Inhibition of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase provides neuroprotection in cerebral focal ischemia

Mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) are involved in many cellular processes. The stress-activated MAPK, p38, has been linked to inflammatory cytokine production and cell death following cellular stress. Here, we demonstrate focal ischemic stroke-induced p38 enzyme activation (i.e., phosphorylation) in the brain. The second generation p38 MAPK inhibitor SB 239063 was identified to exhibit increased kinase selectivity and improved cellular and in vivo activity profiles, and thus was selected for evaluation in two rat models of permanent focal ischemic stroke. SB 239063 was administered orally pre- and post-stroke and intravenously post-stroke. Plasma concentration levels were achieved in excess of those that effectively inhibit p38 activity. In both moderate and severe stroke, SB 239063 reduced infarct size by 28-41%, and neurological deficits by 25-35%. In addition, neuroprotective plasma concentrations of SB 239063 that reduced p38 activity following stroke also reduced the stroke-induced expression of IL-1beta and TNFalpha (i.e., cytokines known to contribute to stroke-induced brain injury). SB 239063 also provided direct protection of cultured brain tissue to in vitro ischemia. This robust SB 239063-induced neuroprotection emphasizes a significant opportunity for targeting MAPK pathways in ischemic stroke injury, and also suggests that p38 inhibition be evaluated for protective effects in other experimental models of nervous system injury and neurodegeneration.     

SB 239063, a potent p38 MAP kinase inhibitor, reduces inflammatory cytokine production, airways eosinophil infiltration, and persistence

The anti-inflammatory/antiallergic activity of a novel second-generation p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase inhibitor, SB 239063[trans-1-(4-hydroxycyclohexyl) -4-(4-fluorophenyl)-5-(2-methoxypyridimidin-4-yl)imidazole], was investigated in vivo and in vitro. SB 239063 had an IC(50) of 44 nM for inhibition of recombinant purified human p38alpha. In lipopolysaccharide-stimulated human peripheral blood monocytes, SB 239063 inhibited interleukin-1 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha production (IC(50) values = 0.12 and 0.35 microM, respectively). A role for p38 kinase in cytokine-associated inflammation in the mouse was shown by p38 activation in the lung and inhibition of lipopolysaccharide-induced tumor necrosis factor-alpha production by SB 239063 (ED(50) = 5.8 mg/kg p.o.). Antiallergic activity was demonstrated by essential abolition (approximately 93% inhibition) of inhaled ovalbumin (OA)-induced airway eosinophilia by SB 239063 (12 mg/kg p.o.), measured by bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) in OA-sensitized mice. In addition, p38 kinase was found by Western analysis to be activated in guinea pig lung. Administration of SB 239063 (10 or 30 mg/kg p.o.) in conscious guinea pigs markedly reduced ( approximately 50% inhibition) OA-induced pulmonary eosinophil influx, measured by BAL 24 h after antigen. SB 239063 (10 mg/kg b.i.d. p.o.) administered after leukotriene D(4) inhalation, reduced by 60% the persistent airway eosinophilia seen at 4 days. Apoptosis of cultured eosinophils isolated from guinea pig BAL was increased by SB 239063 (1-10 microM) in the presence of interleukin-5. These results indicate that SB 239063 is a potent inhibitor of inflammatory cytokine production, inhibits eosinophil recruitment, in addition to enhancing apoptosis of these cells. Collectively, the results support the potential utility of p38 kinase inhibitors, such as SB 239063, for the treatment of asthma and other inflammatory disorders.     

SB 203580, an inhibitor of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase, enhances constitutive apoptosis of cytokine-deprived human eosinophils.

The role of p38 mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase, and extracellular-regulated protein kinase -1 and -2 in regulating constitutive apoptosis and interleukin (IL)-5-induced survival of human eosinophils have been investigated. Two populations of donors were identified whose eosinophils, in the absence of exogenous cytokines, underwent apoptosis at different rates. Eosinophils were thus arbitrarily classified as either "fast"- or "slow"-dying cells, where greater or less than 15% of the cells were apoptotic at 2 days, respectively. The selective p38 MAP kinase inhibitor, SB 203580, increased constitutive eosinophil apoptosis in both populations (EC(50) approximately 2 microM) as evinced from morphological analysis, flow cytometry, and DNA laddering. The ability of SB 203580 to kill eosinophils was not due to nonspecific toxicity or through the inhibition of prostanoid or leukotriene production. Exposure of eosinophils to IL-5, at a concentration (10 pM) that enhanced survival maximally, abolished SB 203580-induced apoptosis. In contrast PD 098059, which selectively blocks MAP kinase kinase (MEK) 1, did not affect apoptosis of fast- or slow-dying eosinophils, or the enhanced survival of cells effected by IL-5. Collectively, these results suggest that: 1) the basal activity of p38 MAP kinase may regulate the survival of cytokine-deprived eosinophils through inhibition of apoptosis, 2) the enhancement of eosinophil survival effected by IL-5 is mediated by a mechanism(s) divorced from the activation of p38 MAP kinase, and 3) neither spontaneous eosinophil apoptosis nor their enhanced survival by IL-5 involves the activation of MEK-1.     

RWJ 67657, a potent, orally active inhibitor of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase.

Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), a cytokine secreted by activated monocytes/macrophages and T lymphocytes, has been implicated in several disease states, including rheumatoid arthritis, inflammatory bowel disease, septic shock, and osteoporosis. Monocyte/macrophage production of TNF-alpha is dependent on the mitogen-activated protein kinase p38. RWJ 67657 (4-[4-(4-fluorophenyl)-1-(3-phenylpropyl)-5-(4-pyridinyl)-1H-imidazol -2-yl]-3-butyn-1-ol) inhibited the release of TNF-alpha by lipopolysaccharide (a monocyte stimulus)-treated human peripheral blood mononuclear cells with an IC(50) of 3 nM, as well as the release of TNF-alpha from peripheral blood mononuclear cells treated with the superantigen staphylococcal enterotoxin B (a T cell stimulus), with an IC(50) value of 13 nM. This compound was approximately 10-fold more potent than the literature standard p38 kinase inhibitor SB 203580 in all p38 dependent in vitro systems tested. RWJ 67657 inhibited the enzymatic activity of recombinant p38alpha and beta, but not gamma or delta, in vitro and had no significant activity against a variety of other enzymes. In contrast, SB 203580 significantly inhibited the tyrosine kinases p56 lck and c-src (IC(50) = 5 microM). RWJ 67657 did not inhibit T cell production of interleukin-2 or interferon-gamma and did not inhibit T cell proliferation in response to mitogens. RWJ 67657 inhibited TNF-alpha production in lipopolysaccharide-injected mice (87% inhibition at 50 mg/kg) and in rats (91% inhibition at 25 mg/kg) after oral administration. Based on these favorable biological properties, RWJ 67657 may have use as a treatment for inflammatory diseases.     

p38alpha-selective mitogen-activated protein kinase inhibitor SD-282 reduces inflammation in a subchronic model of tobacco smoke-induced airway inflammation

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is characterized by pulmonary inflammation, which is relatively insensitive to inhaled corticosteroids. The extent of the pulmonary inflammation in COPD correlates with disease severity, and it is thought to play a significant role in disease progression. We have evaluated a selective p38alpha-selective mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) inhibitor, indole-5-carboxamide (ATP-competitive inhibitor of p38 kinase) (SD-282), in an 11-day model of tobacco smoke (TS)-induced pulmonary inflammation in A/J mice, by using dexamethasone as a reference steroid. Two oral treatment paradigms were evaluated in this TS model: prophylactic with daily pretreatment before each daily exposure, and therapeutic with daily treatment for 6 days commencing after 5 days of smoke exposure. Bronchoalveolar lavage and histological evaluation of lung sections taken after exposure to TS revealed an inflammatory response composed of increased numbers of macrophages and neutrophils and enhanced mucin staining. Phospho-p38 staining in macrophages and type II epithelial cells after TS exposure was also observed. Given prophylactically or therapeutically, dexamethasone failed to inhibit any of the TS-induced inflammatory changes. By contrast, SD-282 inhibited TS-induced increases in macrophages and neutrophils. Furthermore, SD 282 reduced TS-induced increases in cyclooxygenase-2 and interleukin-6 levels, and phospho-p38 expression in the lungs. In conclusion, SD-282 markedly reduced TS-induced inflammatory responses when given prophylactically or therapeutically whereas dexamethasone was ineffective. This is the first evidence that a p38alpha-selective MAPK inhibitor can exert pulmonary anti-inflammatory activity in a TS exposure model when given in a therapeutic mode, establishing the potential of p38 MAPK inhibitors as a therapy for COPD.     

Pamapimod, a novel p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase inhibitor: preclinical analysis of efficacy and selectivity

P38alpha is a protein kinase that regulates the expression of inflammatory cytokines, suggesting a role in the pathogenesis of diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis (RA) or systemic lupus erythematosus. Here, we describe the preclinical pharmacology of pamapimod, a novel p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase inhibitor. Pamapimod inhibited p38alpha and p38beta enzymatic activity, with IC(50) values of 0.014 +/- 0.002 and 0.48 +/- 0.04 microM, respectively. There was no activity against p38delta or p38gamma isoforms. When profiled across 350 kinases, pamapimod bound only to four kinases in addition to p38. Cellular potency was assessed using phosphorylation of heat shock protein-27 and c-Jun as selective readouts for p38 and c-Jun NH(2)-terminal kinase (JNK), respectively. Pamapimod inhibited p38 (IC(50), 0.06 microM), but inhibition of JNK was not detected. Pamapimod also inhibited lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated tumor necrosis factor (TNF) alpha production by monocytes, interleukin (IL)-1beta production in human whole blood, and spontaneous TNFalpha production by synovial explants from RA patients. LPS- and TNFalpha-stimulated production of TNFalpha and IL-6 in rodents also was inhibited by pamapimod. In murine collagen-induced arthritis, pamapimod reduced clinical signs of inflammation and bone loss at 50 mg/kg or greater. In a rat model of hyperalgesia, pamapimod increased tolerance to pressure in a dose-dependent manner, suggesting an important role of p38 in pain associated with inflammation. Finally, an analog of pamapimod that has equivalent potency and selectivity inhibited renal disease in lupus-prone MRL/lpr mice. Our study demonstrates that pamapimod is a potent, selective inhibitor of p38alpha with the ability to inhibit the signs and symptoms of RA and other autoimmune diseases.     

FR167653, a p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase inhibitor, prevents Helicobacter pylori-induced gastritis in Mongolian gerbils

FR167653 was discovered as a cytokine production inhibitor, but its target molecule has remained unclear. We examined the effect of FR167653 on activities of purified protein kinases. FR167653 dose dependently inhibited p38alpha mitogen-activated protein kinase activity without affecting the activities of other kinases. FR167653 had no effect on cyclooxygenase (COX)-1 or COX-2 activities, whereas SB203580 inhibited them. FR167653 suppressed endogenous p38 kinase activity in interleukin-1-stimulated NRK-F cells. These results indicate that FR167653 is a p38 kinase-selective inhibitor without affecting COX activity. To evaluate the role of p38 kinase in Helicobacter pylori gastritis, we therefore examined the effect of FR167653 on H. pylori-induced gastritis in Mongolian gerbils. H. pylori infection activated p38 kinase in the gastric mucosa and caused neutrophil infiltration from 2 and 3 weeks of infection, respectively. At 4 weeks, severe mucosal inflammation with erosive injury was observed. When FR167653 was administered to H. pylori-infected gerbils from 2 weeks, both neutrophil infiltration and mucosal injury at 4 weeks were significantly prevented. FR167653 markedly reduced the H. pylori-induced increase in endogenous p38 kinase activity in the gastric mucosa, and also significantly inhibited neutrophil chemokine production. In contrast, the drug did not affect H. pylori colonization or acid secretion. FR167653 did not cause any pathological change in the gastric mucosa of normal animals. These results indicate that p38 kinase plays a crucial role in H. pylori-induced gastritis in Mongolian gerbils.     

Role of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase in lung injury after burn trauma

This study was undertaken to evaluate the effect of SB203580, a specific p38 mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase inhibitor, on burn-induced lung injury as well as the release of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha and interleukin (IL)-1beta in rats to characterize the role of p38 MAP kinase in lung injury after burn trauma. Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into three groups: 1) sham group, or rats who underwent sham burn; 2) control group, or rats given third-degree burns over 30% total body surface area (TBSA) and lactated Ringer solution for resuscitation; and 3) SB203580 group, or rats given burn injury and lactated Ringers solution with SB203580 inside for resuscitation. Pulmonary injury was assessed at 24 h by pulmonary capillary permeability determined with fluorescein isothiocyanate-labeled albumin and lung histologic analysis. TNF-alpha and IL-1beta protein in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and serum were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and p38 MAP kinase was activity determined in lung by Western blot analysis. These studies showed that significant activation of p38 MAP kinase at 24 h postburn compared with control. Burn trauma resulted in increased pulmonary capillary leakage permeability, elevated levels of TNF-alpha and IL-1beta in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and serum, and worsened histologic condition. SB203580 inhibited the activation of p38 MAP kinase, reduced the levels of TNF-alpha and IL-1beta, and prevented burn-mediated lung injury. These data suggest that p38 MAP kinase activation is one important aspect of the signaling event that may mediate the release of TNF-alpha and IL-1beta and contributes to burn-induced lung injury.     

A p38alpha selective mitogen-activated protein kinase inhibitor prevents periodontal bone loss

In the oral microbial environment, Gram-negative bacterial derived lipopolysaccharide (LPS) can initiate inflammatory bone loss as seen in periodontal diseases. p38 Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling is critical to inflammatory cytokine and LPS-induced cytokine expression, which may contribute toward periodontal bone loss. The purpose of this proof-of-principle study was to evaluate the ability of an orally active p38alpha MAPK inhibitor (SD-282) to reduce periopathogenic LPS-induced alveolar bone loss in an experimental rat model. Five groups of Sprague-Dawley rats received one of the following treatments: LPS injected to the palatal gingiva adjacent to the maxillary molars three times per week for 8 weeks, LPS plus two doses of SD-282 (15 or 45 mg/kg) twice daily by oral gavage, or control groups given drug vehicle (1% polyethylene glycol) or SD-282 (45 mg/kg) only. Baseline and 8-week alveolar bone loss was assessed by microcomputed tomography (microCT) and histological examination. LPS induced severe bone loss over this time period, whereas control groups were unchanged from baseline measurements. Both doses of SD-282 showed significant protection from LPS-induced bone loss. Bone area and volumetric analysis of maxillas by microCT indicated significant loss of bone volume with LPS treatment, which was blocked with the p38 inhibitor. Histological examination indicated significantly fewer tartate-resistant acid phosphatase-positive osteoclasts and a significant decrease in interleukin (IL)-6, IL-1beta, and tumor necrosis factor alpha expression in p38 inhibitor-treated groups compared with LPS groups by immunostaining. Results from this in vivo study suggest that orally active p38 MAPK inhibitors can reduce LPS-induced inflammatory cytokine production and osteoclast formation and protect against LPS-stimulated alveolar bone loss.     

大鼠机械通气所致肺损伤时p38丝裂原活化蛋白激酶通路的激活

目的探讨大鼠机械通气所致呼吸机相关性肺损伤(VILI)时p38丝裂原活化蛋白激酶(MAPK)的激活以及致炎因子的表达。方法30只健康SD大鼠随机均分成A、B、C3组,A组:潮气量(VT)8ml/kg,呼吸频率(RR)80次/min;B组:VT20ml/kg,RR80次/min;C组:VT40ml/kg,RR80次/min。各组机械通气时间均为2h。实验结束处死大鼠,收集支气管肺泡灌洗液(BALF)和肺组织标本,光镜下观察肺组织病理学改变。采用蛋白质免疫印迹法(Western blotting)检测各组肺组织中p38、磷酸化p38(p-p38)水平,逆转录-聚合酶链反应(RT-PCR)检测细胞间黏附分子-1(ICAM-1)表达水平,考马斯亮蓝染色法检测肺组织中总蛋白浓度和髓过氧化物酶(MPO)活性,双抗体夹心酶联免疫吸附法检测BALF中肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)、巨噬细胞炎症蛋白-2(MIP-2)和白细胞计数(WBC)。结果肺组织病理观察显示,A、B、C3组的改变依次加重;与A组相比,B、C两组p-p38和ICAM-1的表达以及总蛋白、WBC、MIP-2、TNF-α及MPO的水平均显著增高(P均<0.01);与B组相比,C组p-p38和ICAM-1的表达以及总蛋白、WBC、MIP-2、TNF-α及MPO的水平均显著增高(P<0.05或P<0.01)。结论大VT机械通气能显著激活p38通路以及致炎因子的表达,这可能是大鼠机械通气所致肺损伤的重要致病机制之一。     

p38 MAPK在大鼠局灶性脑缺血再灌注损伤中的作用

目的探讨p38 MAPK在大鼠脑缺血再灌注损伤中的作用及可能机制。方法雄性SD大鼠随机分为5组:空白对照组、假手术组、缺血再灌注组、给药组及溶媒组。除对照组及假手术组外各组采用线栓法建立大鼠大脑中动脉缺血再灌注损伤模型。给药组和溶媒组分别侧脑室注射p38 MAPK特异性抑制剂SB202190及1%DMSO。每组分别进行行为学评分和检测Bcl-2、Bax表达的变化。结果①行为学结果:空白对照组及假手术组,缺血再灌注后24 h大鼠神经功能评分降低,给药组大鼠神经功能评分高于缺血再灌注组,有统计学差异(P<0.01)。②免疫印迹检测结果:空白对照组及假手术组可见少量Bcl-2、Bax蛋白表达,两组间无统计学差异(P>0.05);缺血再灌注组再灌注后24 h可见Bcl-2表达减少,但与空白对照组及假手术组相比无统计学差异(P>0.05),而再灌注后24 h可见Bax蛋白表达明显增加,与空白对照组及假手术组相比有统计学差异(P<0.05);给药组与缺血再灌注组相比再灌注后24 h可见Bax蛋白表达明显减少(P<0.05),而Bcl-2蛋白表达明显增加(P<0.05)。结论抑制p38 MAPK激活可以减轻大鼠脑缺血再灌注时的脑神经元的凋亡。     

定心方对大鼠心肌缺血再灌注损伤时p38丝裂原活化蛋白激酶和肿瘤坏死因子α的影响

目的:探讨定心方防治大鼠心肌缺血再灌注损伤的作用机制。方法:60只SD大鼠随机分为5组:假手术组、模型组、肿瘤坏死因子α(tumornecrosisfactor-α,TNF-α)抗体组、定心方小剂量组和定心方大剂量组,每组12只。利用结扎、放松左冠状动脉的方法制作大鼠心肌缺血再灌注损伤模型。用放射自显影激酶活性测定心肌中p38丝裂原激活蛋白激酶(p38mitogen-activatedproteinkinases,p38MAPK)活性。用2,4二硝基苯肼显色法测定血清乳酸脱氢酶(lactatedehydrogenase,LDH)活性。用免疫酶联吸附法(ELISA)检测心肌内TNF-α含量。结果:定心方大、小剂量组均能不同程度地提高再灌注后平均动脉压(meanarterialpressure,MAP),减少血清LDH的活性。MI/R模型组大鼠心肌中TNF-α的含量(pg/g)显著高于假手术组(1120±111和165±16;t=23.483,P<0.01);与模型组相比,TNF-α抗体组、定心方大、小剂量组均能显著降低心肌中TNF-α含量,分别为312±25,515±54,843±86;差异有显著性意义(t=18.341,23.142,5.554,P均<0.01)。MI/R模型组大鼠心肌中p38MAPK活性(nkat/g)显著高于假手术组(90.01±2.88和16.67±0;t=44.00,P<0.01);TNF-α抗体组心肌中p38MAPK活性(93.35±2.55)与模型组无显著性差异(t=0.866,P>0.05);定心方大、小剂量组p38MAPK活性     

p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase inhibitors--mechanisms and therapeutic potentials.

The pyridinylimidazole compounds, exemplified by SB 203580, originally were prepared as inflammatory cytokine synthesis inhibitors. Subsequently, the compounds were found to be selective inhibitors for p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), a member of the MAPK family. SB 203580 inhibits the catalytic activity of p38 MAPK by competitive binding in the ATP pocket. Four homologues of p38 MAPK have been identified to date, and interestingly, their biochemical properties and their respective sensitivities to the inhibitors are distinct. X-ray crystallographic analysis of p38-inhibitor complexes reinforces the observations made from site-directed mutagenesis studies, thereby providing a molecular basis for understanding the kinase selectivity of these inhibitors. The p38 MAPK inhibitors are efficacious in several disease models, including inflammation, arthritis and other joint diseases, septic shock, and myocardial injury.     

Sustained activation of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase contributes to the vascular response to injury

The vascular response to mechanical injury involves inflammatory and fibroproliferative processes that result in the formation of neointima and vascular remodeling. The complex cellular interactions initiated by vascular injury are coordinated and modulated by the elaboration of cytokines and growth factors. The production and transduction of many of these mediators require phosphorylation of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK). In the present investigation, we examined the pattern and localization of p38 MAPK activation following balloon vascular injury. The effects of long-term and selective inhibition of p38 MAPK with SB 239063 (trans-1-(4-hydroxycyclohexyl)-4-(4-fluorophenyl)-5-[2-methoxy)pyrimidin-4-yl]imidazole) were also investigated in a model of vascular injury. Western blotting and immunohistochemical staining demonstrated that phospho-p38 MAPK was increased following balloon injury of the rabbit iliofemoral artery. The p38 MAPK activation was noted as early as 15 min after balloon injury and remained elevated for at least 28 days. Phospho-p38 MAPK immunoreactivity (IR) was localized primarily in regions of dedifferentiated, smooth muscle alpha-actin-positive cells in all lamina of the vessel wall. Phospho-p38 MAPK IR was not correlated with the localization of macrophage or proliferating cells (proliferating cell nuclear antigen; PCNA +). Long-term treatment (4 weeks) with SB 239063 (50 mg/kg/day, p.o.) reduced the vascular response to injury in the hypercholesterolemic rabbit. SB 239063 had no effect on platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)-stimulated migration or proliferation of rabbit vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) in culture. However, SB 239063 produced a concentration-dependent inhibition of transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta-stimulated fibronectin production in VSMCs. In conclusion, sustained activation of p38 MAPK plays an important role in the vascular response to injury and inhibition of p38 MAPK may represent a novel therapeutic approach to limit this response.     

Suppression of phosphorylation of extracellular-signal-regulated kinase and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase in polymorphonuclear leukocytes by the proton pump inhibitor lansoprazole

Lansoprazole (LPZ) is a proton pump inhibitor that suppresses gastric secretion and exerts anti-inflammatory effects on immune cells. Recently, LPZ has been used for the treatment of peptic ulcer and gastritis, which can be caused by Helicobacter pylori, due to its potent acid-suppressive effects. We focused the aim to the anti-inflammatory effects on the over-activation of neutrophils, and investigated the effects of LPZ on the signal transduction of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) family. LPZ slightly phosphorylated p38 MAPK of neutrophils at a concentration of 10 μg/ml, but did not phosphorylate extracellular-signal regulated kinase (ERK) 1/2. Pretreatment of neutrophils with (1–5 μg/ml) LPZ strongly attenuated the phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate-stimulated phosphorylation of ERK1/2, and LPZ slightly suppressed the lipopolysaccharide (LPS)- and N-formylmethionylleucylphenylalanine-stimulated phosphorylation of p38. ERK1/2 produces the mitochondrial anti-apoptotic proteins, and the signaling pathway from LPS and N-formylmethionylleucylphenylalanine to p38 is the main pathway for reactive oxygen species production. The mechanism of anti-inflammatory effect of LPZ on hyper-activated neutrophils is suggested to be the suppression of signal transduction of ERK1/2 and p38 MAPK.     

参与骨关节炎的P38丝裂原活化蛋白激酶信号转导通路

背景：p38丝裂原活化蛋白激酶信号转导通路属于丝裂原活化蛋白激酶家族成员,在骨关节炎的发生发展中发挥重要作用。目的：对骨关节炎病理进程中 p38丝裂原活化蛋白激酶信号转导通路相关作用机制的研究进展进行综述。方法：由第一作者用计算机检索中国期刊全文数据库和 PubMed 数据库,检索词分别为“p38丝裂原活化蛋白激酶信号通路、骨关节炎、关节软骨、软骨细胞”和“p38MAPK signal transduction pathway, osteoarthritis, Articular cartilage,Chondrocyte”。从 p38丝裂原活化蛋白激酶信号通路简介,p38丝裂原活化蛋白激酶在骨关节炎中的作用,p38丝裂原活化蛋白激酶阻断剂在骨关节炎中的应用3方面进行总结。共检索到可应用文献90篇,按纳入标准对文献进行筛选,共纳入46篇文章。结果与结论：p38丝裂原活化蛋白激酶信号通路与软骨细胞的肥大化和钙化、软骨细胞的凋亡、软骨基质金属蛋白酶的合成、软骨炎性细胞因子的产生等有密切关系,对骨关节炎的发生发展有重要影响。p38丝裂原活化蛋白激酶通过多种复杂的机制参与骨关节炎的形成和发展,对其起到极其重要的作用,因此阻断 p38丝裂原活化蛋白激酶信号通路可能成为骨关节炎治疗的新靶点。     

脊髓压迫性损伤后p3 8MAPK信号转导通路的时间变化规律

目的研究脊髓压迫性损伤后p38MAPK信号转导通路在其中的变化规律和可能的意义.方法制备脊髓压迫伤动物模型,用Westerm blot检测伤后0,30 min,6,24,72 h组织中p38MAPK的变化情况.结果脊髓损伤后局部组织中p38MAPK存在明显的变化规律30 min时出现明显表达上调,6 h达到高峰,以后逐渐下降,而正常脊髓组织中未检测出明确的表达.结论p38MAPK信号转导通路参与了脊髓损伤后的信号转导,其变化规律有可能对脊髓损伤的治疗具有参考意义.