Laparoscopic splenectomy for splenic hamartoma: Case management and clinical consequences

Splenic hamartoma is a rare benign tumor, and although minimally invasive surgery may be suitable for this condition, there have only been 2 previous reports of laparoscopic surgery. Here we report the third case of splenic hamartoma managed by laparoscopic splenectomy. A 37-year-old male was incidentally diagnosed by abdominal ultrasonography with a hypoechoic mass measuring 2.5 cm × 2.4 cm in the spleen. Color Doppler sonography showed multiple flow signals within the mass and contrast-enhanced computed tomography revealed strong enhancement of the lesion. On T1- and T2-weighted magnetic resonance images, the splenic mass was demonstrated as isointense and hyperintense respectively. Although a malignant tumor could not be ruled out, a hand-assisted laparoscopic splenectomy was performed because the splenic mass was limited in size and had not invaded adjacent organs. The pathological diagnosis was splenic hamartoma. The postoperative course was uneventful and the patient was discharged by the seventh postoperative day. Although splenic hamartomas have some specific imaging features, more reports and analyses of these cases are required to increase the reliability of the diagnosis and management. Hand-assisted laparoscopic splenectomy may play a pivotal role in the postoperative diagnosis and management of this condition.     

Hand-assisted laparoscopic splenectomy for a huge splenic cyst: operative technique and case report

We report the case of a huge splenic cyst that was successfully treated by hand-assisted laparoscopic splenectomy. A 17-year-old girl with a chief complaint of left-sided abdominal pain was admitted to our department for investigation of a splenic tumor. Ultrasonography, computed tomography, and magnetic resonance imaging revealed a huge cystic lesion in the spleen measuring approximately 10 cm in diameter. Hand-assisted laparoscopic splenectomy was safely performed to diagnose and treat the splenic tumor. The histologic diagnosis was an epithelial cyst of the spleen with no atypical cells in the cyst wall. Hand-assisted laparoscopic splenectomy may be a good method of managing a huge splenic cyst that becomes symptomatic and potentially life-threatening through enlargement, rupture, and secondary infection.     

脾肿瘤56例诊治分析

目的探讨脾肿瘤的临床特点、诊断方法和治疗经验。方法回顾性分析34年间56例经手术治疗并病理证实的脾肿瘤患者的临床资料。 结果良性39例，其中确诊为脾囊肿25例，血管瘤9例，错构瘤3例，血管淋巴管瘤1例，炎性假瘤1例，其中4例脾囊肿、1例脾血管瘤和1例脾错构瘤行脾部分切除术，其余均行脾切除术；除5例失访外预后均良好。原发性恶性肿瘤12例，其中淋巴瘤2例，血管肉瘤2例，网织细胞肉瘤2例，恶性纤维组织细胞瘤2例，平滑肌肉瘤1例，恶性神经鞘瘤1例，肌纤维母细胞瘤1例，未分型1例；其中1例行坏死感染引流术，1例行脾胰体尾联合切除，其余均行脾切除或加脾门淋巴结清扫术；获随访者8例中生存5年以上者3例，3年存活1例，4例手术后1年内死亡。脾脏转移癌5例，行脾切除或联合脏器切除术。结论影像学检查是诊断脾肿瘤的主要方法。脾良性肿瘤主张行脾部分切除术。脾恶性肿瘤应采用以手术为主的综合治疗。     

Laparoscopic splenectomy in patients with inflammatory pseudotumor of the spleen: Report of 2 cases and review of the literature

We report 2 cases of splenic inflammatory pseudotumor treated by laparoscopic splenectomy. The first patient was a 58-year-old woman who complained of constipation. Computed tomography (CT) showed a well-demarcated mass that measured 4 cm in diameter and was not enhanced. She underwent laparoscopic splenectomy under a preoperative diagnosis of hemangioma. The final histopathologic diagnosis was inflammatory pseudotumor. The second patient was a 29-year-old man who complained of abdominal pain. Computed tomography revealed a demarcated splenic tumor that measured 3 cm in diameter and was not enhanced. Laparoscopic splenectomy was performed. The pathologic and operative diagnoses were both inflammatory pseudotumor. In both cases, the postoperative course was uneventful, and the postoperative hospital stays were 10 and 11 days. Preoperative diagnosis of a splenic inflammatory pseudotumor is very difficult. However, laparoscopic splenectomy is safe and beneficial treatment for this tumor and should be performed in cases in which it is diagnosed.     

小儿原发性脾脏肿瘤13例临床分析

目的：探讨小儿原发性脾脏肿瘤的临床特点及其治疗。方法：回顾分析1970年1月-2001年12月收治的13例小儿原发性脾脏肿瘤的临床资料。结果：13例中脾血管瘤5例，脾淋巴管瘤4例，脾囊肿2例，脾恶性淋巴瘤2例。良性肿瘤中行脾切除术4例，部分脾切除术7例；有2例脾切除术后1年频发呼吸道感染，其余恢复良好。脾恶性淋巴瘤2例者行脾切除术，术后辅以化疗；1例术后生存23个月，1例术后8个月仍随访。结论：小儿原发性脾脏肿瘤术前诊断主要依靠B超和CT；良性肿瘤术中应尽量保留部分脾脏，脾切除术后2年内应观察感染的临床表明；恶性淋巴瘤应采用以手术为主的综合疗法，早发现、早治疗是提高其生存率的唯一希望。     

脾占位性病变的诊断治疗：附68例报告

目的:探讨脾肿瘤的临床特点和诊治方法。方法:回顾性分析68例经手术及病理证实为脾肿瘤的临床资料。结果:良性脾占位性病变31例（45.59%），包括脾囊肿15例，血管瘤12例，淋巴管瘤3例，脾脓肿1例。恶性37例（54.41%），包括转移癌24例，血管肉瘤1例，恶性纤维组织细胞瘤1例，淋巴瘤11例。术前B超诊断为占位性病变者57例（83.82%），CT诊断为占位性病变者62例（91.18%）。59例行脾切除，6例行脾部分切除术，2例行脾囊肿穿刺引流术，1例行穿刺活检术。良性肿瘤22例获13~114个月随访，均生存良好。恶性肿瘤23例获12~79个月随访，8例淋巴瘤生存时间为14~79个月，中位生存时间33个月，其他恶性肿瘤15例中，仅3例生存＞2年，其余均在3~12个月内死亡。结论:B超和CT检查是脾肿瘤的主要诊断手段，治疗上应以手术治疗为主。良性肿瘤无论行脾切除术或脾部分切除术，术后均无需特殊处理；恶性肿瘤应以手术为主，恶性淋巴瘤在脾切除术基础上行辅助化疗对延长生存期有意义，对转移癌患者尚需在术后行相应的辅助性治疗。     

脾脏肿瘤治疗经验

目的　总结研究脾脏肿瘤的诊治经验。方法　回顾分析我院 16年来 16例脾脏肿瘤的病理类型、对其的诊断和治疗以及患者的生存期限。结果　 16例脾脏肿瘤中 ,良性肿瘤占 9例 ,恶性肿瘤占 7例。良性肿瘤主要为脾血管瘤、错构瘤、淋巴管瘤及炎性假瘤 ;恶性肿瘤主要为恶性淋巴瘤、血管肉瘤、纤维肉瘤及胃癌脾脏转移癌。病变早期无明显症状和体征 ,诊断主要依靠体检和影像学检查。治疗主要是脾切除术 ,恶性肿瘤同时应用化疗和放疗。良性肿瘤对生存期无明显影响 ,恶性肿瘤的生存期限较短。结论　早期诊断和早期治疗是提高恶性肿瘤生存率和延长生存时间的关键。完善的体检和准确的影像学检查是提高脾脏肿瘤检出率的主要手段。     

脾脏肿瘤35例的临床诊治体会

目的：探讨原发性脾肿瘤和脾转移癌（metastatic carcinoma of the spleen, MCS）的临床诊断与治疗。方法：对35例经外科治疗并经病理证实的脾肿瘤的临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果：增强CT检查对术前良恶性肿瘤鉴别准确率为85．7％，B超误诊率达20％。34例行手术探查，33例行脾切除或部分脾切除。术后病理显示，21例属原发性恶性肿瘤，其中以恶性淋巴瘤最常见，占80．9％；恶性淋巴瘤术后化疗，1年存活率为90．5％（19／21），3年存活率52．4％（11／21），1例术后9年仍存活。原发性血管内皮肉瘤和脾纤维肉瘤合并肝转移者各1例，手术介入治疗术后分别存活13个月和18个月。11例原发性良性肿瘤以血管瘤和淋巴管瘤为多见，分别占45．5％和27．3％，本组脾转移癌3例占8．5％（3／35），分别为胃癌脾转移、结肠癌脾转移和卵巢癌脾转移；2例于术后半年内死亡，1例术后14个月死亡。结论：原发性肿瘤以手术治疗为主．恶性淋巴瘤常需辅助性化疗。良性肿瘤术后无须特殊处理，瘤体小者行部分脾切除。早期发现、早期治疗才能提高脾脏原发性恶性淋巴肿瘤的生存率，对于MCS采取加强临床探查、结合影像学和病理检查可望提高检出率。     

脾脏占位性病变29例的临床分析

目的探讨脾脏占位性病变临床诊断和治疗。方法回顾分析1996年1月至2006年12月浙江金华中心医院肝胆外科手术治疗29例脾脏占位的临床资料。结果29例病人中良性19例，恶性10例。19例良性肿瘤中15例行脾切除术1例行脾部分切除术，3例腹腔镜下脾囊肿开窗术。10例恶性肿瘤中8例行脾切除术，1例累及肝左外叶及胃，同时行胃部分切除和肝左外叶切除术。1例脾血管肉瘤因肿瘤巨大并与周围脏器粘连严重，且肝脏有转移结节，无法切除而取活检。结论脾脏占位术前定位诊断较容易，定性较为困难。脾良性肿瘤可根据情况行脾切除或脾部分切除术，恶性肿瘤应采用以手术为主的综合治疗。     

脾脏占位性病变25例外科治疗经验

目的 总结脾脏占位病变诊治的经验。方法 回顾性分析２５例脾脏占位性病变的病理类型以及诊断和治疗方法选择。结果 ２５例脾脏占位性病变术前Ｂ超诊断率为８５％（１７／２０）,ＣＴ鉴别良恶性正确率为８２％（９／１１）。２０例行脾切除,４例肿块切除或脾部分切除,１例活检。术后病理类型,良性占位性病变１５例（６０％）恶性１０例（４０％）恶性肿瘤中术后生存５年以上２例,均为早期病例,结论 影像检查是脾脏占位性病     

原发性脾脏肿瘤的诊断与治疗

目的 探讨原发性脾脏肿瘤的诊断和治疗对策。方法 回顾性分析28例原发性脾脏肿瘤的临床资料。结果 本组良性肿瘤13例,恶性肿瘤15例。B超和CT是主要诊断方法。除1例晚期脾脏恶性肿瘤因局部广泛浸润而无法切除外,其余27例采用脾切除术。脾脏恶性肿瘤采用根治性脾切除术,必要时辅以胰体尾切除术。恶性淋巴瘤术后辅以化疗和（或）放疗。结论 原发性脾脏肿瘤的诊断关键在于提高警惕,并选用合适的影像学检查以确诊。其治疗首选外科手术治疗。     

Laparoscopic splenectomy for recurrent splenic cyst after laparoscopic marsupialization

We describe laparoscopic splenectomy for recurrent splenic cyst after laparoscopic marsupialization. The patient was a 24-year-old woman with a 20-cm palpable mass in the left upper quadrant. She had undergone laparoscopic marsupialization for splenic cyst 62 months previously. Abdominal ultrasonography and computed tomography revealed a huge cystic lesion of the spleen, and magnetic resonance imaging demonstrated multiple cystic lesions occupying almost the entire spleen. We performed laparoscopic splenectomy for the recurrent splenic cyst. The operation took 170 minutes. Histologic examination of the resected spleen revealed a hemangioma with cyst formation. The cyst wall consisted of fibrous tissue, covered by stratified cuboid or squamous epithelium. The patient had no abdominal symptoms during 13 months of follow-up. Postoperative follow-up examination by ultrasound or computed tomography is required after surgical treatment for splenic cyst to exclude the possibility of recurrence after preservation of the spleen.     

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目的探讨原发性脾脏肿瘤的临床诊断和治疗。方法回顾分析1970年1月至2004年4月中国医科大学附属第一医院手术治疗26例原发性脾肿瘤的临床资料。结果26例病人中良性14例，恶性12例。14例良性肿瘤中12例行脾切除术，2例行脾部分切除术：12例恶性肿瘤中8例行脾切除术，1例因肿瘤自发性破裂行脾切除及腹腔引流术，1例行姑息性肿瘤切除，1例因肿瘤坏死感染行引流术，1例行脾联合胰体尾切除。结论影像学检查是诊断脾肿瘤的主要方法。脾良性肿瘤可根据情况行脾切除或脾部分切除术，恶性肿瘤应采用以手术为主的综合治疗。     

Hand-assisted laparoscopic splenectomy for splenic tumors

BACKGROUND: The feasibility of hand-assisted laparoscopic splenectomy (HALS) for splenic tumors including benign or malignant neoplasms and the associated clinical outcome of the patients remain unclear. METHODS: A total of 10 patients with splenic tumors undergoing HALS were retrospectively analyzed in this study. The intraoperative course, postoperative course, and postoperative recovery were evaluated. RESULTS: Ten patients with splenic tumors consisted of 5 with benign tumors and 5 with malignant tumors. HALS was not converted to an open splenectomy in any of the patients. Mean operative time was 170 min (range 100-310 min). Mean estimated blood loss was 105 g (range 10-900 g). Mean splenic size and splenic weight was 13 cm and 478 g, respectively. Splenomegaly based on size or weight occurred in 50% of the patients. There were no intra- or postoperative complications. Postoperative chemotherapy was given to 4 patients with malignant tumors including metastatic carcinomas and malignant lymphomas. All the patients were alive at a mean follow-up of 26 months, ranging from 15 to 43 months after surgery. There was no port-site recurrence after surgery in our study. Mean time to first flatus, mean time to first walking, mean time to resumption of oral intake, mean length of hospital stay, and mean duration of epidural analgesia were 1.8, 1, 1.5, 10.8 and 3.1 days, respectively. The results were equal in terms of intra- and postoperative course to those seen with a standard laparoscopic splenectomy for 13 patients with idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura. CONCLUSION: HALS may be a good indication for malignant tumors as well as benign tumors of the spleen.     

脾脏占位性病变的诊断和治疗：附22例报告

目的:探讨脾脏占位性病变的临床特点及诊治。方法:对1992年1月—2009年12月期间收治的22例脾脏占位患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果:全组良性占位18例,其中脾囊肿4例,脾血管瘤11例,脾脓肿3例;恶性占位4例,其中恶性淋巴瘤2例,胰腺癌脾转移1例,胃癌术后肝脾转移1例。20例行全脾切除术,2例部分脾脏切除。2例恶性淋巴瘤和2例转移癌患者中1例失访,1例1年后死亡,1例2年后死亡,1例2年半后死亡,良性病变均痊愈。结论:脾脏占位性病变的诊断主要靠临床表现及影像学检查,良恶性可根据超声造影,CT或选择性脾动脉造影,治疗以外科手术为主,恶性占位应辅以放疗和化疗。     

特发性门静脉高压症的诊治体会

目的探讨特发性门静脉高压症(idiopathic portal hypertension,IPH)的诊断及治疗方法。方法回顾分析福州总医院肝胆外科自2006年6月～2011年1月收治的7例IPH患者的临床资料。结果 7例患者6例诊断为IPH,1例误诊为隐源性肝硬化;后均经病理证实为IPH。7例均行手术治疗:3例行手助腹腔镜改良Sugiura术,2例行脾切除+贲门周围血管离断术,1例行脾切除+贲门周围血管离断+远端脾肾分流术,1例行脾切除术。术后随访6个月～5年,平均2.3年,仅1例行脾切除+贲门周围血管离断术的患者术后1月出现黑便,经保守治疗好转。结论彩超对IPH的诊断有较高提示作用,但确诊均需病理证实;手术治疗IPH效果确切,对于伴食管胃底静脉重度曲张及巨脾的IPH患者,手助腹腔镜改良Sugiura术不失为一种安全、有效、微创的手术方式。     

Laparoscopic Splenectomy for a Lymphangioma of the Spleen: Report of a Case

We present the first case report of a suc-cessful laparoscopic complete excision of a splenic lymphangioma. The splenic tumor was preoperatively diagnosed to be a lymphangioma by the combined modalities of ultrasonography, computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, and angiography. A laparoscopic splenectomy was subsequently performed and the pathological examination of the mass confirmed the diagnosis of a lymphangioma. Based on the above findings, a laparoscopic splenectomy is recommended when a splenic tumor is suspected to be either benign or borderline. Received: March 13, 2000 / Accepted: September 26, 2000     

Spontaneous splenic rupture with diffuse angiomatosis of the spleen

The diffuse angiomatosis of the spleen is a rare splenic proliferation. Spontaneous rupture is the main, potentially lethal complication, found in 25 % of cases. The problem with these vascular tumors is preoperative diagnosis, because they are asymptomatic for a long time. First-choice therapy is limited resection. In the case of rupture, splenectomy is a life-saving procedure. We report on a 56-year-old woman with a spontaneous splenic rupture as the first symptom of diffuse angiomatosis of the spleen. Exceptional features of splenic hemangiomas, causes of spontaneous rupture and the therapy are described.     

Littoral hemangioma of the spleen

The authors report a rare case of littoral hemangioma of the spleen (LHS) accompanied by a revision of the literature on the argument. A male 65-year-old patient was referred to their attention with suspected ultrasonographic diagnosis of lymphoma with a splenic localisation. The complete CT diagnosis led to suspected splenic angioma. During surgery, anatomopathological analysis of the biopsy revealed LHS. The pathological anatomy showed lesions ranging in size from small foci to large nodules which almost completely replaced the splenic parenchyma. These areas were made up of vascular canals or axes that imitate splenic sinuses and have irregular lumen, often appearing as papillary projections and cyst-like spaces; they are bordered by high (cylindrical) endothelial cells that project into the vascular lumen and reveal hemophagocytosis; there is very little mitotic activity. The patient was discharged 7 days after surgery. The authors underline the extreme rarity of this neoplasm and the virtual absence of symptoms, although some cases report signs of hypersplenism, including platelet deficiency and anemia. The diagnostic iter must take care to exclude other pathologies affecting the spleen, including lymphoma, metastases and primary malignant splenic tumours. Lastly, a differential diagnosis must be made with the malignant variant, littoral hemangiosarcoma of the spleen.     

门静脉高压症行腹腔镜脾切除术后门静脉系统血栓形成预测因子的研究进展

腹腔镜脾切术后门静脉系统血栓(PVST)形成具有高发生率、隐匿性与危害性。然而,腹腔镜脾切术后PVST的最佳的诊断方式、治疗方案以及预测因子在国内外尚未形成统一意见。目前认为脾切除术后PVST发生的机制可能与血液高凝状态及血流动力学改变有关,其形成的原因大致为全身系统疾病和引起血流动力学变化的因素。全身性疾病包括恶性肿瘤、血液性疾病、自身免疫性疾病等,引起血流动力学变化的因素包括手术方式及时长、血浆D-二聚体、血小板计数、脾脏体积、脾脏最长直径、术前脾静脉直径及门静脉直径等。笔者对门静脉高压症行腹腔镜脾切除术后PVST形成预测因子的相关研究结果做一综述,旨在方便广大临床工作者对腔镜脾切后PVST形成进行风险评估,从而更加精准地把握抗凝时机,减少此并发症引起的严重后果,同时加快患者术后康复。