艾滋病合并结核病50例分析

目的：提高对艾滋病合并结核病的认识，方法：对1995～2002年在本院就诊的50例艾滋病合并结核病进行回顾性分析，结果：(1)分型：原发性肺结核2例，血行播散性肺结核6例，继发性肺结核20例，结核性胸膜炎12例，其它肺外结核10例(其中淋巴结结核8例)。(2)T细胞亚群：     

艾滋病合并结核病的临床分析

目的 探讨艾滋病合并结核病的临床特点。方法 对1998年至2002年ll例艾滋病合并结核病进行临床分析。结果 (1)艾滋病感染途径：输血感染者8例，其他途径各1例。(2)合并肺结核病6例，其中继发性肺结核3例，原发性肺结核1例，血行播散性肺结核2例；合并肺外结核5例，其中结核性心包积液、结核性脑膜炎各2例，胸腔积液1例；合并多重感染者5例。(3)11例1：2000PPD试验均为阴性。(4)治疗：7例抗病毒与抗结核联合治疗，临床表现明显改善；3例仅抗结核治疗者中1例有效、2例死亡；1例未经任何治疗，6月死亡。结论 艾滋病合并结核病临床表现多样，血行播散性肺结核多，肺外结核多，多重感染多见，抗病毒与抗结核联合治疗有效。     

艾滋病合并结核病的诊断与治疗

目的 探讨艾滋病合并结核病的临床特点和治疗方法 .方法 对1995～2000年期间在本院诊断的10例艾滋病合并结核病的患者进行分析.结果 (1)临床分型血行播散型肺结核合并结核性脑膜炎3例,淋巴结结核4例(其中肠系膜淋巴结结核1例、纵隔淋巴结结核+颈部淋巴结结核1例、颈部淋巴结结核2例),原发型肺结核3例,同时合并其它机会性感染如卡氏肺孢子虫肺炎(PCP)等.(2)免疫功能检测和结核菌素试验CD+4(2～87)×106/L,其中7例CD+4＜50×106/L,平均CD-4(33±13)×106/L.10例结核菌素(PPD)试验均阴性.(3)治疗5例联合抗结核+高效抗逆转录病毒治疗(HLAART),5例单用抗结核治疗,其中HAART组CD+4细胞上升明显,与单独抗结核治疗相比,差异有显著性(P＜0.05).结论 CD+4细胞下降可能是艾滋病并发结核病的主要原因.结核菌素试验对诊断无帮助.艾滋病合并结核病的患者,血行播散型肺结核多、肺外结核多、合并症多、临床表现复杂多样、治疗时间长.联合高效抗逆转录病毒治疗能缩短病程,改善艾滋病合并结核病的预后.     

艾滋病合并结核病的临床分析

目的　探讨艾滋病合并结核病的临床特点。方法 对1998年至2002年11例艾滋病合并结核病进行临床分析。结果 (1)艾滋病感染途径:输血感染者8例,其他途径各1例。(2)合并肺结核病6例,其中继发性肺结核3例,原发性肺结核1例,血行播散性肺结核2例;合并肺外结核5例,其中结核性心包积液、结核性脑膜炎各2例,胸腔积液1例;合并多重感染者5例。(3)11例1:2000PPD试验均为阴性。(4)治疗:7例抗病毒与抗结核联合治疗,临床表现明显改善;3例仅抗结核治疗者中1例有效、2例死亡;1例未经任何治疗,6月死亡。结论 艾滋病合并结核病临床表现多样,血行播散性肺结核多,肺外结核多,多重感染多见,抗病毒与抗结核联合治疗有效。     

原发性干燥综合征合并结核病28例临床分析

目的 探讨结核病合并原发性干燥综合征的临床特点,注意肺结核与原发性干燥综合征导致的间质性肺疾病的鉴别。 方法 回顾性分析2005-2011年解放军第三O九医院28例合并原发性干燥综合征的结核病患者的临床资料。 结果 28例中男2例,女26例;40岁以上女性21例。临床上干咳、眼干、口干、发热多见。有6例首次诊断为原发性干燥综合征,均行自身抗体及腮腺X线增强造影检查。其中2例行下唇腺活检,结果阳性;余22例既往均有原发性干燥综合征病史,病史最短1年,最长14年,平均（2.7±1.6）年。经细菌学阳性确诊结核病10例,经组织病理学确诊结核病8例,经临床诊断结核病10例。28例患者中继发性肺结核11例,血行播散性肺结核3例,结核性胸膜炎2例,淋巴结结核2例,继发性肺结核合并支气管结核1例,继发性肺结核合并淋巴结结核2例,继发性肺结核合并结核性胸膜炎2例,继发性肺结核合并结核性心包炎2例,结核性多浆膜腔炎2例,继发性肺结核合并支气管结核及附件结核1例。所有患者均给予2HRZE/4HR抗结核治疗。至今28例患者中有5例仍在进行抗结核治疗,其余23例结核病患者均临床治愈。所有患者均未发生严重药物不良反应。4例肺结核误诊为原发性干燥综合征导致的间质性肺疾病。 结论 原发性干燥综合征合并结核病重点需注意原发性干燥综合征导致呼吸系统损害与原发性干燥综合征合并肺结核鉴别,减少临床上误诊、漏诊的发生。     

肺外结核病诊治进展

概述肺外结核病(Extra-pulmonary)是指结核分枝杆菌感染了肺部以外的脏器而引起的临床结核病，约占全部结核病人总数的10～30％。我国结核病分类卫生行业标准(WS196-2001)将结核病分为五种类型，即原发性肺结核(含胸内淋巴结结核)、血行播散性肺结核、继发性肺结核、结核性胸膜炎以及其他肺外结核病。“其他肺外结核病”按部位及脏器命名，如：     

HIV/AIDS病人治疗过程中免疫重建综合征的初步观察

目的 探讨艾滋病病毒(HIV)感染者/艾滋病(AIDS)病人经高效抗逆转录病毒治疗(HAART)后,最初3个月的免疫重建综合征问题. 方法 对收治的HIV/AIDS病人,在抗病毒治疗的前3个月内的临床症状、CD 4 T淋巴细胞计数及病毒载量进行描述. 结果 27例接受HAART的HIV/AIDS病人中,治疗的前3个月CD 4 T淋巴细胞均上升,病毒载量下降有的甚至检测不到,出现免疫重建综合征12例;并发肺炎6例(细菌性4例、霉菌性2例),卡氏肺囊虫肺炎(PCP)3例,巨细胞病毒(CMV)感染1例,结核6例(颈部淋巴结结核3例,肠结核1例,结核性胸膜炎1例,血行播散型结核并脑膜炎1例),带状疱疹1例. 结论 HAART可使免疫重建,包括CD 4 T淋巴细胞功能上升、病毒载量下降和其他的治疗益处,同时也会激活一些接受抗病毒治疗HIV/AIDS病人的炎症反应.     

艾滋病合并结核病与CD4 T淋巴细胞计数的相关性研究

目的通过对AIDS合并结核病例的回顾性分析,探讨AIDS合并结核病临床特征与CD4 T淋巴细胞计数的相关性。方法对95例AIDS并发结核感染的病例CD4 T淋巴细胞计数进行检测,同时选择30例近期入院的HIV阴性肺结核病人CD4 T淋巴细胞计数的检测,AIDS合并结核病与HIV阴性肺结核病CD4 T淋巴细胞水平对比分析;AIDS合并结核中PPD、结明试验、结核分型与CD4 T不同水平进行相关性分析。结果AIDS合并结核病与HIV阴性结核病CD4 T淋巴细胞水平相比,二者有显著性差异;CD4 T淋巴细胞计数与艾滋病合并结核病的影象学表现;PPD、结明试验、痰涂片抗酸染色阳性率、结核病分型有相关性,CD4<100/mm3与CD4>100/mm3相比,影象学中斑片实变影、多发空洞、多发结节、纵隔和(或)腋下淋巴结肿大有显著性差异;单发空洞,胸腔积液的机率,无显著性差异。CD4<100/mm3与CD4>100/mm3相比,PPD、结明试验、痰涂片抗酸染色阳性率相比均有显著性差异;Ⅱ、Ⅴ型结核发生率有明显差异。结论AIDS患者合并结核病发病率高,尤其以肺外结核和血型播散性结核多见,CD4 T淋巴细胞计数低于100/mm...     

AIDS合并结核病患者HIV RNA定量和CD4+T淋巴细胞计数特点分析

目的 总结AIDS合并结核病的临床特点,进一步提高对AIDS合并结核病的认识.方法 将AIDS合并结核病患者分为肺内结核组、肺内结核并肺外结核组和肺外结核组,比较和分析3组之间HIV RNA定量、CD4+T淋巴细胞计数的差异.结果 肺内结核组的HIV RNA定量明显低于肺内并肺外结核组和肺外结核组(P均＜0.05).肺内结核组的CD4+T淋巴细胞计数明显高于肺内并肺外结核组和肺外结核组(P均＜ 0.05).结论 患者的HIV RNA载量越高、CD4+T淋巴细胞计数越低,免疫功能越差,越易发生肺外结核和肺内并肺外结核,越易导致结核分枝杆菌播散性传播.     

艾滋病合并结核病40例临床分析

目的提高对艾滋病合并结核病的认识,降低双重感染的发病率及死亡率,提高患者的生存质量。方法对2005～2010年收治的40例艾滋病合并结核病患者进行分析。结果免疫状况：CD4＋T〉350／μl 4例（10％）,CD4＋T200～350／μl 10例（25％）、CD4＋T100～200／μl 16例（40％）,CD4＋T50～100／μl 5例（12．5％）,CD4＋T〈50／μl5例（12．5％）。影像表现：肺结核24例（60％）、结核性胸膜炎15例（37％）、原发综合症1例（3％）。转归：治愈30例（75％）、好转4例（10％）死亡6例（15％）。诊断途径：HIV／AIDS筛查结核检出17例（42.5％）、结核病发病检出HIV／AIDS23例（57．5％）。常合并多种病原菌感染。结论结核病是艾滋病病毒感染者和艾滋病病人最常见的可治愈的机会性感染,也是晚期艾滋病死亡的常见原因、结核病能促进艾滋病病程进展。对可疑结核病人进行艾滋病筛查,对HIV／AIDS患者定期筛查结核,早诊断、早治疗,能有效降低双重感染的发病率和死亡率,提高患者的生存质量。     

胰岛素瘤的解剖分布特点分析

目的胰岛素瘤是最常见的胰腺神经内分泌肿瘤，因其临床表现多样，导致诊断困难。影像学诊断尤其是超声内镜(EUS)在胰岛素瘤的诊断中起着重要作用，拥有较高的敏感性和特异性。本研究拟通过明确胰岛素瘤的解剖分布特点，以期有助于提高影像学的诊断准确率和降低漏诊率，尤其是在教育和培训实践中对于EUS的学习者更具有指导价值。 方法回顾性分析解放军总医院第一医学中心病案资料数据库1993年1月至2019年11月经外科手术、病理确诊为胰岛素瘤的患者的临床资料，检索方法采取搜索术后病理诊断为"胰岛素瘤"的病例，通过查阅病例的方法，提取出胰岛素瘤的大小和解剖分布等数据，进一步分析其特点。 结果共检索到确诊为胰岛素瘤的患者116例，其中，男45例、女71例，年龄13～76岁，平均年龄(44.4±14.85)岁。胰岛素瘤单发110例(94.8%)、多发6例(5.2%)。位置分布：头颈部46例(39.7%)，单发45例、多发1例；体尾部68例(58.6%)，单发65例、多发3例；全胰腺多发2例(1.7%)。病变大小特点：最大径0.4～3.4 cm，平均大小(1.53±0.58)cm。≤1 cm 29例、>1 cm而≤1.5 cm41例、>1.5 cm而≤2.0 cm28例，≤3 cm 15例，>3 cm 3例。年龄与肿瘤的大小相关，≤44岁患者肿瘤平均大小为(1.36±0.51)cm、>44岁患者肿瘤平均大小为(1.70±0.60)cm，P<0.05。头颈部的肿瘤大于体尾部的肿瘤，头颈部肿瘤平均大小(1.66±0.63)cm，体尾部(1.42±0.52)cm，P<0.05。 结论胰岛素瘤在胰腺体尾部较头颈部更好发；绝大多数单发，但可以全胰腺多发；多数小于1.5 cm，肿瘤的大小与患者年龄和肿瘤的解剖分布相关。     

Pathogenesis of carcinoma of the papilla of Vater

Most adenomas and carcinomas of the small intestine and extrahepatic bile ducts arise in the region of the papilla of Vater. In familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) it is the main location for carcinomas after proctocolectomy. In many cases symptoms due to stenosis lead to diagnosis at an early tumor stage. In about 80%, curative intended resection is possible. Operability is the most relevant prognostic factor. Most ampullary carcinomas resp. carcinomas of the papilla of Vater develop from adenomatous or flat dysplastic precursor lesions. They can be sited in the ampulloduodenal part of the papilla of Vater, which is lined by intestinal mucosa. They also can develop in deeper parts of the ampulla, which are lined by pancreaticobiliary duct mucosa. Intestinal-type adenocarcinoma and pancreaticobiliary-type adenocarcinoma represent the main histological types of ampullary carcinoma. Furthermore, there exist unusual types and undifferentiated carcinomas. Many carcinomas of intestinal type express the immunohistochemical marker profile of intestinal mucosa (keratin 7?, keratin 20+, MUC2+). Carcinomas of pancreaticobiliary type usually show the immunohistochemical profile of pancreaticobiliary duct mucosa (keratin 7+, keratin 20?, MUC2?). Even poorly differentiated carcinomas, as well as unusual histological types, may conserve the marker profile of the mucosa they developed from. These findings underline the concept of histogenetically different carcinomas of the papilla of Vater which develop either from intestinal- or from pancreaticobiliary-type mucosa of the papilla of Vater. Molecular alterations in ampullary carcinomas are similar to those of colorectal as well as pancreatic carcinomas, although they appear at different frequencies. In future studies, molecular alterations in ampullary carcinomas should be correlated closely with the different histologic tumor types. Consequently, the histologic classification should reflect the histogenesis of ampullary tumors from the two different types of papillary mucosa.     

Demonstration of the mechanism of action of biguanides

Summary Palmitic acid oxidation in rat diaphragm homogenate is depressed by biguanide concentrations that are still incapable of inhibiting oxidative phosphorylation. Glucose oxidation is not directly effected by the same biguanide concentrations: however, the inhibitory effect of palmitic acid on glucose oxidation is partly removed by biguanides. Inhibition of fatty acid oxidation, which accounts for most of the metabolic effects caused by these drugs, can be regarded as the fundamental mechanism of action of biguanides. There is some evidence suggesting that these drugs might interact with carnitine, thus preventing long-chain fatty acids from being transported across the mitochondrial membrane to the site of oxidation. Traduzione a cura degli AA.     

Lack of correlation of degree of villous atrophy with severity of clinical presentation of coeliac disease

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Both the clinical presentation and the degree of mucosal damage in coeliac disease vary greatly. In view of conflicting information as to whether the mode of presentation correlates with the degree of villous atrophy, we reviewed a large cohort of patients with coeliac disease. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We correlated mode of presentation (classical, diarrhoea predominant or atypical/silent) with histology of duodenal biopsies and examined their trends over time. RESULTS: The cohort consisted of 499 adults, mean age 44.1 years, 68% females. The majority had silent coeliac disease (56%) and total villous atrophy (65%). There was no correlation of mode of presentation with the degree of villous atrophy (p=0.25). Sixty-eight percent of females and 58% of males had a severe villous atrophy (p=0.052). There was a significant trend over time for a greater proportion of patients presenting as atypical/silent coeliac disease and having partial villous atrophy, though the majority still had total villous atrophy. CONCLUSIONS: Among our patients the degree of villous atrophy in duodenal biopsies did not correlate with the mode of presentation, indicating that factors other than the degree of villous atrophy must account for diarrhoea in coeliac disease.     

血吸虫童虫生长发育及其机制的研究进展

血吸虫童虫是宿主免疫系统攻击的重要靶标,包括皮肤型、肺型和肝门型童虫。宿主分子对童虫生长发育具有重要作用。童虫生长发育机制包括免疫调节、信号转导、性别发育及凋亡等。肌动蛋白、组织蛋白酶、烯醇化酶和葡萄糖基转移酶等分子为血吸虫童虫生长发育的重要分子。本文对血吸虫童虫生长发育及其机制的研究进展做一综述。     

氯硝柳胺悬浮剂的毒性评价

目的评价氯硝柳胺悬浮剂的毒性，为现场大规模应用灭螺提供依据。方法按照中华人民共和国国家标准GB 15670-1995《农药登记毒理学试验方法》和鱼类毒性试验方法进行。结果经口、经皮肤的LDso雌、雄性大鼠均>5 000 mg/kg，经呼吸道的LCso雌、雄性大鼠均>5 000mg/m3，该药经口、经皮肤、经呼吸道毒性均属微毒类药物；兔眼用药后，观察期内无不良反应，对眼无刺激性；皮肤用药后对皮肤无刺激性。与氯硝柳胺原药、氯硝柳胺乙醇胺盐原药和氯硝柳胺乙醇胺盐可湿性粉剂相比，氯硝柳胺悬浮剂对鱼急性毒性最低。结论氯硝柳胺悬浮剂属微毒类药物，对鱼的毒性低于其乙醇胺盐可湿性粉剂，适合于现场应用。     

124例耐多药结核分枝杆菌基因突变特征分析

目的对临床分离的耐多药结核分枝杆菌相关基因的突变特征进行分析。方法对124例耐多药结核分枝杆菌以及50株敏感株的耐药相关基因(包括异烟肼inh A、kat G、oxyR-ahp C间隔区以及利福平rpo B)进行序列测定,分析其基因突变情况。结果异烟肼耐药inh A基因突变率为14.5%;kat G基因突变率为70.2%(87/124),主要位于315位;oxyR-ahp C间隔区突变率为15.3%;inh A、kat G两种基因同时突变率75.0%,三种基因同时突变率为89.5%。利福平rpo B基因突变的检出率高达95.2%,突变主要发生在531、526、516位点。结论我省耐多药菌异烟肼耐药相关基因最常见突变为kat G 315、inh A C-T(-15)、axyR-ahp C间隔区(-10)C-T,利福平为rpo B531、526、516。结合MDR-TB耐药相关基因的特征分析,可以建立一种快速、准确、特异的适合于我省的检测结核菌耐多药性的新方法。     

Assessment of quality of life of parents of children with juvenile chronic arthritis

The aim of the study was to assess the quality of life (QOL) and the psychological status of parents of children with juvenile chronic arthritis (JCA). The QOL, anxiety and depression of the parents of 28 children with JCA were evaluated and compared to those of the parents of 28 healthy children. Mothers of JCA children and mothers of healthy children reported similar QOL. The reported anxiety and depression levels were similar for mothers and fathers in both groups. The parents of children with pauciarticular-type JCA reported lower QOL and higher levels of anxiety and depression than the parents of children with other types, namely polyarticular and systemic JCA. These findings may be explained by the fact that the pauciarticular patients had shorter disease duration and were less frequently seen in the outpatient clinic. The QOL of mothers of children with JCA was found to be slightly impaired in the group of children with pauciarticular JCA. Future larger studies are needed to confirm these results, as the number of subjects in the three groups was rather low. Received: 26 September 2001 / Accepted: 8 February 2002     

Numerical Simulation of the Effect of Rate of Change of Glucose on Measurement Error of Continuous Glucose Monitors

Background

A 5-day in-patient study designed to assess the accuracy of the FreeStyle Navigator® Continuous Glucose Monitoring System revealed that the level of accuracy of the continuous sensor measurements was dependent on the rate of glucose change. When the absolute rate of change was less than 1 mg•dl⁻¹•min⁻¹ (75% of the time), the median absolute relative difference (ARD) was 8.5%, with 85% of all points falling within the A zone of the Clarke error grid. When the absolute rate of change was greater than 2 mg•dl⁻¹•min⁻¹ (8% of the time), the median ARD was 17.5%, with 59% of all points falling within the Clarke A zone.

Method

Numerical simulations were performed to investigate effects of the rate of change of glucose on sensor measurement error. This approach enabled physiologically relevant distributions of glucose values to be reordered to explore the effect of different glucose rate-of-change distributions on apparent sensor accuracy.

Results

The physiological lag between blood and interstitial fluid glucose levels is sufficient to account for the observed difference in sensor accuracy between periods of stable glucose and periods of rapidly changing glucose.

Conclusions

The role of physiological lag on the apparent decrease in sensor accuracy at high glucose rates of change has implications for clinical study design, regulatory review of continuous glucose sensors, and development of performance standards for this new technology. This work demonstrates the difficulty in comparing accuracy measures between different clinical studies and highlights the need for studies to include both relevant glucose distributions and relevant glucose rate-of-change distributions.     

Study of constancy of hydrogen-consuming flora of human colon

The constancy of the hydrogen consuming flora of the human colon was studied in 15 healthy subjects via two measurements obtained 18 to 36 months apart. Hydrogen disappearance rate and the major products of H₂-consuming bacteria, methane and sulfide, were measured during incubation of fecal homogenates with excess hydrogen and sulfate. In 11/15, the hydrogen consumption rate and the predominant hydrogen-consuming pathway (methanogenesis, sulfate reduction, or neither) remained constant. However, major shifts in these pathways were observed in four subjects, with two losing and two gaining the ability to produce methane. Methanogenesis was associated with the highest hydrogen consumption rate. This study demonstrates that clinically unrecognizable, major alterations of the colonic flora occur in healthy subjects. Understanding of the factors responsible for these alterations might allow for therapeutic manipulation of the colonic flora.Supported in part by the Department of Veterans Affairs and NIDDKD RO1 DK 13309-25.