adults--United States, 1999

One of the national health objectives for 2010 is to reduce the prevalence of cigarette smoking among adults from 24% in 1998 to < or = 12% (objective 27.1a). To assess progress toward this objective, CDC analyzed self-reported data from the 1999 National Health Interview Survey (NHIS) about cigarette smoking among U.S. adults. This report summarizes the findings of this analysis, which indicate that, in 1999, approximately 23.5% of adults were current smokers, representing a modest decline in prevalence since 1993. If states were to invest resources consistent with CDC recommendations and implement proven interventions, the decline in cigarette smoking could be accelerated.     

Cigarette smoking among adults--United States, 2002

One of the national health objectives for 2010 is to reduce the prevalence of cigarette smoking among adults to 相似文献   

Cigarette smoking among adults--United States, 1997

In the United States, cigarette smoking is the leading cause of preventable morbidity and mortality and results in approximately 430,000 deaths each year (1). One of the national health objectives for 2000 is to reduce the prevalence of cigarette smoking among adults to no more than 15% (objective 3.4) (2). To assess progress toward meeting this objective, CDC analyzed self-reported data about cigarette smoking among U.S. adults from the 1997 National Health Interview Survey (NHIS) Sample Adult Core Questionnaire. This report summarizes the findings of this analysis, which indicate that, in 1997, 24.7% of adults were current smokers and that the overall prevalence of current smoking in 1997 was unchanged from the overall prevalence of current smoking from the 1995 NHIS.     

Cigarette smoking among adults--United States, 2003

One of the national health objectives for 2010 is to reduce the prevalence of cigarette smoking among adults to 12%. To assess progress toward this objective, CDC analyzed self-reported data from the 2003 National Health Interview Survey (NHIS). The results of that analysis indicated that, in 2003, approximately 21.6% of U.S. adults were current smokers. Although this prevalence is lower than the 22.5% prevalence among U.S. adults in 2002 and significantly lower than the 22.8% prevalence in 2001, the rate of decline is not sufficient to meet the national health objective for 2010. Comprehensive, sustained interventions that reduce the rate of smoking initiation and increase the rate of cessation are needed to further the decline in cigarette smoking among adults.     

Cigarette smoking among adults--United States, 2006

One of the national health objectives for 2010 is to reduce the prevalence of cigarette smoking among adults to > or =12% (objective 7-1a). To assess progress toward achieving this objective, CDC analyzed data from the 2006 National Health Interview Survey (NHIS). This report summarizes the results of that analysis, which indicated that in 2006, approximately 20.8% of U.S. adults were current cigarette smokers. This prevalence had not changed significantly since 2004, suggesting a stall in the previous 7-year (1997-2004) decline in cigarette smoking among adults in the United States. In addition, the findings indicated that persons with a diagnosis of a smoking-related chronic disease have a significantly higher prevalence of being a current smoker than persons with other chronic diseases or persons with no chronic disease. To reduce smoking prevalence further in the United States, comprehensive, evidence-based approaches for preventing smoking initiation and increasing cessation, including clinical interventions for populations at high risk, need to be fully implemented.     

Cigarette smoking among adults--United States, 2004

One of the national health objectives for 2010 is to reduce the prevalence of cigarette smoking among adults to < or =12% (objective no. 27-1a). To assess progress toward this objective, CDC analyzed self-reported data from the 2004 National Health Interview Survey (NHIS) sample adult core questionnaire. This report describes the results of that analysis, which indicated that, in 2004, approximately 20.9% of U.S. adults were current smokers. This prevalence is lower than the 21.6% prevalence among U.S. adults in 2003 and is significantly lower than the 22.5% prevalence among adults in 2002. The prevalence of heavy smoking (> or =25 cigarettes per day) has also declined during the past 11 years, from 19.1% of smokers in 1993 to 12.1% of smokers in 2004. Tobacco-use prevention and control measures appear to be decreasing both the prevalence of cigarette smoking and the proportion of heavy smokers, who are at high risk for tobacco-related morbidity and mortality. However, to further decrease smoking prevalence among adults and to meet the national health objective, effective comprehensive tobacco-control programs that address both initiation and cessation of smoking should be fully implemented in every state and territory.     

Cigarette smoking among adults--United States, 2001

One of the national health objectives for the United States for 2010 is to reduce the prevalence of cigarette smoking among adults to > or =12% (objective 27.1a). To assess progress toward this objective, CDC analyzed self-reported data from the 2001 National Health Interview Survey (NHIS). The findings of this analysis indicate that, in 2001, approximately 22.8% of U.S. adults were current smokers compared with 25.0% in 1993. During 1965-2001, smoking prevalence declined faster among non-Hispanic blacks aged > or =18 years than among non-Hispanic whites the same age. Preliminary data for January-March 2002 indicate a continuing decline in current smoking prevalence among adults overall. However, the overall decline in smoking is not occurring at a rate that will meet the national health objective by 2010. Increased emphasis on a comprehensive approach to cessation that comprises educational, economic, clinical, and regulatory strategies is required to further reduce the prevalence of smoking in the United States.     

Lyme disease--United States, 2000

Lyme disease (LD) is caused by the tickborne spirochete Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato and is the most common vectorborne disease in the United States. CDC initiated LD surveillance in 1982, and the Council of State and Territorial Epidemiologists designated it a nationally notifiable disease in 1991. This report summarizes the 17,730 cases of LD reported to CDC during 2000, which indicates that more LD cases were reported in 2000 than in any previous reporting year and that the reported incidence of LD is greatest in the northeastern, mid-Atlantic, and north-central regions of the United States. LD can be prevented by reducing tick populations, avoiding tick-infested habitats, using repellents, promptly removing attached ticks, and vaccination.     

Pertussis deaths--United States, 2000

Pertussis (i.e., whooping cough) is associated typically with an inspiratory "whoop," prolonged paroxysmal cough, and posttussive vomiting; however, persons infected with Bordetella pertussis sometimes experience atypical symptoms, making prompt recognition difficult and probably increasing infection transmission. All infants aged <6 months and any infants who have not yet received 3 doses of diphtheria and tetanus toxoids and acellular pertussis (DTaP) vaccine are especially vulnerable to B. pertussis infection. This report summarizes the investigations of two pertussis deaths that occurred in 2000. Clinicians should consider pertussis as a cause of illness, especially among vulnerable infants who present with cough illness, respiratory distress, or apnea. Timely diagnosis of pertussis in caregivers and other contacts of infants could prevent infant pertussis fatalities.     

Congenital syphilis--United States, 2000

In 1998, CDC initiated intensive efforts to eliminate syphilis from the United States. The following year, the National Syphilis Elimination Plan was launched with the goal of reducing primary and secondary (P&S) syphilis in adults to <0.4 cases per 100,000 population. A decrease in syphilis among women of reproductive age usually is followed by reductions in congenital syphilis (CS) rates. CS occurs when the spirochete Treponema pallidum is transmitted from a pregnant woman with syphilis to her fetus. Untreated syphilis during pregnancy may lead to stillbirth, neonatal death, and infant disorders such as deafness, neurologic impairment, and bone deformities. One of the national health objectives for 2000 was to reduce the rate of CS to <40 cases per 100,000 live-born infants. To evaluate progress toward this goal, the CS rate for 2000 was compared with the rate for 1997, the year before syphilis elimination efforts began. This report summarizes 1997-2000 CS surveillance data, which indicate that CS rates have decreased substantially among most racial/ethnic minority populations and that the elimination of CS in the United States is feasible because of the limited number of cases and highly focal distribution. To increase the percentage of women at risk who receive screening for syphilis during pregnancy, collaborative efforts are needed among health-care providers, health insurers, policymakers, and the public.     

Annual smoking-attributable mortality, years of potential life lost, and productivity losses--United States, 1997-2001

Smoking harms nearly every organ of the body, causing many diseases and reducing quality of life and life expectancy. This report assesses the health consequences and productivity losses attributable to smoking in the United States during 1997-2001. CDC calculated national estimates of annual smoking-attributable mortality (SAM), years of potential life lost (YPLL) for adults and infants, and productivity losses for adults. The findings indicated that, during 1997-2001, cigarette smoking and exposure to tobacco smoke resulted in approximately 438,000 premature deaths in the United States, 5.5 million YPLL, and 92 billion dollars in productivity losses annually. Implementation of comprehensive tobacco-control programs as recommended by CDC can reduce smoking prevalence and related mortality and health-care costs.     

Annual smoking-attributable mortality,years of potential life lost,and economic costs--United States, 1995-1999

Cigarette smoking is the leading cause of preventable death in the United States and produces substantial health-related economic costs to society. This report presents the annual estimates of the disease impact of smoking in the United States during 1995-1999. CDC calculated national estimates of annual smoking-attributable mortality (SAM), years of potential life lost (YPLL), smoking-attributable medical expenditures (SAEs) for adults and infants, and productivity costs for adults. Results show that during 1995-1999, smoking caused approximately 440,000 premature deaths in the United States annually and approximately $157 billion in annual health-related economic losses. Implementation of comprehensive tobacco-control programs as recommended by CDC could effectively reduce the prevalence, disease impact, and economic costs of smoking.     

Update: AIDS--United States, 2000

Since the implementation of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) in the United States in 1996, the number of persons diagnosed with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) and the number of deaths among persons with AIDS have declined substantially; as a result, the number of persons living with AIDS has increased. This report describes changes in AIDS incidence, prevalence, and deaths among persons with AIDS during January 1996-December 2000. Surveillance data indicate a slowing of declines in new AIDS diagnoses, continued declines in deaths among persons with AIDS, and increases in the number of persons living with AIDS. These findings indicate that AIDS continues to place a burden on the health-care system in the United States and that access to medical and preventive services must be improved to reduce the public health impact of AIDS.     

Pertussis--United States, 1997-2000

Pertussis was a major cause of morbidity and mortality among infants and children in the United States during the prevaccine era (i.e., before the mid-1940s). Following the introduction and widespread use of whole-cell pertussis vaccine combined with diphtheria and tetanus toxoids (DTP) among infants and children in the late 1940s, the incidence of reported pertussis declined to a historic low of 1,010 cases in 1976 (Figure 1). However, since the early 1980s, reported pertussis incidence has increased cyclically with peaks occurring every 3-4 years. In 1996, less reactogenic acellular pertussis vaccines (DTaP) were licensed and recommended for routine use among infants. This report summarizes national surveillance data for pertussis during 1997-2000 and assesses the effectiveness of pertussis vaccination in the United States during this period. The findings indicate that pertussis incidence continues to increase in infants too young to receive 3 doses of pertussis-containing vaccine and in adolescents and adults. Prevention efforts should be directed at maintaining high vaccination rates and managing pertussis cases and outbreaks.     

Laboratory-acquired meningococcal disease--United States, 2000

Neisseria meningitidis is a leading cause of bacterial meningitis and sepsis among older children and young adults in the United States. N. meningitidis usually is transmitted through close contact with aerosols or secretions from the human nasopharynx. Although N. meningitidis is regularly isolated in clinical laboratories, it has infrequently been reported as a cause of laboratory-acquired infection. This report describes two probable cases of fatal laboratory-acquired meningococcal disease and the results of an inquiry to identify previously unreported cases. The findings indicate that N. meningitidis isolates pose a risk for microbiologists and should be handled in a manner that minimizes risk for exposure to aerosols or droplets.