尿毒症患者外周血T淋巴细胞亚群分析

目的:探讨尿毒症患者外周血T淋巴细胞亚群的变化。方法:采用间接免疫荧光法检测35例尿毒症(未透析)患者外周血T淋巴细胞亚群(CD3 、CD4 、CD4 /CD8 )并与30例正常人对照组进行对比。结果:尿毒症组CD3 、CD4 和CD4 /CD8 的比值均显著低于正常对照组(P<0.001)。结论:尿毒症患者存在T淋巴细胞免疫功能紊乱,表现在T淋巴细胞亚群失衡。     

T淋巴细胞亚群检测在结核病诊治中的应用探讨

目的:观察分析T淋巴细胞亚群检测在结核病诊治中的应用价值。方法:选取本院2019年1月~2020年1月收治的108例肺结核患者一般资料作为实验组,再选取同期我院接收的108例健康体检者一般资料作为对照组。采用统计学分析两组研究对象的T淋巴细胞亚群(CD3、CD4、CD8、CD4/CD8)表达水平、外周血白细胞介素-1、外周血白细胞介素-6以及肺结核患者T淋巴细胞亚群检测结果与性别、年龄之间的关系。结果:肺结核患者T淋巴细胞亚群检测结果与性别比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),肺结核患者T淋巴细胞亚群检测结果与年龄比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);实验组CD3、CD4、CD4/CD8等T淋巴细胞亚群表达水平明显低于对照组,实验组CD8表达水平明显高于对照组,差异比较有统计学意义(P<0.05),实验组外周血白细胞介素-1、外周血白细胞介素-6水平明显高于对照组,差异比较有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论:外周血白细胞介素-1、外周血白细胞介素-6、T淋巴细胞是结核病患者细胞免疫的重要组成部分,检测外周血白细胞介素-1、外周血白细胞介素-6、T淋巴细胞可能为肺结核提供诊断依据,与此同时在肺结核患者的治疗和预后具有显著意义;结核病患者T淋巴细胞免疫功能下降,有可能是导致结核病患者病情持续加重的原因。     

腹膜透析相关性真菌性腹膜炎20例临床分析

目的探讨腹膜透析相关性真菌性腹膜炎(FP)的易感因素、诊治和转归。方法回顾分析2000年1月～2005年11月期间中山大学附属第一医院肾内科收治的CAPD相关性真菌性腹膜炎的临床表现、病源菌、治疗、转归,并与同期收治的革兰氏阳性(G~ )球菌、革兰氏阴性(G~-)杆菌腹膜炎进行分组对比。结果腹膜透析相关性腹膜炎205例,其中真菌性腹膜炎20例(9．76%)；真菌性腹膜炎组、G~ 球菌组、G~-杆菌组3组间的发病年龄、性别、血白细胞计数、透出液细胞计数、开始透析时间差异无统计学意义(P＞0．05),真菌性腹膜炎组腹部压痛、反跳痛的发生率显著高于其余两组(P＜0．05)；17例(85%)患者1月内有腹腔/全身系统使用抗生素史：真菌性腹膜炎组6例(30%)死亡,其余14例转血液透析,死亡率及腹膜透析退出率显著高于其余两组(P＜0．05)。结论腹腔/全身使用抗生素是腹膜透析相关真菌性腹膜炎发生的高危因素,真菌性腹膜炎临床症状较重,预后不良,确诊后早期拔管可能可以降低死亡率。     

持续质量改进在减少腹膜透析患者腹膜炎发生中的作用

目的探讨应用持续质量改进(continuons quality improvement,CQI)的方法降低腹膜透析患者腹膜炎发生率的效果。方法选择北京大学人民医院腹膜透析中心CQI前(2008年)持续不卧床腹膜透析(continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis,CAPD)患者63例,分析腹膜炎(29例次)的发生率及特征,采用设计、实施、检验和应用(plan,do,check and act,PDCA)四步法,设计并实施减少腹膜炎发生的防治措施,与CQI后2009年同期101例CAPD患者腹膜炎(14例次)发生情况比较。结果 CQI后,我中心CAPD患者腹膜炎发生率明显降低,由1次/22.2患者月降至1次/70.4患者月。其中,革兰氏阳性球菌所致腹膜炎发生率由1次/35.8患者月降至1次/197患者月;复发性腹膜炎发生率由1次/80.5患者月降至1次/985患者月。与CQI中主要采取的几项改进措施相一致。结论 CQI的方法可以降低腹膜透析中心腹膜炎发生率。     

改良法提高腹膜透析液致病菌培养阳性率的临床观察

目的探讨腹膜透析中心提高腹膜透析液致病菌培养阳性率的改良策略。方法收集武汉市第一医院肾病科2007年1月~2014年4月收治的466例次持续性非卧床腹膜透析(CAPD)相关性腹膜炎患者的临床资料,以2010年6月为界,以前为传统组采用传统的腹膜透析液细菌培养法,之后为改良组采用血培养方法进行腹膜透析液培养,比较2组近期抗生素使用史、腹膜透析液培养阳性率、腹膜炎发生率、致病菌的分布情况。结果与传统组相比,改良组腹膜透析液培养阳性率高(81.5%比65.8%,P0.01),培养前抗生素使用史的比率低(7.76%比21.36%,P0.01),在传统组中,未使用抗生素亚组病原菌检出率优于总体检出率(75.00%比65.81%,P0.05)。2组腹膜炎致病菌排前3位的细菌均为葡萄球菌、链球菌、大肠埃希菌。结论采用血培养方法进行腹膜透析液培养可以大幅提高致病菌阳性率,培养前抗生素使用史对培养阳性率的影响相当关键。     

持续性不卧床腹膜透析的腹膜炎11例临床分析

目前腹膜透析常以O型管和Y型管 (或双袋系统 )来连接 ,明显减少腹膜炎的发生率。但腹膜透析费用较高。作者对经济条件差的慢性肾衰竭尿毒症期患者 ,用国产腹透液和直型连接导管进行持续性不卧床腹膜透析 (CAPD)。报告如下。1资料与方法1.1一般资料1998年2月～2002年10月11例CAPD患者 ,男4例 ,女7例 ;年龄16～77岁。其中慢性肾小球肾炎6例 ,慢性间质性肾炎2例 ,肾小动脉硬化1例 ,糖尿病性肾病2例。CAPD时间3～35个月。1.2腹膜透析方法用一次性输血器作为直型连接导管 ,腹膜透析液为上海产的四叶牌乳酸盐腹膜透析液。2000ML袋含糖1.5 %…     

乙型肝炎患者外周血T淋巴细胞亚群变化的临床意义

目的 探讨T淋巴细胞亚群在乙型肝炎患者外周血中的变化及其临床意义.方法 乙型肝炎病毒携带者40例(病毒携带组)、慢性乙型肝炎30例(慢性组)、乙型肝炎肝硬化15例(肝硬化组)及30例健康体检者(对照组),采用多参数流式细胞仪检测其外周血T淋巴细胞CD3及其亚群(CD4、CD8),并将结果进行比较.结果 与对照组比较,3组乙型肝炎患者的CD3、CD4及CD4/CD8比值均降低,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),CD8明显增高(P<0.05).结论 乙型肝炎患者细胞免疫功能紊乱,T细胞亚群的变化程度与病情进展有关.     

腹膜透析患者肠镜后腹膜炎1例

<正>1临床资料患者男性,65岁,2016年5月20日因"维持性腹膜透析(continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis,CAPD)4年"入院。该患者2012年5月置管行腹膜透析治疗,目前行标准CAPD方案(2.5%低钙腹膜透析液×4袋)。2014年12月和2015年1月因腹膜炎入院,2次腹透液培养均示表皮葡萄球菌,予盐酸万古霉素治疗后好转。     

持续不卧床腹膜透析腹膜炎的病因与护理

持续不卧床腹膜透析(CAPD)是尿毒症患者常用有效的肾替代治疗方法之一。腹膜炎是CAPD最重要、最常见的并发症,也是患者终止腹膜透析的主要原因。本文针对CAPD腹膜炎的常见病因,探讨护理在预防腹膜炎发生中的作用。 一、CAPD腹膜炎发生的常见病因 1.透析管路污染:约占30％～40％,一般与透析装置缺陷、透析液更换消毒不严有关,致病菌以表皮葡萄球菌为主。     

中医疗法对过敏性紫癜患者免疫功能的调节作用

目的探讨以疏风清热、活血化瘀立法治疗过敏性紫癜(HSP)前后,外周血白细胞总数、淋巴细胞数、淋巴细胞亚群、辅助性T细胞(Th)1/Th2及调节性T细胞的变化。方法使用血细胞分析仪检测36例住院患者血常规,统计其中的白细胞总数及淋巴细胞数。使用流式细胞仪检测36例住院患者外周血淋巴细胞亚群、Th1/Th2及调节性T细胞。结果 HSP患者治疗后(恢复期)与治疗前(急性期)相比较,白细胞数、淋巴细胞数、CD3~+、CD4~+、CD19~+降低(P0.05),CD8~+、CD16~+CD56~+、Th1/Th2、CD4~+CD25~+升高(P0.05);HSP患者治疗前与对照组相比较,白细胞数、淋巴细胞数、CD3~+、CD4~+、CD19~+明显升高(P0.05),CD8~+、CD16~+CD56~+、Th1/Th2、CD4~+CD25~+降低(P0.05);HSP患者治疗后与对照组相比较,白细胞数、淋巴细胞数、CD19~+升高(P0.05);CD16~+降低(P0.05);CD3~+、CD4~+、CD8~+、Th1/Th2、CD4~+CD25~+无差异(P0.05)。结论以疏风清热、活血化瘀立法治疗HSP,能明显干预患者的外周血白细胞总数、淋巴细胞数、淋巴细胞亚群、Th1/Th2及调节性T细胞,对患者的免疫功能的调节作用明确,临床效果显著,极大地提高了临床诊疗能力。     

持续非卧床式腹膜透析患者合并继发性腹膜炎

目的 了解持续非卧床式腹膜透析（continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis,CAPD）合并继发性腹膜炎的临床表现特点,以提高对此症的诊治水平。方法对在2003年1月～2003年4月期间澳门仁伯爵综合医院肾科收治的3例CAPD患者合并继发性腹膜炎的临床资料进行回顾性分析,并以同期收治的8例CAPD相关性腹膜炎为对照组,对两组患者的年龄、CAPD时间和化验结果进行统计分析。结果3例继发性腹膜炎患者均为女性,年龄（75.3±5.5）岁,既往无腹膜炎史。在入院时,所有患者均被误诊为CAPD相关性腹膜炎。对两例患者进行腹部X线平片检查分别可见膈下游离气体和小肠梗阻征象。治疗延误3～28天,最后诊断分别为回肠穿孔、乙状结肠缺血性坏死和绞窄性切口疝。两组患者的年龄、血红蛋白、血白细胞（WBC）、血清白蛋白、C反应蛋白（CRP）和入院时腹膜透析液WBC计数（D1）无显著性差异（P〉0.05）;继发性腹膜炎和CAPD相关性腹膜炎的不同点表现在：①CAPD时间明显长[（24.6±7.5）月vs（10.5±8.2）月,P=0.035];②多数患者在发病早期可见粉红色腹膜透出液;③对抗炎治疗效果差（P〈0.05）;④病死率高（67%vs 0）。结论CAPD患者合并继发性腹膜炎的临床表现和CAPD相关性腹膜炎有所不同,其临床误诊率和病死率高,应引起临床医生重视。     

Rapid, simple, and reliable method for the diagnosis of CAPD peritonitis using the new MMP-9 test kit

The objective of the present study was to evaluate the sensitivity and efficiency of the matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) test kit for the diagnosis of bacterial peritonitis in patients undergoing peritoneal dialysis (PD). Peritoneal effluents were collected from seven continuous ambulatory PD (CAPD) patients with peritonitis, four patients with suspected peritonitis, 30 maintenance PD patients without infection, and seven patients at initiation of PD. The MMP-9 test kit was used to analyze 112 peritoneal effluent samples. These peritoneal effluents were also used to count leukocytes and examine microorganisms. MMP expression was measured by gelatin zymography, and activities were measured by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The relationship between the reactivity of the test kit and the number of leukocytes in the samples was examined. There was a significant difference in the number of leukocytes in peritoneal effluents between the negative and positive groups detected by the MMP-9 test kit (P < 0.0001). The results obtained with the MMP-9 test kit were negative for peritoneal effluent samples that did not show increased cell counts. The reactivity of the MMP-9 test kit showed no significant differences among various microorganisms, and remained stable. The MMP-9 test kit appears to be a simple and reliable method for early diagnosis of CAPD peritonitis, and reflects the leukocyte count in peritoneal effluents.     

Coxsackievirus?B1 peritonitis in a patient treated with continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis: a case report and brief review of the literature

Clin Microbiol Infect 2012; 18: E431-E434 ABSTRACT: We report a case of viral peritonitis caused by coxsackievirus?B1 in a 79-year-old male undergoing continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD), and review the English language literature. Clinicians should be aware of viral peritonitis in patients on CAPD presenting with a viral syndrome and mononuclear peritoneal dialysis effluent. Currently, viral diagnostic tests are available to confirm the diagnosis and avoid unnecessary treatment with antibiotics.     

Can the risk of peritonitis be predicted for new continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) patients?

Serum and overnight dialysate samples were obtained from 36 adult uraemic patients at the end of their continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) training. The samples were analysed for albumin, IgG, C3, and antistaphylococcal peptidoglycan antibody. None of the dialysate measurements correlated with the risk of peritonitis during up to one year's CAPD treatment. Nineteen of the 36 patients were retested 6 to 20 months after starting CAPD. There were significant rises in serum C3 (p less than 0.02) and albumin (p less than 0.001) and a significant fall in dialysate IgG (p less than 0.02). Eight further patients were sampled at the end of training and three weeks later. They had a significant fall in dialysate IgG (p less than 0.05). During CAPD training peritoneal permeability appears to be transiently increased. Analysis of overnight dialysate samples during training does not allow prediction of those at risk of subsequent peritonitis.     

Peritonitis due to Burkholderia gladioli

We report a case of continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD)–related peritonitis. Burkholderia gladioli, as a plant pathogen, were cultured from peritoneal effluent. Peritonitis healed after intraperitoneal cefazolin and gentamicin. This case indicated that CAPD effluent may be contaminated by B. gladioli, causing CAPD-related peritonitis. On the other hand, it can be successfully treated with intraperitoneal antimicrobials without removal of the Tenckhoff catheter.     

Role of peritoneal mesothelial cells and fibroblasts in the synthesis of hyaluronan during peritoneal dialysis.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the in vitro synthesis rate of hyaluronan (HA) by human peritoneal mesothelial cells and peritoneal fibroblasts in the presence of effluent dialysate from continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) patients. METHODS: We used primary cultures of human peritoneal mesothelial cells and peritoneal fibroblasts from nonuremic patients to study the effect of interleukin-1beta (II-1beta) and pooled effluent dialysate, from noninfected and infected CAPD patients, on the synthesis of HA by the studied cells. We also tested the effect of the exogenous HA on the synthesis rate of that glycosaminoglycan. We studied the correlation between HA concentration in effluent dialysate and the stimulatory effect of that solution on in vitro synthesis of HA by mesothelium. RESULTS: Peritoneal fibroblasts produce more HA than mesothelial cells. Noninfected effluent dialysates or dialysates from CAPD patients with peritonitis stimulate synthesis of HA by mesothelial cells and fibroblasts. Interleukin-1beta has a stimulating effect, which was synergistic with effluent dialysates, on the synthesis of HA by mesothelium and peritoneal fibroblasts. A weak correlation was demonstrated between the level of HA in effluent dialysate and the stimulatory effect of that dialysate on in vitro synthesis of HA by mesothelial cells. CONCLUSIONS: Peritoneal fibroblasts are a more potent source of HA than are mesothelial cells, but probably the latter are the main source of HA in drained dialysate. Although effluent dialysates contain factors that stimulate the production of HA by mesothelium, there is weak correlation between that stimulatory effect and the actual HA concentration in the dialysate, which, in some patients, might suggest low "responsiveness" of the membrane.     

Strain differences in the opsonisation of Staphylococcus epidermidis

Ten isolates of coagulase-negative staphylococci, collected from patients receiving treatment with continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD), exhibited marked differences in the degree of opsonisation when incubated in 10% and 1% pooled human serum, 10% and 1% heat-treated serum, Hanks' Balanced Salt Solution, and timed peritoneal dialysis (PD) effluent. The addition of exogenous IgG to PD effluent results in a greater increase in opsonisation in those fluids with the weakest inherent opsonic activity, but is ineffective against the majority of isolates in the absence of heat-labile opsonic activity. The results of this in vitro study suggest that host resistance to CAPD peritonitis due to coagulase-negative staphylococci may be determined as much by the characteristics of the contaminating strain, as by the opsonising activity of PD effluent.     

Stability of amphotericin B in CAPD fluid

Amphotericin B is the drug of choice in continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) associated fungal peritonitis and is usually administered intraperitoneally. The drug is stated to be incompatible with anions. All CAPD fluids contain chloride and lactate anions. Therefore, the physical and chemical compatibility of amphotericin B with dextrose 5%, Dianeal 1.36% CAPD fluid, and Dianeal 1.36% peritoneal effluent was studied at amphotericin B concentrations of 1, 2, and 5 mg/L. Amphotericin B was most stable in Dianeal CAPD fluid. The rate of degradation was concentration dependent in dextrose 5% and peritoneal effluent. The higher the concentration, the lower the rate of degradation. After an incubation of 6 h at 37 degrees C, no significant decomposition was found at all concentrations studied in Dianeal CAPD fluid whereas 12-18% decomposition was found in effluent. No physical incompatibility with any solution was observed.     

Single- and multiple-dose kinetics of ofloxacin in patients on continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD)

To evaluate the pharmacokinetics of ofloxacin, a novel quinolone antibiotic, in patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) on continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD), we investigated 6 patients in a single-dose study and 9 patients in a multiple-dose study, all without peritonitis. In the single-dose study, patients received 200 mg ofloxacin orally. Serum concentrations (Cmax) peaked at 3.1 +/- 0.3 mg/L (mean +/- SEM), 1.6 +/- 0.5 h after p.o. administration of the drug. Elimination half-life (t1/2) was 26.8 +/- 2.5 h. Peritoneal clearance accounted for 10% of the total body clearance. After 5-h dwell time, ofloxacin concentrations in the dialysate were 1.5 +/- 0.2 mg/L, which is above the MIC90 for most bacteria responsible for peritonitis in patients on CAPD. In the multiple dose study, 200 mg ofloxacin were administered twice, with a time interval of 12 h, followed by 200 mg for 9 days every morning. Mean trough serum levels were 2.6 +/- 1.0 mg/L, mean peak concentrations were 4.1 +/- 1.7 mg/L. Mean ofloxacin concentrations in the peritoneal effluent were 1.9 +/- 0.9 mg/L. It is concluded that an oral loading dose of 400 mg on the first day and a maintenance dose of 200 mg ofloxacin/day does not lead to significant accumulation, even though the elimination by the peritoneal route is only small. The proposed dosing regimen could be an adequate therapy of peritonitis and exit-site infections in patients on CAPD since levels reached in the dialysate effluent are bactericidal. The clinical usefulness in the treatment of peritonitis has to be proven in further studies.     

A risk analysis of continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis-related peritonitis.

OBJECTIVE: We studied the clinical characteristics that influence the risk of dialysis-related peritonitis complication in incident Chinese patients undergoing continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD). METHODS: A single center, retrospective, observational cohort study was carried out to examine the risk factors of developing a first episode of dialysis-related peritonitis. RESULTS: Between 1995 and 2004, 246 incident CAPD patients were recruited for analysis. During the study period of 897.1 patient-years, 85 initial episodes of peritonitis were recorded. The median peritonitis-free time for diabetic subjects was significantly worse than for nondiabetic subjects (49.0 +/- 10.5 vs 82.3 +/- 12.6 months, p = 0.0019). The difference was due mainly to a higher likelihood of developing peritonitis with gram-negative organisms in patients with diabetes mellitus (p = 0.038). Low serum albumin concentration was also associated with worse peritonitis-free survival. There was a nonsignificant trend toward an increased risk for peritonitis in the group of patients with cerebrovascular disease. According to multivariate Cox proportional hazards model for the analysis of time to first peritonitis episode, the two independent risk factors were presence of diabetes mellitus and initial serum albumin concentration. In particular, diabetes mellitus was associated with a hazard ratio of 1.50 and a 95% confidence interval of 1.05 - 2.40 (p = 0.030) to develop an initial peritonitis. Lower serum albumin level at the start of CAPD was a significant predictor of peritonitis, with hazard ratio of 1.67 for every decrease of 10 g/L, and 95% confidence interval 1.08 - 2.60 (p = 0.021). CONCLUSIONS: Our results confirm the susceptibility of diabetic CAPD and hypoalbuminemic patients to peritonitis, and highlight the role of further studies in reducing this complication.