犬骨髓间充质干细胞体外分离培养、诱导分化为心肌细胞实验研究

目的 观察犬骨髓间充质干细胞(BMSCs)分离体外培养的生长特性及诱导分化为心肌细胞.方法 利用骨髓穿刺,Percoll分离液密度梯度离心法分离穿刺骨髓细胞继而通过贴壁筛选纯化骨髓间充质干细胞进行接种培养、体外扩增经5-氮胞苷(5-azacytidine)诱导分化为心肌样细胞.倒置显微镜观察诱导前后细胞形态变化,流式细胞分析及免疫化学进行相关免疫抗原检测.结果 分离细胞流式细胞分析细胞表面分子抗原CD105(间充质干细胞抗原)阳性,CD34(造血干细胞表面抗原)阴性,CD31(内皮主细胞表面抗原)阴性.利用5-溴-2-尿嘧啶脱氧核苷(Brdu)进行细胞增殖标记,结果增殖细胞核标记率为(77.2±6.1)%.传4代后,经5-aza诱导,细胞形态发生改变,由梭形变为"心肌样",同时有自发性细胞搏动和"肌管"样结构.免疫化学检测分化细胞肌球蛋白重链(MHC)、心肌特异性肌钙蛋白I(cTnI)、连接蛋白-43(Cx-43)等心肌细胞特异蛋白表达阳性.结论 BMSCs分离纯化在体外培养条件下可以实现大量扩增,同时维持其未分化状态.与5-氮杂苷(5-azacytidine)共培养,可以诱导其分化为心肌样细胞.BMSCs是细胞移植"心肌再生"治疗缺血性心脏病的理想种子细胞来源.     

犬骨髓间叶干细胞的多向分化潜力

目的观察犬骨髓间叶干细胞的体外多向分化潜力,为损伤组织的干细胞移植修复提供理论基础.方法利用梯度-贴壁筛选法分离、培养与扩增骨髓间叶干细胞.利用化学诱导剂5-氮胞苷(20μmol/L),血管内皮细胞生长因子(VEGF 10ng/ml),成骨细胞诱导剂(地塞米松10nMol/L,抗坏血酸0.05mMol,β甘油磷酸钠10mMol/L)以及成脂肪细胞诱导剂(1-甲基3-异丁基黄嘌呤0.5mmol/L,地塞米松1μmol/L,胰岛素10mg/L,消炎痛100mmol/L),分别定向诱导骨髓间叶干细胞分化为心肌细胞、血管内皮细胞、成骨细胞与脂肪细胞.再应用细胞形态观察、免疫细胞化学染色及电镜对分化细胞进行鉴定.结果利用梯度-贴壁筛选法可以分离培养与扩增骨髓间叶干细胞.5-氮胞苷可诱导干细胞呈现肌管、肌丝、心房颗粒,且肌细胞特异性蛋白α-actinin,Myosin,α-Actin,Troponin Ⅰ免疫染色阳性;VEGF可诱导骨髓间叶干细胞出现管网状、血管样及鹅卵石样结构,vWF免疫染色阳性;成骨细胞诱导剂可诱导分化细胞碱性磷酸酶阳性;成脂肪细胞诱导剂使分化细胞内出现脂肪滴,油红O染色示脂滴为橙红色.结论成年犬骨髓间叶干细胞在体外具备多向分化潜力.在化学或生物诱导剂的作用下,犬骨髓间叶干细胞能够定向分化为心肌细胞、血管内皮细胞、成骨细胞、脂肪细胞等多种间叶组织类型细胞.     

大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞体外定向诱导分化为心肌样细胞的实验研究

目的研究大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞的体外培养及向心肌样细胞转化的条件。方法获取成年大鼠胫骨干骨髓,采用贴壁法进行间充质干细胞的培养、传代,观察经5-氮胞苷诱导后骨髓间充质干细胞的生长和分化。结果大鼠骨髓基质细胞贴壁呈集落生长,5-氮胞苷诱导骨髓基质细胞转化为心肌样细胞。结论骨髓基质细胞能够在体外被诱导分化为心肌样细胞,为自体心肌细胞移植提供了一种良好的来源。     

大鼠骨髓基质干细胞体外培养方法的实验研究

目的研究培养骨髓基质干细胞(MSCs)的简易方法和其在体外经5-氮胞苷诱导为心肌细胞,为心肌梗死后心力衰竭的干细胞移植治疗提供理想的种子细胞。方法采用传统的密度梯度离心分离加贴壁法和略加改进的Wakitani方法。具体操作是:取SD大鼠分离出股骨和胫骨,用10%DMEM培养基冲出骨髓液,以2×105/ml密度接种于培养瓶中,培养出的骨髓基质干细胞连续传3代,使细胞纯化后,用5-氮胞苷诱导,观察细胞形态改变。结果大鼠骨髓液接种于培养瓶中后,第2天大部分细胞已经贴壁,贴壁生长的细胞以分散、克隆集落的方式增殖,细胞大多呈梭形,7～10d后克隆集落逐渐增多,细胞融合,传代培养后细胞呈分布均匀的纺锤形细胞生长。MSCs经10!mol/L5-氮胞苷诱导3周后,发现细胞形态较前更加细长,呈梭形,类似心肌细胞样形态。结论应用略加改进的Wakitani方法,能较好地进行骨髓基质干细胞的培养和扩增,且操作简便;在体外培养的骨髓基质干细胞经诱导可转化为心肌细胞,有望成为心肌梗死后心力衰竭干细胞移植治疗的细胞材料。     

骨髓间充质干细胞体外定向诱导分化为心肌样细胞的实验研究

目的 研究大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞的体外培养及向心肌样细胞转化的条件。方法 获取成年大鼠胫骨干骨髓，采用贴壁法进行间充质干细胞的培养、传代，观察经5-氮胞苷诱导后骨髓间充质干细胞的生长和分化。结果 大鼠骨髓基质细胞贴壁旱集落生长，5-氮胞苷诱导骨髓基质细胞转化为心肌样细胞，结论 骨髓基质细胞能够在体外被诱导分化为心肌样细胞，为自体心肌细胞移植提供了一种良好的来源。     

5-氮胞苷体外诱导骨髓间质干细胞分化为心肌细胞的实验研究

目的观察5-氮胞苷对骨髓间质干细胞(BMMSC)体外向心肌细胞诱导分化的影响.方法分离大鼠BMMSC体外培养,使用终浓度为10 μmol/L的5-氮胞苷(5-aza)对其定向诱导,观察细胞形态学的变化,荧光免疫组织化学方法进行鉴定,电镜观察细胞的超微结构.结果BMMSC体外经5-aza诱导4周,肌钙蛋白及Connexin43表达阳性,电镜下在部分细胞内肌节样结构及细胞间形成缝隙连接.结论BMMSC可以在体外经5-氮胞苷诱导分化为心肌细胞.     

骨髓间(充)质干细胞体外定向诱导心肌样细胞超微结构特征研究

目的：研究兔骨髓间（充）质干细胞（mesenchymal stem cell，MSC）经5～氮杂胞苷（5-azacytidine，5-aza）诱导在体外定向分化的心肌样细胞超微结构特征。方法：取兔髂骨骨髓，分离并培养骨髓MSC，用5～aza定向诱导向心肌样细胞分化。以相差显微镜、透射电镜观察心肌样钏胞形态学变化及超微结构特征。结果：5-aza诱导后，部分细胞体积增大，呈“捧状”或“珠状”结构，有肌管样结构形成，透射电镜下见有肌丝、心房颗粒及线粒体等心肌样细胞超微等结构。结论：经5-氮杂胞苷诱导分化的骨髓间（充）质干细胞具有心肌样细胞超微结构特征．     

5-氮胞苷诱导间质干细胞为心肌细胞的实验研究

分离SD大鼠下肢骨，培养获得骨髓间质干细胞（MSCs），经5-氮胞苷（5-aza）定向诱导24h后t用免疫细胞化学法检测诱导细胞对连接蛋白43和α横纹肌肌动蛋白的表达，用逆转录-聚合酶链反应鉴定心肌细胞特异性蛋白的表达情况。结果显示，MSCs经5-aza诱导后，细胞形态不规则；3周后5-aza 10μm组细胞连接蛋白43、α横纹肌肌动蛋白阳性表达；RT-PCR显示细胞表达心肌肌钙蛋白Ⅰ、α心肌肌动蛋白。提示5-aza可体外诱导MSCs分化为心肌细胞，用于心肌梗死的治疗。     

兔骨髓间充质干细胞移植后移植细胞凋亡的实验研究

目的利用TUNEL法检测5-氮胞苷体外诱导骨髓间充质干细胞（MSCs）移植后的凋亡情况。方法5-氮胞苷体外诱导骨髓间充质干细胞MSCs向肌源性心肌细胞分化,通过免疫组化,鉴定诱导后的MSCs是否向类心肌细胞转化。建立兔心肌梗死模型,将细胞移植于心梗区域。移值2周后,利用TUNEL法检测植入细胞的凋亡率。结果移植2周后,可见DAPI标记带蓝色荧光的供体细胞核,分布比较广泛,形态呈椭圆形类似心肌细胞核,并与心肌纤维排列方向一致,证明移植细胞已存活。移值细胞表达troponinT,证明移植的MSCs分化为类心肌细胞。移植细胞均出现不同程度细胞凋亡。结论移植的MSCs细胞可在缺血的心肌组织存活,并分化为类心肌细胞,但移植细胞均出现不同程度凋亡。     

大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞体外诱导分化为神经元样细胞的初步研究

目的探讨体外培养、扩增骨髓间充质干细胞(MSCs)的方法,诱导MSCs向神经元样细胞定向分化。方法取大鼠骨髓,采用贴壁培养筛选法分离MSCs,进行培养扩增,观察其生物学特性;用IBMX诱导MSCs向神经元样细胞分化,并通过细胞免疫化学法鉴定分化细胞。结果大鼠MSCs可通过贴壁法成功分离,并可在体外大量扩增,经IBMX诱导,MSCs可向神经元样细胞分化,出现胞体和突起,细胞免疫化学染色神经元特异性烯醇化酶和巢蛋白呈阳性。结论MSCs易分离和培养,体外培养条件下生长良好,可连续传代,诱导剂作用下可分化出神经元样细胞。     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Presence of immunoreactive growth hormone and prolactin in the ovine pineal gland

Abstract: The use of antisera raised against bovine growth hormone (GH) and ovine prolactin (PRL) enabled the detection of related immunoreactive (ir) sequences of proteins in ovine pineal tissue. The isolation of PRL-like ir-material was accomplished using a 0.25 M ammonium sulphate (pH 5.5) extraction followed by ethanol precipitation, whereas the resulting 2.0 M ammonium sulphate (pH 7.0) precipitate contained a GH-like immunoreactivity. Gel chromatography of the GH-like immunoreactivity (Sephadex G-100) indicated the presence of several GH-like fragments ranging in the M_r range of 7,000 to 55,000. Analyses of the PRL-like ir-material found in pineal tissue on HPLC using a TSK 545-DEAE column led to the resolution into a single peak of immunoreactivity. A single peak of activity was also observed following chromatofocusing and hydrophobic interaction chromatography of the ir-peak from the TSK 545-DEAE column. The PRL-like ir-material inhibited the binding of [¹²⁵I]ovine PRL-S14 to anti-ovine PRL antibodies without showing an affinity for binding to anti-rat PRL or anti-bovine GH antibodies. Scatchard analysis of the binding of pineal PRL-like ir-material and pituitary ovine PRL-S14 to liver membranes from day-20 pregnant rats revealed similar affinity constants (K_a of 4.7 ± 0.2 × 10⁹ M^-1). In addition, the replication of Nb 2 Node rat lymphoma cells was stimulated by pineal PRL-like ir-material, an effect known to be specific for lactogenic hormones. The pineal PRL-like immunoreactivity appeared on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels as a single major band of M_r 24,000. The functional status of PRL-and GH-like ir-material in the ovine pineal remains to be determined, but evidence is presented that the overall protein synthesis rate of the rat pineal responded to circulating concentrations of PRL.     

Microbiology of human immunodeficiency virus anorectal disease

PURPOSE: Individuals who are seropositive for the human immunodeficiency virus are at high risk for opportunistic infection and anorectal disorders. Little prospective information is available regarding anorectal pathogens in these patients. METHODS: One hundred sixty-three HIV-seropositive patients presented to the colorectal clinic between 1989 and 1992. Forty-seven (29 percent) patients were thought to have an infectious process and were prospectively studied using a standardized multiculture protocol. RESULTS: Mean age was 33 (range, 19–59) years. All were male; high-risk behavior accounted for 87 percent of HIV transmissions. Presenting complaints included anorectal pain (79 percent), pus per anum (28 percent), and blood per anum (26 percent). Examination revealed perianal tenderness (60 percent), condyloma (38 percent), perianal ulcers (38 percent), and anal fissures (34 percent). Sixty-six sets of cultures were performed; 28 patients had one set, 15 had two sets, and 4 had three sets. Thirty-two of these 47 patients (68 percent) had positive cultures including herpes (50 percent), cytomegalovirus (25 percent),Neisseria gonorrhoeae (16 percent), chlamydia (16 percent), acidfast bacilli (2 percent), and others (9 percent). Six of 32 patients with positive cultures had more than one organism cultured. Sixteen (50 percent) patients with positive cultures were treated medically, 8 (25 percent) were treated surgically and 8 (25 percent) were treated with both modalities. Sixty-one procedures were performed on 17 patients for condylomata. Eighteen patients had 20 procedures for abscesses, 50 percent of whom had positive cultures for other than common bowel flora; all improved. Fourteen patients underwent 33 procedures for perianal fistulas.Mycobacterium fortuitum was cultured from one patient who required 13 procedures for abscesses and fistulas. Forty-five (96 percent) patients were followed for an average of 12.5 months ±2.9 SEM (range, 1–94 months). Symptoms were improved or resolved in 22 of 32 (69 percent) patients with positive cultures and in 11 of 13 (84 percent) with negative cultures. CONCLUSIONS: Specific pathogens may often be identified in human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive patients with anorectal disorders if aggressively sought. Although patients without specific pathogens identified may be expected to improve with planned empiric treatment, positive identification allows more directed therapy.