Carcinoembryonic antigen in pleural effusions. Diagnostic value in malignant mesothelioma

The usefulness of the determination of carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) in pleural effusion was assessed as an aid to the diagnosis of malignant mesothelioma. The concentration of CEA was determined by radioimmunoassay (RIA) in pleural fluid of 213 adult patients, of which 140 had malignant pleural disease and 73 had nonmalignant pleural disease. Pleural fluid CEA (PF CEA) was lower than 12 ng/ml in all 15 mesotheliomas. The statistical probability of a mesothelioma associated with PF CEA greater than 15 ng/ml was found to be zero. The CEA assay in pleural effusion proved to be a valuable adjunct to other diagnostic procedures in differentiating the malignant mesothelioma from metastatic serosal spread.     

Evaluation of pleural CYFRA 21-1 and carcinoembryonic antigen in the diagnosis of malignant pleural effusions.

CYFRA 21-1 assay, measuring cytokeratin 19 fragments, was compared with carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) assay, as an addition to cytological analysis for the diagnosis of malignant effusions. Both markers were determined with commercial enzyme immunoassays in pleural fluid from 196 patients. Cytological analysis and/or pleural biopsy confirmed the malignant origin of the effusion in 99 patients (76 carcinomas, nine pleural mesotheliomas and 14 non-epithelial malignancies). Effusions were confirmed as benign in 97 patients (33 cardiac failures, 39 infectious diseases--including 12 tuberculosis-- and 25 miscellaneous effusions). Both markers were significantly higher in malignant than in benign effusions. All the patients with non-epithelial malignancies presented CYFRA and CEA values lower than the 95% diagnostic specificity thresholds (100 and 6 ng ml(-1) respectively). The diagnostic sensitivity in the group of carcinomas and mesotheliomas was similar for CYFRA (58.8%) and CEA (64.7%). However, CEA had a significantly higher sensitivity in carcinomas (72.4% vs 55.3%), while CYFRA had a clearly higher sensitivity in mesotheliomas (89.9% vs 0%). Interestingly, 12 out of the 16 malignant effusions with a negative cytology were CEA and/or CYFRA positive. Regarding their high diagnostic sensitivity and their complementarity, CEA and CYFRA appear to be very useful for the diagnosis of malignant pleural effusions when cytology is negative.     

Serum hyaluronate in malignant pleural mesothelioma

The diagnostic value of hyaluronate concentration in effusions of malignant mesothelioma has been extensively reported but no information is available about serum hyaluronate in patients with this cancer. Using a new enzymoimmunologic assay based on hyaluronate-hyaluronectin interaction, serum levels of hyaluronate were measured in 16 patients with malignant pleural mesothelioma, 50 patients with other pleural effusions, and 94 healthy blood donors. The mean serum hyaluronate level in patients with mesothelioma (mean, 750 micrograms/l; range, 29 to 5833 micrograms/l) was significantly higher than in patients with other pleural effusions (mean, 56 micrograms/l; range, 4 to 137 micrograms/l) and than in blood donors (mean, 24 micrograms/l; range, 0 to 94 micrograms/l). Comparison of serum hyaluronate values observed in mesotheliomas with the clinical course of the disease suggests that serum hyaluronate might increase only at an advanced stage of the cancer. Therefore, serum hyaluronate determination has probably no clinical value for early detection of malignant mesothelioma, but might be useful to evaluate the clinical course of this malignancy.     

Elevated pleural fluid RCAS1 is a diagnostic marker and outcome predictor in lung cancer patients

RCAS1, a type II membrane protein also secreted in soluble form, may be important in tumor cell evasion of immune surveillance and contribute to the aggressiveness of human tumors. We examined the implications of elevated pleural fluid RCAS1 at the onset of effusion in lung cancer patients. Of 102 patients presenting with pleural effusion, 59 proved to have a malignant effusion and 43, nonmalignant. Malignant effusions exhibited higher RCAS1 concentrations than nonmalignant effusions (mean +/- SD; 36.3 +/- 114 vs. 2.7 +/- 1.8 U/ml; p=0.014). Lung cancer patients with pleural fluid RCAS1 concentrations below 15 U/ml had a longer mean survival than those with higher concentrations (4.7 vs. 1.7 months; p<0.05). By multivariate analysis, pleural fluid RCAS1 was an independent prognostic factor in lung cancer patients with effusion. In conclusion, RCAS1 determination at onset of pleural effusion is informative for both diagnosis and outcome prediction in lung cancer patients.     

Utility of anti-L523S antibody in the diagnosis of benign and malignant serous effusions

BACKGROUND: Immunohistochemistry is helpful in distinguishing metastatic carcinoma from atypical mesothelial cells; however, it is not useful in differentiating atypical mesothelial cells from malignant mesothelial cells. K homolog domain containing protein overexpressed in cancer (KOC), a member of the insulin-like growth factor mRNA-binding protein (IMP) family, also known as L523S and IMP3, is expressed during embryogenesis and in various malignancies. Using a mouse monoclonal antibody (L523S) against KOC, KOC expression was investigated in malignant tumors and reactive mesothelial cells in serous effusions. METHODS: Seventy-six cases with paraffin-embedded pleural, pericardial, and peritoneal serous effusion cell blocks including 60 malignant serous effusions (11 malignant pleural mesotheliomas and 49 metastatic carcinomas) and benign pleural effusions (14 cases with reactive mesothelial cells and 2 cases with atypical cells with uncertain significance) were selected for immunohistochemical analysis with L523S, calretinin, and CK5/6. RESULTS: Immunohistochemical studies showed that positive staining for KOC of variable degrees of intensity was observed in 47 of 60 cases in malignant serous effusions including 10 of 11 mesotheliomas and 36 of 49 metastatic carcinomas. The associated reactive mesothelial cells were negative for KOC but positive for calretinin and CK5/6. All 11 malignant mesotheliomas exhibited positivity for calretinin, and 9 of 11 cases had CK5/6 staining. In addition, 16 cases that were originally diagnosed either as pleural effusions with reactive mesothelial cells (14) or atypical cells with uncertain significance (2) were also tested for KOC expression. Interestingly, 3 of 16 cases exhibited various degrees of positivity for KOC, 2 of which were diagnosed as lung adenocarcinoma with a recurrence after tumor resection and 1 as malignant pleural mesothelioma. CONCLUSIONS: Anti-L523S antibody is a useful marker for the detection of malignant cells in serous effusions and it can have significant utility in differentiating reactive mesothelial cells from malignant mesothelioma and metastatic carcinoma in combination with calretinin and CK5/6 staining.     

ProGRP、NSE单项及联合检测对恶性胸腔积液的诊断价值

目的 探讨血清和胸腔积液胃泌素前体释放肽片断31-98（ProGRP）、神经原烯醇化酶（NSE）单项及联合检测对小细胞肺癌（SCLC）和非小细胞肺癌（NSCLC）所致的恶性胸腔积液的诊断价值。方法 采用酶联免疫吸附实验检测36例SCLC（SCLC组）、37例NSCLC（非SCLC组）、36例良性胸腔积液患者（良性胸腔积液组）及35例健康对照者（健康对照组）血清和胸腔积液ProGRP、NSE水平。比较血清和胸腔积液ProGRP、NSE单项及联合检测对恶性胸腔积液的诊断价值。结果 SCLC组、NSCLC组血清和胸腔积液ProGRP、NSE水平均明显高于良性胸腔积液组及健康对照组（P〈0．01）；SCLC组血清及胸腔积液ProGRP、NSE水平均明显高于NSCLC组（P〈0。01）。SCLC组、NSCLC组、良性胸腔积液组及健康对照组的血清ProGRP阳性率分别为83.33％、8.11％、8.33％和2.86％，血清NSE的阳性率分别为72.22％、27.03％、22.22％和17.14％；SCLC组、NSCLC组和良性胸腔积液组胸腔积液ProGRP的阳性率分别为91。67％、2．70％和2.78％，胸腔积液NSE的阳性率分别为80.56％、21.62％和13.89％。血清ProGRP单项检测、NSE单项检测、ProGRP＋NSE联合检测（按序列实验）和ProGRP＋NSE联合检测（按平行实验）诊断SCLC所致的恶性胸腔积液的敏感度分别为0.8333、0.7222、0.7576和0.9167，特异度分别为0.9722、0．8611、1．0000和0．9167，Youden指数分别为0．8056、0.5833、0．7576和0．8333；胸腔积液ProGRP单项检测、NSE单项检测、ProGRP＋NSE联合检测（按序列实验）和ProGRP＋NSE联合检测（按平行实验）诊断SCLC所致的恶性胸腔积液的敏感度分别为0.9167、0.8056、0．8056及0.9444，特异度分别为1．0000、0.8889、1．0000及0．8889，Youden指数分别为0．9167、0．6944、0．8056及0．8333。对血清、胸腔积液ProGRP和NSE水平的检测，无论是单项或是联合检测，诊断NSCLC所致的恶性胸腔积液的敏感度、特异度及Youden指数均较低。结论 血清、胸腔积液ProGRP和NSE检测对SCLC所致的恶性胸腔积液均有一定的辅助诊断价值；胸腔积液ProGRP、NSE检测优于血清检测；ProGRP检测优于NSE检测；胸腔积液ProGRP单项检测对SCLC所致的恶性胸腔积液的鉴别诊断价值最高，其次为ProGRP＋NSE联合检测（按平行实验）；血清、胸腔积液ProGRP和NSE无论单项检测或是联合检测，对NSCLC所致的恶性胸腔积液均无诊断价值。     

The value of cytokeratins 20 and 7 in discriminating metastatic adenocarcinomas from pleural mesotheliomas.

BACKGROUND: Immunohistochemistry is a useful method in the differential diagnosis between pleural mesotheliomas and metastatic adenocarcinomas to the pleura. Cytokeratin (CK) 5-6 is one of the most specific mesothelioma-associated antibodies. Cytokeratin 20 and CK7 have been used successfully in studies determining primary location of adenocarcinomas from metastases. In the current study, the value of these CKs in differential diagnosis of malignant pleural lesions was examined. METHODS: Ninety-three autopsy-verified cases (14 mesotheliomas and 79 adenocarcinomas including 42 primary lung tumors and 37 adenocarcinomas metastatic to the pleura) were stained on CK20, CK7, and CK5-6 with commercially available primary antibodies. The staining was conducted in an automated immunohistochemical system. The results were analyzed statistically at different positivity thresholds: 10% and 0%. RESULTS: None of the mesotheliomas stained positively for CK20 at the 10% positivity level, but 3 cases showed focal positivity in < 10% of the tumor cells. Eighty-six percent (12 of 14) of these tumors were CK7+ and 64% (9 of 14) were CK5-6+. None of the mesotheliomas expressed the CK20+/7- pattern. Lung adenocarcinomas, both primary and metastatic, and breast carcinomas were very similar to mesotheliomas with regard to expression of CK20 and CK7 but differed significantly with regard to expression of CK5-6. Conversely, gastrointestinal adenocarcinomas and pancreaticobiliary tumors expressed CK20 positivity in a high proportion, 86% (13 of 15) and 77% (7 of 9), respectively. The gastrointestinal tumors stained positively for CK7 in only 20% (3 of 15) of cases and differed significantly from the other adenocarcinomas in this aspect. The CK20+/7- pattern was typical for gastrointestinal tumors. CONCLUSIONS: Adding CK20 and CK7 to the panel of antibodies in the differential diagnosis of pleural mesothelioma versus metastatic adenocarcinomas is useful because diffuse CK20 positivity seems to be an indicator of metastasis. Furthermore, CK7 negativity most often is associated with metastases, and the CK20+/7- pattern, typical of colorectal adenocarcinomas, is absent in pleural mesotheliomas.     

Diagnostic utility of CYFRA 21-1, carcinoembryonic antigen, CA 125, neuron specific enolase, and squamous cell antigen level determinations in the serum and pleural fluid of patients with pleural effusions.

BACKGROUND: To the authors' knowledge the role of tumor marker determination in the differential diagnosis of pleural effusions has not been established definitively. The current article reports the results of a study of CYFRA 21-1, carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), cancer antigen 125 (CA 125), squamous cell antigen (SCC), and neuron specific enolase (NSE) in the serum and pleural fluid of patients with pleural effusions of diverse etiologies. METHODS: One hundred forty-six patients with pleural effusions (43 malignant, 47 tuberculous, 32 miscellaneous benign, and 24 paramalignant) were studied prospectively. Levels of CYFRA 21-1, CA 125, CEA, NSE, and SCC were measured by radioimmunoassay in the pleural fluid in all patients and in the serum in 118 patients. RESULTS: There were no significant differences between the serum and pleural fluid levels of tumor markers with the exception of CA 125, which was higher in the pleural fluid. With maximum specificity, the highest sensitivity in the diagnosis of pleural malignancy was obtained with a combination of CYFRA 21-1 (with a cutoff value of 150 U/L), CEA (with a cutoff value of 40 ng/mL), and CA 125 (with a cutoff value of 1000 ng/mL) in pleural fluid. NSE and SCC added no diagnostic value. The simultaneous use of tumor markers and cytology in pleural fluid increased the sensitivity from 55.8% to 81%. CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest that a combination of CYFRA 21-1, CEA, and CA 125 in the pleural fluid can be a useful addition to pleural cytology in the diagnosis of malignant pleural effusion.     

Aberrant promoter methylation in pleural fluid DNA for diagnosis of malignant pleural effusion

Accumulating evidence implicates epigenetic changes such as hypermethylation in carcinogenesis. We investigated whether DNA methylation of 5 tumor suppressor genes in pleural fluid samples could aid in diagnosis of malignant effusion. In samples from 47 patients with malignant pleural effusions and 34 with nonmalignant effusions, we used a methylation-specific polymerase chain reaction to detect aberrant hypermethylation of the promoters of the DNA repair gene O(6)-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase (MGMT), p16(INK4a), ras association domain family 1A (RASSF1A), apoptosis-related genes, death-associated protein kinase (DAPK), and retinoic acid receptor beta (RARbeta). Promoter hypermethylation was associated with malignant effusion for MGMT (Odds ratio (OR) = infinity), p16(INK4a) (OR = infinity), RASSF1A (OR = 13.8; CI, 1.71-112), and RARbeta (OR = 3.17; CI, 1.10-9.11), but not for DAPK. Instead, DAPK methylation was associated with the length of smoking (p < 0.05). Patients with hypermethylation of MGMT, p16(INK4a), RASSF1A or RARbeta were 5.68 times more likely to have malignant effusions than patients without methylation (p = 0.008). Methylations per patient were more numerous for lung cancer than nonmalignant pulmonary disease (0.915 vs. 0.206, p < 0.001). Sensitivity, specificity, and positive predictive value of methylation in one or more genes for diagnosis of malignant effusion were 59.6%, 79.4%, and 80.0% respectively. In conclusion, aberrant promoter methylation of tumor suppressor genes in pleural fluid DNA could be a valuable diagnostic marker for malignant pleural effusion.     

Evaluation of seven tumour markers in pleural fluid for the diagnosis of malignant effusions

Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), carbohydrate antigens 15-3, 19-9 and 72-4 (CA 15-3, CA 19-9 and CA 72-4), cytokeratin 19 fragments (CYFRA 21-1), neuron-specific enolase (NSE) and squamous cell carcinoma antigen (SCC) were evaluated in pleural fluid for the diagnosis of malignant effusions. With a specificity of 99%, determined in a series of 121 benign effusions, the best individual diagnostic sensitivities in the whole series of 215 malignant effusions or in the subgroup of adenocarcinomas were observed with CEA, CA 15-3 and CA 72-4. As expected, a high sensitivity was obtained with SCC in squamous cell carcinomas and with NSE in small-cell lung carcinomas. CYFRA and/or CA 15-3 were frequently increased in mesotheliomas. Discriminant analysis showed that the optimal combination for diagnosis of non-lymphomatous malignant effusions was CEA + CA 15-3 + CYFRA + NSE: sensitivity of 94.4% with an overall specificity of 95%. In malignant effusions with a negative cytology, 83.9% were diagnosed using this association. The association CYFRA + NSE + SCC was able to discriminate adenocarcinomas from small-cell lung cancers. Regarding their sensitivity and their complementarity, CEA, CA 15-3, CYFRA 21-1, NSE and SCC appear to be very useful to improve the diagnosis of malignant pleural effusions.     

胸腔积液中肿瘤坏死因子、癌胚抗原和神经元特异性烯醇化酶的检测及诊断价值研究

目的探讨检测胸水中肿瘤坏死因子（TNF-α）、癌胚抗原（CEA）和神经元特异性烯醇化酶（NSE）对胸腔积液的诊断价值。方法采用电化学发光酶免疫分析法检测59例结核性胸水和48例肺癌性胸水患者胸水中TNF-α、CEA和NSE水平。结果结核性胸水中TNF-α水平显著高于肺癌性胸水（P〈0.05）。肺癌性胸水中CEA和NSE明显高于结核性胸水（P〈0.01）。肺腺癌胸水中CEA升高最明显,非小细胞肺癌胸水中NSE升高最显著。联合检测CEA及NSE,诊断敏感度92.0%,准确度86.3%。结论检测TNF-α、CEA和NSE对结核性胸水和肺癌性胸水的诊断及鉴别诊断有较高的临床价值,联合检测胸水CEA和NSE可提高肺癌诊断敏感度。     

Diagnostic value of ferritin in malignant pleural and peritoneal effusions

The diagnostic usefulness of ferritin measurements in pleural and peritoneal effusions has been evaluated in 57 patients. Mean (+/- standard error [SE]) ferritin levels were 291 +/- 50 ng/ml in 24 patients with noninflammatory transudates (Group I), 942 +/- 253 in 15 patients with nonmalignant exudates (Group II), and 1805 +/- 257 in 18 patients with malignant exudates (Group III). The mean (+/- SE) ratio of effusion/serum ferritin in Groups I, II, and III was 0.7 +/- 0.1, 2.7 +/- 0.7, and 5.7 +/- 1.2, respectively. The specificity and predictive value of a ferritin ratio in excess of 1.5 in distinguishing transudates from all exudates and in distinguishing transudates from malignant exudates were both very high (94%) to 96%). In the lower range of values considerable overlap existed between ferritin ratios obtained in patients with benign versus malignant inflammatory exudates. However, very high ferritin levels (greater than 3000 ng/ml) and ferritin ratios (greater than 20:1) were only encountered in malignant exudates. These results indicate that the measurement of ferritin levels and ferritin ratios may be a useful aid in the diagnosis of malignant pleural and peritoneal effusions.     

Utility of anti‐L523S antibody in the diagnosis of benign and malignant serous effusions

BACKGROUND.

Immunohistochemistry is helpful in distinguishing metastatic carcinoma from atypical mesothelial cells; however, it is not useful in differentiating atypical mesothelial cells from malignant mesothelial cells. K homolog domain containing protein overexpressed in cancer (KOC), a member of the insulin‐like growth factor mRNA‐binding protein (IMP) family, also known as L523S and IMP3, is expressed during embryogenesis and in various malignancies. Using a mouse monoclonal antibody (L523S) against KOC, KOC expression was investigated in malignant tumors and reactive mesothelial cells in serous effusions.

METHODS.

Seventy‐six cases with paraffin‐embedded pleural, pericardial, and peritoneal serous effusion cell blocks including 60 malignant serous effusions (11 malignant pleural mesotheliomas and 49 metastatic carcinomas) and benign pleural effusions (14 cases with reactive mesothelial cells and 2 cases with atypical cells with uncertain significance) were selected for immunohistochemical analysis with L523S, calretinin, and CK5/6.

RESULTS.

Immunohistochemical studies showed that positive staining for KOC of variable degrees of intensity was observed in 47 of 60 cases in malignant serous effusions including 10 of 11 mesotheliomas and 36 of 49 metastatic carcinomas. The associated reactive mesothelial cells were negative for KOC but positive for calretinin and CK5/6. All 11 malignant mesotheliomas exhibited positivity for calretinin, and 9 of 11 cases had CK5/6 staining. In addition, 16 cases that were originally diagnosed either as pleural effusions with reactive mesothelial cells (14) or atypical cells with uncertain significance (2) were also tested for KOC expression. Interestingly, 3 of 16 cases exhibited various degrees of positivity for KOC, 2 of which were diagnosed as lung adenocarcinoma with a recurrence after tumor resection and 1 as malignant pleural mesothelioma.

CONCLUSIONS.

Anti‐L523S antibody is a useful marker for the detection of malignant cells in serous effusions and it can have significant utility in differentiating reactive mesothelial cells from malignant mesothelioma and metastatic carcinoma in combination with calretinin and CK5/6 staining. Cancer (Cancer Cytopathol) 2008. © 2007 American Cancer Society.     

Diagnostic value of CEA, CA 15-3, CA 19-9, CYFRA 21-1, NSE and TSA assay in pleural effusions

The aim of this study was to evaluate the individual and combined diagnostic utility of six tumor markers in patients with pleural effusion. Pleural and serum levels of carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), carbohydrate antigen 15-3 (CA 15-3), carbohydrate antigen 19-9 (CA 19-9), cytokeratin fragment 19 (CYFRA 21-1), neuron-specific enolase (NSE) and total sialic acid (TSA) were assayed in 74 patients with pleural effusions (44 malignant and 30 benign). All tumor markers except TSA and NSE were increased in both serum and pleural fluid of patients with malignant diseases. Using the cut-off values 3 ng/ml, 14 U/ml, 5 U/ml, 8 ng/ml and 70 mg/dl for pleural fluid CEA, CA 15-3, CA 19-9, CYFRA 21-1 and TSA, respectively, the sensitivity (%) and specificity (%) of these tumor markers were as follows: CEA; 52/77, CA 15-3; 80/93, CA 19-9; 36/83, CYFRA 21-1; 91/90, TSA; 80/67, for differentiating malignant effusions from benign. When CA 15-3 and CYFRA 21-1 combined, the sensitivity and specificity were increased (100 and 83%, respectively). Classifying the malignant effusions as bronchial carcinoma and malignant pleural mesothelioma, CEA was shown to have the highest sensitivity and specificity (88 and 90%, respectively) while the combination of CEA with other tumor markers increased sensitivity but decreased specificity. According to our results, tumor markers are not suitable for the differential diagnosis of malignancy.     

Expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase in healthy pleura and in malignant mesothelioma

In this study we investigated the immunohistochemical expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) in a set of normal pleural mesothelial tissues, malignant mesotheliomas, mesothelioma cell lines and metastatic pleural adenocarcinomas. Furthermore, the expression of mRNA was assessed in four malignant mesothelioma cell lines in culture. Apoptosis and vascular density in malignant mesotheliomas was assessed by the TUNEL method and by immunohistochemistry with an antibody against FVIII-related antigen. Immunohistochemically mesothelial cells in non-neoplastic healthy pleural tissues were mostly negative for iNOS. Positivity for iNOS was observed in 28/38 (74%) and 24/25 (96%) of malignant mesotheliomas and metastatic pleural adenocarcinomas, respectively. Epithelial and mixed mesotheliomas expressed more often strong iNOS immunoreactivity compared to the sarcomatoid subtype (P = 0.023). Moreover, metastatic adenocarcinomas expressed more often iNOS positivity than mesotheliomas (P = 0.021). Experiments with the cell lines confirmed that malignant mesothelioma cells are capable of synthesizing iNOS. No significant association was found between iNOS expression and apoptosis or vascular density in malignant mesotheliomas. The higher expression of iNOS in the epithelial subtype of mesothelioma and pleural metastatic adenocarcinoma might be due to an increased sensitivity of these cell types to cytokine-mediated iNOS upregulation. The strong expression of iNOS suggests a putative role for NO in the growth and progression of these tumours.     

Diagnostic Value of Superoxide Dismutase in Tuberculous andMalignant Pleural Effusions

The aim of this study was to investigate the diagnostic value of superoxide dismutase (SOD) in tuberculouspleural effusions (TPEs) and malignant pleural effusions (MPEs). Pleural effusion (PE) samples from 100 patientswere classified on the basis of diagnosis as TPE (n=57) and MPE (n=43). The activity of SOD was determined bypyrolgallol assay. A significant difference was observed in SOD activity (P<0.01) between TPE and MPE, levelsof being significantly higher in TPE compared to MPE. With a threshold value of 41 U/L, the area under theROC curve was 0.653, SOD had a sensitivity of 61.4% and a specificity of 61.0% for differential diagnosis. Thus,SOD activity in PE was not a good biomarker in differentiating TPE and MPE. To the best of our knowledge,five SOD isoforms may be present in PE. Identification of which SOD contributes to the difference of SOD levelbetween TPE and MPE is very important for illustrating mechanisms and improving the differential diagnosticvalue.     

胸部CT胸膜区病变征象在鉴别良恶性胸腔积液中的价值

目的:探讨胸膜区CT病变征象在鉴别良恶性胸腔积液中的价值。方法:收集比较良恶性胸腔积液的胸部 CT平扫图像,观察胸膜区病变征象,包括胸膜结节、纵隔胸膜增厚、病变突入胸膜外脂肪间隙、胸膜与胸膜外脂肪交界面不光整、肋间淋巴结肿大、胸内筋膜及最内肋间肌增厚、肋间血管增粗、单侧胸腔积液,胸膜外脂肪间隙密度增高。单因素分析应用χ2检验,并将单因素分析差异有统计学意义的因素纳入Logistic回归进行多因素分析,并绘制受试者工作特征曲线（ROC）,通过计算曲线下面积（AUC）判断诊断效能。结果:单因素分析中胸膜结节、纵隔胸膜增厚、病变突入胸膜外脂肪间隙、胸膜与胸膜外脂肪交界面不光整、肋间淋巴结肿大、单侧胸腔积液这些因素在良恶性胸腔积液间的差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。纳入多因素分析的变量包括胸膜结节、纵隔胸膜增厚、病变突入胸膜外脂肪间隙、胸膜与胸膜外脂肪交界面不光整、单侧胸腔积液,其联合诊断恶性胸腔积液的灵敏度为85.4%,特异度为97.7%,ROC曲线下面积（AUC）为0.961。结论:胸膜区的病变征象对于胸腔积液良恶性诊断有较高价值,综合应用这些征象可为良恶性胸腔积液的鉴别诊断提供一种简便高效的方法。     

胸水脱落细胞DNA含量及VEGF,p53和CEA表达在良恶性胸腔积液鉴别中的意义

目的：探讨检测胸水细胞的DNA倍体以及VEGF、p53、CEA表达鉴别良恶性胸腔积液的价值。方法：73例胸腔积液患者，良性组13例，恶性组60例。图像细胞光度技术（image cytometry，ICM）进行DNA含量检测，免疫组化Envision法检测VEGF、p53、CEA。结果：良性胸水DNA异倍体率仅占23．1％。恶性胸水的异倍体率占77．8％，两者有统计学差异（P=0．001）。良性胸腔积液患者VEGF、p53、CEA表达率分别为12．5％、0、0。恶性胸腔积液VEGF、p53、CEA表达率分别为17．5％，17．5％和68．4％，与良恶性胸腔积液中CEA的表达相比有统计学差异（P〈0．001），VEGF和p53的表达无显著差异（P=0．722，P=0．198）。经DNA倍体联合VEGF、p53、CEA检测，敏感率可达90．4％，特异度87．5％，符合率90％。结论：ICM检测胸水细胞的DNA倍体联合VEGF、p53、CEA表达值得进一步探讨．有可能成为鉴别良恶性胸腔积液的又一方法。