加替沙星滴眼液有关物质的测定

目的建立测定加替沙星滴眼液有关物质的HPLC方法。方法色谱柱为C18(250 mm×4.6 mm,5μm);以乙腈-磷酸盐缓冲液(体积比为16∶84)为流动相A,以乙腈-甲醇-磷酸盐缓冲液(体积比为20∶10∶70)为流动相B,检测波长为240 nm和285 nm;柱温:38℃。结果加替沙星与各有关物质均能得到良好分离,有关物质1-10的平均回收率分别为100.2%(RSD=1.06%)、101.7%(RSD=0.62%)、98.3%(RSD=0.82%)、100.4%(RSD=0.98%)、100.4%(RSD=1.16%)、101.9%(RSD=0.70%)、100.4%(RSD=0.73%)、99.3%(RSD=0.90%)、99.7%(RSD=1.12%)和99.9%(RSD=0.81%)。结论该方法可用于加替沙星滴眼液有关物质的测定。     

肿节风片的质量标准研究

目的:制订肿节风片质量标准。方法:紫外分光光度法测定了总黄酮的含量,对肿节风药材进行了薄层色谱鉴别。结果:加标回收率平均98.1 % (RSD=2.3% ,n=6) ,r=0.99996,重复性RSD =1.23% (n=6) ,精密度RSD=1.14 % (n =6)结论:方法稳定、可靠,可作为该制剂的质量控制方法之一。     

高效液相色谱法同时测定葛根提取物中5种异黄酮的含量

目的:建立葛根提取物中5种异黄酮含量测定的HPLC方法。方法:采用Hypersil C18色谱柱(250 mm×4.6 mm,5μm),以乙腈-0.02 mol·L-1醋酸铵(醋酸调pH=4.6)为流动相,进行梯度洗脱,流速为1.0mL·min-1,检测波长为260 nm,柱温为35℃。结果:葛根素、大豆苷、染料木苷、大豆素、染料木素分别在0.204～510.4μg·mL-1(r=0.999 9),0.201～503.0μg·mL-1(r=0.999 9),0.233～581.8μg·mL-1(r=0.999 9),0.201～502.4μg·mL-1(r=0.999 9),0.195～487.6μg·mL-1(r=0.999 9)范围内线性关系良好。平均回收率(n=6)分别为101.52%(RSD=0.69%),102.66%(RSD=0.30%),98.90%(RSD=0.26%),98.64%(RSD=0.29%),100.16%(RSD=0.20%)。结论:本方法快速、简便、精密度和重现性好、灵敏度高,可作为葛根提取物的含量控制方法。     

HPLC法同时测定云连药材中6种生物碱的含量

目的:建立同时测定云连药材中6种生物碱含量的方法。方法:色谱柱为Xtimate～(TM)C_(18),流动相为30 mmol/L碳酸氢铵溶液(含0.1%三乙胺和0.7%氨水)-乙腈(梯度洗脱),流速为1.0 mL/min,检测波长为270 nm,柱温为30℃,进样量为10μL。结果:药根碱、非洲防己碱、表小檗碱、黄连碱、盐酸巴马汀、盐酸小檗碱的检测质量浓度线性范围分别为0.85～16.96 mg/L(r=0.999 9)、1.25～24.96 mg/L(r=0.999 8)、2.05～40.96 mg/L(r=0.999 9)、3.65～72.96 mg/L(r=0.999 9)、2.88～57.60 mg/L(r=0.999 9)、13.25～264.96 mg/L(r=0.999 9);精密度、稳定性、重复性试验的RSD<3.0%;加样回收率分别为97.14%～102.14%(RSD=1.93%,n=6)、97.00%～102.00%(RSD=2.06%,n=6)、98.18%～101.82%(RSD=1.79%,n=6)、96.15%～101.28%(RSD=2.06%,n=6)、96.88%～101.88%(RSD=1.87%,n=6)、99.31%～103.76%(RSD=1.89%,n=6)。结论:该方法操作简便,精密度、稳定性、重复性好,可用于云连药材中6种生物碱含量的同时测定。     

超高压液相色谱法同时测定桃红四物汤中四种主要有效成分的含量

目的建立同时测定桃红四物汤(taohong siwu decoction,TSD)中芍药苷、羟基红花黄色素A、梓醇和阿魏酸的方法。方法超高压液相色谱法。结果四种成分能达到基线分离。芍药苷、羟基红花黄色素A、梓醇和阿魏酸在0～300 mg.L-1范围内浓度与响应值均呈良好的线性关系(r=0.999 9,n=6);平均回收率:芍药苷为99.4%,RSD=1.69%(n=6);羟基红花黄色素A为99.8%,RSD=1.83%(n=6);梓醇为99.6%,RSD=1.90%(n=6);阿魏酸为99.9%,RSD=1.58%(n=6)。结论该法简便、灵敏、准确,可作为桃红四物汤的质量控制方法。     

小儿清热止咳颗粒质量标准研究

目的:建立小儿清热止咳颗粒质量标准。方法:用薄层扫描法测定了盐酸麻的含量,对苦杏仁、黄芩药材进行了薄层色谱鉴别。结果:加样回收率97.55% (RSD=3.47% ,n =6) ,标准曲线r=0 .9993 ,重复性RSD =1.75%(n=6) ,同板精密度RSD=2 .70 % (n=6) ,。结论:方法稳定、可靠,可作为该制剂的质量控制方法之一。     

HPLC法测定克白酊中补骨脂素、异补骨脂素和盐酸异丙嗪的含量

目的建立高效液相色谱法(HPLC)测定克白酊中补骨脂素、异补骨脂素和盐酸异丙嗪的含量测定方法。方法采用HPLC对补骨脂素、异补骨脂素和盐酸异丙嗪的含量进行测定。结果克白酊中补骨脂素含量在10~100μg/ml范围内线性关系良好(r=0.9999),平均回收率99.0%(n=6),精密度RSD=0.13%;异补骨脂素含量在10~100μg/ml范围内线性关系良好(r=1),平均回收率99.6%(n=6),精密度RSD=0.10%;盐酸异丙嗪含量在10~80μg/ml范围内线性关系良好(r=0.9997),平均回收率101.1%(n=6),精密度RSD=2.04%。结论该方法简单,结果准确、重现性好,可作为该制剂的质量控制方法。     

HPLC法同时测定黄芩中5种黄酮类成分的含量

目的:建立以高效液相色谱法同时测定黄芩中5种黄酮类成分含量的方法,并采用该方法分析天津市15家零售药店中黄芩的质量。方法:色谱柱为AgilentZorbaxSB-C1(8150mm×4.6mm,5μm),流动相为含0.1%甲酸的乙腈-水溶液(梯度洗脱),检测波长为278nm。结果:黄芩苷、汉黄芩苷、黄芩素、汉黄芩素和千层纸素A的进样量分别在0.085～2.727μg(r=0.9999)、0.021～0.672μg(r=0.9999)、0.037～1.181μg(r=0.9999)、0.016～0.504μg(r=0.9993)、0.006～0.185μg(r=0.9997)范围内与各自峰面积积分值呈良好的线性关系;平均回收率分别为102.5%(RSD=2.63%)、97.09%(RSD=2.49%)、102.1%(RSD=2.87%)、97.5%(RSD=2.41%)和100.4%(RSD=2.86%)(n均为6)。结论:本方法简便、准确、重复性好,可用于黄芩药材的质量控制。     

HPLC法测定窝儿七中5种成分的含量

目的建立HPLC测定窝儿七中5种成分含量的方法。方法色谱柱为Cosmosil-C18(250 mm×4.6 mm,5μm),柱温25℃;甲醇-4mL·L~(-1)磷酸溶液梯度洗脱;流速1mL·min~(-1);检测波长300nm。结果 4′-去甲基鬼臼毒素(1)、鬼臼毒素(2)、槲皮素(3)、山柰酚(4)和山荷叶素(5)的线性范围分别为4.5~224.0(r=0.999 2),20.0~1 000.0(r=0.999 4),1.6~78.0(r=0.999 3),4.2~210.0(r=0.999 7)和102.2~256.2(r=0.999 4),平均回收率分别为99.8%(RSD=1.4%),99.8%(RSD=1.7%),99.8%(RSD=1.5%),99.9%(RSD=2.3%)和98.1%(RSD=1.7%)。结论该方法灵敏、准确、重复性好,为窝儿七的质量控制提供参考依据。     

HPLC法同时测定通脉颗粒中丹参素、阿魏酸和葛根素的含量

目的:建立同时测定复方通脉颗粒中丹参素、阿魏酸和葛根素含量的方法。方法:采用高效液相色谱法测定。色谱柱为Agilent Zorbax SB-C18柱,流动相为乙腈-1%冰醋酸,流速为1.0mL·min-1。结果:丹参素、阿魏酸和葛根素的线性范围分别为2.95～29.5μg·mL-1(r=0.9999)、1.288～16.10μg·mL-1(r=0.9999)和5.26～52.6μg·mL-1(r=0.9997);平均加样回收率(n=6)分别为99.92%(RSD=1.53%)、100.0%(RSD=2.74%)和99.05%(RSD=1.46%)。结论:本方法简便、快速、可靠,可用于复方通脉颗粒的质量控制。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.     

Pharmacological treatment of COVID-19: an opinion paper

The precocity and efficacy of the vaccines developed so far against COVID-19 has been the most significant and saving advance against the pandemic. The development of vaccines has not prevented, during the whole period of the pandemic, the constant search for therapeutic medicines, both among existing drugs with different indications and in the development of new drugs. The Scientific Committee of the COVID-19 of the Illustrious College of Physicians of Madrid wanted to offer an early, simplified and critical approach to these new drugs, to new developments in immunotherapy and to what has been learned from the immune response modulators already known and which have proven effective against the virus, in order to help understand the current situation.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.