Cytokine removal by plasma exchange with continuous hemodiafiltration in critically ill patients.

The effectiveness of plasma exchange (PE) with continuous hemodiafiltration (CHDF) in the treatment of critically ill patients was evaluated based on changes in cytokine levels. Twenty-six patients with acute hepatic failure were treated with PE (PE group) or PE and CHDF (PE+CHDF group), and the levels of cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha, interleukin (IL)-6, and IL-8 were determined before and after treatment. Bilirubin levels were significantly lower after treatment in both the PE and PE+CHDF groups. There were no significant differences in TNF-alpha levels before and after treatment in the PE group, but the TNF-alpha level was significantly lower after treatment in the PE+CHDF group. There were no significant differences in the IL-6 levels before and after treatment in both the PE and PE+CHDF groups. There were no significant differences in IL-8 levels before and after treatment in the PE group, but the IL-8 level was significantly lower after treatment in the PE+CHDF group. PE with CHDF therapy was given to 5 patients with acutely aggravated autoimmune diseases, 2 patients with hemorrhagic shock and encephalopathy syndrome, and 3 patients with thrombotic microangiopathy. The results suggested that PE with CHDF therapy are useful in critically ill patients with suspected hypercytokinemia.     

Continuous hemodiafiltration with polymyxin-B immobilized fiber is effective in patients with sepsis syndrome and acute renal failure.

The aim of this study was first, to evaluate the effects of continuous hemodiafiltration (CHDF) alone or combined with CHDF and polymyxin-B immobilized fiber (PMX) on survival rates of patients with sepsis and acute renal failure, and second, to evaluate the changes in plasma levels of inflammatory cytokines before and after treatment with CHDF and PMX and CHDF alone in these patients. Forty-eight patients with septic shock and acute renal failure were enrolled in this study. The survival rate of all patients at 28 days was 25% for those with CHDF and 75% for those with PMX and CHDF treatment. Combination treatment produced a significant reduction of plasma levels of endotoxin and interleukin-6 compared to the basal values and to the treatment with CHDF alone. From these data, it is suggested that the combined therapy with PMX and CHDF is effective in improvement of survival rate of patients with septic shock and acute renal failure.     

Continuous hemofiltration/hemodiafiltration in critical care.

Continuous hemofiltration and continuous hemodiafiltration (CHF/CHDF) were developed as continuous renal replacement therapy for patients with severe conditons and has come to be widely performed mainly in critical care, taking the place of intermittent hemodialysis. The membrane pore size of a hemofilter used for CHF/CHDF allows passage of substances ranging from 30,000 to 50,000 Da, and the method for solute removal in CHF/CHDF employs the principle of convection, which is advantageous for removing middle- to high-molecular-weight substances. As apheresis therapy to remove pathogenic substances in blood, CHF/CHDF is therefore being investigated for its possible effect on various morbid conditions. It has recently been found that CHF/CHDF removes humoral mediators including cytokines, particularly in severe systemic inflammatory response syndromes such as septic shock and severe acute pancreatitis. CHF/CHDF is thus beginning to be performed for the prevention and treatment of organ dysfunction secondary to septic shock, trauma, or acute pancreatitis. CHF/CHDF is also efficacious as artificial liver support in preventing adverse effects caused by plasma exchange (PE) and for continuous removal of hepatic coma-inducing substances. CHF/CHDF is effective for various morbid conditions not only as renal replacement therapy, but also as apheresis therapy and is expected to be applied more widely in critical care in the future.     

混合型生物人工肝治疗急性肝衰竭动物的实验研究

目的评估混合型生物人工肝对急性肝衰竭动物的治疗效果。方法混合型生物人工肝由血浆置换、血液滤过和猪肝细胞型生物人工肝构成。6只中国实验小型猪采用D-氨基半乳糖静脉注射建立急性肝衰竭动物模型,在给药48h后给予混合型生物人工肝治疗,先进行血浆置换联合血液滤过,再经过猪肝细胞型生物人工肝处理。观察比较实验动物治疗前后的临床表现及各相关指标的变化;并比较血浆置换联合血液滤过后猪肝细胞型生物人工肝处理后血液中相应指标的变化。结果本组实验动物在混合型生物人工肝治疗过程中生命体征平稳,未发生严重不良反应。与治疗前相比,治疗后实验动物血液中总胆红素、氨、丙氨酸转移酶、内毒素、肌酐明显减少(P0.01),纤维蛋白原、凝血酶原活动度和甲胎蛋白明显增加(P0.01);与血浆置换联合血液滤过比较,猪肝细胞型生物人工肝治疗后血液中纤维蛋白原、凝血酶原活动度有所增加(P0.05),血氨、总胆红素明显降低(P0.01)。结论应用混合型生物人工肝治疗急性肝衰竭安全、有效。混合型生物人工肝较非生物型人工肝(血浆置换+血液滤过)效果好。     

间歇性高容量血液滤过对严重脓毒症炎症介质的影响

目的:探讨间歇性高容量血液滤过(PHVHF)对严重脓毒症血清中肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)、白介素-6(IL-6)和白介素10(IL-10)等炎症介质的影响,评价其治疗严重脓毒症的临床疗效。方法:2009年3月至2011年3月收住到温州医学附属第六医院的40例严重脓毒症患者纳入本研究,并随机分成对照组(常规治疗)和PHVHF组,PHVHF组患者入选后除接受常规治疗外,还接受72h的PHVHF治疗。在治疗前和治疗72h后收集血标本,检测血清中TNF-α、IL-6和IL-10炎症介质水平变化。同时进行急性生理和慢性健康状况评分(APACHEⅡ)、简化的急性生理评分(SAPSⅡ)和序贯器官功能衰竭评分(SOFA)。结果:经PHVHF治疗后,患者的病情和血流动力学指标明显改善。TNF-α、IL-6、IL-10浓度较治疗前明显下降(P<0.05)。相反,对照组上述指标却无明显变化(P>0.05)。结论:PHVHF治疗可以改善脓毒症患者的临床病情和血流动力学,有效地清除血浆炎症介质。因此,PHVHF是一种治疗严重脓毒症患者可行的辅助治疗模式。     

人工肝血浆置换术在药物性肝功能衰竭患者中的应用

目的 探讨药物性肝功能衰竭患者行人工肝血浆置换术治疗后的临床效果,并观察相关并发症的护理防治措施.方法 采用回顾性的研究方法,收集2012年7月至2015年7月在本院感染内科住院的100例药物性肝功能衰竭患者的临床资料,所有患者在给予常规方法治疗的基础上(如降酶、退黄、护肝等),进一步给予人工肝血浆置换术治疗.观察患者治疗前、治疗后的凝血功能、肝功能相关指标的动态改变及自觉症状(如纳差、恶心、腹痛等)的改变状况,并进一步归纳患者行人工肝血浆置换术后相关的并发症,探讨并发症出现的因素和相关护理防治方法.结果 大部分患者行人工肝血浆置换术治疗后,纳差、恶心、腹痛等不适症状明显减轻,生命体征较之前明显改善;人工肝治疗后患者的血清丙氨酸氨基转移酶、总胆红素明显降低,与治疗前比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);治疗后,患者的血清白蛋白、凝血功能明显增高,与治疗前比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);治疗后,相关并发症的出现率分别是:对血浆过敏11例(11%)、血压降低5例(5%)、插管处出血2例(2%).结论 药物性肝功能衰竭患者采用人工肝血浆置换术治疗,能显著改善患者的肝功能,大大提高了药物性肝功能衰竭患者的救治成功率,值得临床推广应用.     

Changes of cytokines in direct endotoxin adsorption treatment on postoperative multiple organ failure.

Multiple organ failure (MOF) is a serious condition that involves simultaneous or consecutive functional failure of several important organs. Furthermore, sepsis is known to play an important role in the occurrence of MOF. Hemoadsorption therapy with the endotoxin adsorption column containing polymyxin B immobilized fibers by direct hemoperfusion (PMX-DHP) is reportedly effective in the treatment of septic shock. This study examined the changes induced on cytokines upon PMX-DHP treatment in 25 patients who underwent emergency abdominal surgery and were immediately started on a postoperative regimen of continuous hemodiafiltration (CHDF) and PMX-DHP. Postoperative MOF was observed in these patients with a mean APACHE II SCORE of 25.5. Eighty percent of patients survived for more than 1 month. We were able to reduce the necessary dose of dopamine in 85.7% of patients because hemodynamic stability improved after administration of PMX-DHP. Interleukin 6 blood levels did not change significantly before or after PMX-DHP treatment in either the surviving or nonsurviving patients. Blood interleukin 1 receptor antagonist levels decreased in both groups. Intercellular adhesion molecular-1, NOx, and thrombomodulin did not change significantly during the course of treatment in either group. Decreased blood levels of PAI-1 levels were found in the surviving patients whereas increased levels of PAI-1 were found in the non-surviving patients. In conclusion, PMX-DHP treatment may be limited clinically in its ability to remove inflammatory cytokines and humoral mediators. However, PMX-DHP treatment is useful for hemodynamic stabilization, which prevents development of MOF.     

血浆置换联合持续性血液滤过透析对慢性重型乙型病毒性肝炎临床症状及生化指标的影响——附87例报告

目的:探讨血浆置换联合持续性血液滤过透析治疗对慢性重型乙型病毒性肝炎(慢重肝)临床症状及生化指标的影响.方法:记录87例慢重肝患者(A组)在应用血浆置换及持续性血液滤过透析联合内科综合治疗前后临床症状和生化指标的改善情况,并与94例行血浆置换联合内科综合治疗的慢重肝患者(B组)进行对比.结果:治疗后,A组临床症状改善100%(87/87),低钾血症复常率为80%(33/41)、低钠血症复常率为93%(27/29),肝性脑病清醒率55%(12/22);B组则相应为48%(45/94)、7%(3/42)、7%(2/30)和20%(5/25),2组上述各项指标比较差异均有统计学意义(均为P＜0.05).A组近期有效率、近期生存率分别为80%、48%,B组为47%、31%,2组比较差异均有统计学意义(均为P＜0.05).不良反应以血浆过敏反应为主,均未发生低血压、肺水肿等严重不良反应.结论:血浆置换及持续性血液滤过透析联合内科综合治疗可有效纠正慢重肝患者的电解质紊乱,保持内环境平衡,且能提高其近期生存率和肝性脑病清醒率,为慢重肝的治疗提供了新的选择.     

血浆置换与胆红素吸附治疗肝衰竭的临床研究

目的探讨血浆置换与胆红素吸附治疗盯衰竭的临床疗效和安全性。方法将25例肝衰竭的患者随机分为两组,吸附组（13例）采用血浆胆红素吸附治疗,置换组（12例）采用血浆置换治疗,血浆置换量（2500±500）m1／次。比较两组治疗前后胆红素、血浆白蛋白、凝血因子X、凝血功能、肿瘤坏死因子α（tumornecrosis factor-α,TNF-α）、白细胞介素1（inter]eukin-1,IL-1）的浓度变化,临床症状改善情况,同时观察治疗后不良反应及存活率。结果吸附组及置换组治疗后,胆红素、TNF-α和IL-1β均明显降低（均P〈0．01）,吸附组血浆白蛋白、凝血因子X轻度下降,置换组凝血因子X无降低。吸附组无一例发生出血、休克、过敏等严重并发症,置换组1例患者出现过敏性皮疹,1例发热,对症处理后均好转。结论血浆胆红素吸附能有效降低血清胆红素水平,降低炎症因子水平,改善肝衰竭患者预后,与血浆置换比较,血浆胆红素吸附无明显不良反应,不受血浆用量限制,无输血感染风险。     

双重血浆分子吸附联合血浆置换治疗慢加急性肝衰竭的疗效分析

目的 观察双重血浆分子吸附系统（DPMAS）联合血浆置换（PE）治疗慢加急性肝衰竭（ACLF）的疗效及安全性。方法 回顾性分析2016年1月至2018年12月我科收治并行人工肝治疗的乙型肝炎ACLF患者69例,其中DPMAS联合PE组32例,单纯PE组37例。观察两组治疗前后血清生化指标、凝血指标和血小板（PLT）的变化,观察疗效及不良反应。结果 两组4周总有效率和12周生存率差异无统计学意义。两组治疗后总胆红素（TBil）、白蛋白（ALB）、总胆汁酸（TBA）差异有统计学意义。两组治疗后与治疗前比较,肝功能及凝血功能均明显好转,差异有统计学意义;联合组PLT治疗前后差异有统计学意义。两组不良反应发生率差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）。结论 DPMAS联合PE治疗ACLF疗效确切,能减少血浆用量,安全性较高。     

Experience with artificial liver support in 16 living related liver transplant recipients.

This study was a retrospective investigation about the indication and efficacy of artifical liver support for liver transplant recipients. Apheresis was performed in 16 of 41 patients subjected to living related liver transplantation (LRLTx) as articial liver support, including plasmapheresis (PP) in 13 cases, continuous hemodiafiltration (CHDF) in 7 cases, and plasma adsorption (PA) in 2 cases. One patient with cryptogenic liver cirrhosis was subjected to PP before the LRLTx, and the result was satisfactory. On the contrary, the results of PP and CHDF for graft, respiratory, or cardiac failure were not acceptable. Only 1 patient survived despite multiple organ failure. Both PP and PA for patients with hyperbilirubinemia were effective and improved their critical conditions. We conclude that apheresis for liver transplant patients is effective to treat hyperbilirubinemia, but it is not indicated for respiratory and cardiac failure nor for hepatic failure.     

以血浆作透析液在肝移植术前的应用

目的以人体新鲜冰冻血浆作透析液行血液透析(PHD)后继续进行连续性静脉-静脉血液滤过(CVVH),观察其对肝移植术前高胆红素血症及血浆细胞因子水平的影响。方法4例拟行肝移植手术的肝功能衰竭患者行PHD治疗6 h后,应用同一滤器(AV600)继续行CVVH治疗24 h。分别检测治疗前后血清胆红素(TB、DB、IB)、总胆汁酸(TBA)、血氨(BA)及细胞因子TNF-a,IL-6和IL-8的水平。结果PHD治疗6 h后患者总胆红素(TB)、直接胆红素(DB)、间接胆红素(IB)和总胆汁酸(TBA)分别下降(24.38±4.89)%(、26.23±2.67)%(、25.02±0.01)%、(27.38±8.59)%(P<0.05);PHD后继续行CVVH治疗24 h,总胆红素(TB)仍有所下降(10.61±0.32)%;CVVH在清除血氨,纠正电解质和酸碱失衡方面比PHD更有效(P<0.05);PHD及CVVH治疗后TNF-aI、L 6、IL-8较治疗前明显下降(P<0.05)。结论对肝功能衰竭患者,PHD联合CVVH治疗能显著降低血清胆红素、总胆汁酸、血氨及炎性细胞因子水平,调节水、电解质和酸碱平衡。     

On-line hemodiafiltration in critical care.

On-line products of substitution fluid permits virtually unlimited fluid volume exchange during continuous hemodiafiltration (CHDF) to critical care. In on-line hemodiafiltration (HDF), endotoxin free dialysate obtained using pyrogen cut filters is infused into the blood circuit, and HDF is automatically performed using the closed-loop balancing system of the dialysis machine. On-line CHDF is the application of this on-line HDF to continuous renal replacement therapy in the critical care field. We performed on-line CHDF on 376 acute renal failure patients during a 5 year period, and the mean survival rate was 62.5%. We concluded that the on-line CHDF system is safe and effective at maintaining acute renal failure patients.     

血浆置换治疗32例肝衰竭患者的临床效果

目的探讨血浆置换治疗肝衰竭患者的临床效果。方法收集32例肝衰竭患者,在综合治疗的基础上,采用血浆置换技术对其进行治疗。分别于治疗前、后检测患者临床生化指标:天门冬氨酸氨基转移酶(AST)、丙氨酸氨基转移酶(ALT)、清蛋白(ALB)、总胆红素(TBil)、直接胆红素(DBil)、凝血酶原时间(PT)、肌酐(Cr)、国际标准化比率(INR)、总胆汁酸(TBA)。结果本组患者血浆置换治疗总有效率为78.13%。早期肝衰竭患者有效率94.73%,中期肝衰竭患者有效率70.00%,晚期肝衰竭患者全部无效死亡。生化指标AST、ALT、ALB、TBil、DBil、PT、Cr、INR、TBA治疗后较治疗前均有明显改善(P<0.05)。结论血浆置换治疗肝衰竭患者效果较好,越早治疗效果越好。     

人工肝支持系统对肝移植围手术期的肝衰竭患者短期预后影响及机制探讨

目的采用人工肝支持系统(血浆置换+连续性静静脉血液透析滤过)治疗肝移植围手术期的肝衰竭患者,观察治疗前后患者血清中炎症因子、内毒素、内皮细胞功能损伤标志物等水平的变化,探讨人工肝支持系统对肝衰竭患者短期预后的影响及可能机制。方法选取54例肝移植围手术期的肝衰竭患者,其中23例肝衰竭患者(人工肝组)在肝移植手术前给予人工肝治疗61次,另31例肝衰竭患者(常规组)行常规治疗,观察2组治疗前后炎症因子[白细胞介素18(interleukin 18,IL-18)、IL-10、IL-4、肿瘤坏死因子(tumor necrosis factorα,TNF-α)、一氧化氮(nitric oxide,NO)、可溶性血管细胞黏附分子1(soluble vascular cell adhesion molecule 1,SVCAM-1)、可溶性细胞间黏附分子1(solubleintercellular adhesion molecule 1,SICAM-1)]和内毒素等水平的变化,根据临床症状及体征的改变评判其疗效,并探讨疾病转归与炎症因子和内毒素水平的关系。结果人工肝组短期有效率65.22%,而常规组短期有效率为32.26%,两组间差异有统计学意义(P<0.01)。治疗后人工肝组IL-4、IL-18、TNF-α、SVCAM-1、SICAM-1、N0和内毒素明显下降,与治疗前比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.01),IL-10治疗前后差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);而常规组治疗前后以上指标差异均无统计学意义(均P>0.05)。有效组治疗后血清IL-4、IL-18、TNF-α、SVCAM-1、SICAM-1、N0和内毒素水平较治疗前下降,但人工肝有效组更显著;而无效组患者治疗前后IL-4、IL-18、TNF-α、SVCAM-1、SICAM-1、N0和内毒素水平无变化。结论内毒素、炎症因子等对肝细胞有继发性损伤作用,肝功能、内皮功能等临床检验指标的改善及临床症状的缓解与血浆IL-4、IL-18、TNF-α和内毒素水平降低有关,人工肝能有效降低炎症因子和内毒素水平,最终改善肝衰竭患者的预后。     

血浆置换联合持续性血液透析滤过对慢性乙型重型肝炎近期预后及生化指标的影响

目的探讨血浆置换（plasma exchange,PE）联合持续性血液透析滤过（continuous hemodiafiltration,CHDF）治疗重型肝炎的近期疗效。方法2002年1月至2006年12月期间在我科住院的慢性乙型重型肝炎患者181例随机分2组,A组87例内科综合治疗＋PE＋CHDF,B组94例内科综合治疗＋PE,比较两组治疗后近期疗效及生存率,并观察两组治疗前后临床症状及实验室结果的改变。结果两组治疗后在近期有效率、意识转清率、改善电解质等方面有差异（P〈0．01）,A组优于B组,在降低胆红素（TBIL）、改善凝血酶原活动度（PrA）及白蛋白（ALB）方面无差异（P〉0．05）。结论内科综合治疗＋PE＋CHDF能提高慢性乙型重型肝炎患者近期生存率和意识转清率,可有效纠正电解质紊乱,保持内环境平衡。     

血浆置换并联或串联血液滤过治疗肝衰竭疗效比较

目的 比较血浆置换(PE)并联或串联血液滤过(HF)治疗慢加亚急性肝衰竭的疗效.方法 将2006年1月-2007年8月住院的77例肝衰竭患者随机分为单纯PE组(39例)以及PE并联或串联HF组(PE+HF组,38例),并与同期住院未行人工肝支持治疗的患者(对照组,41例)进行对照,比较3组患者的存活率和生化指标改善情况.结果 3组患者治疗前生化指标比较差异均无统计学意义.PE组和PE+HF组治疗后血白蛋白(Alb)、胆碱脂酶(ChE)、凝血酶原活性(PTA)均升高,总胆红素(TBIL)、丙氨酸转氨酶(ALT)及天冬氨酸转氨酶(AST)均下降(P＜0.05或P＜0.01),提示生化指标均改善明显.PE组存活率为48.7%(19/39),PE+HF组为68.4%(26/38),对照组为29.3%(12/41),其中PE+HF组存活率显著高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(X2=12.11,P＜0.01).且PE+HF组治疗后肝性脑病患者意识转清率明显高于PE组(42.8%比0,P＜0.05).PE+HF组内环境紊乱纠正比例(19/23)较PE组(0/21)高(P＜0.05).结论 PE并联或串联HF治疗肝衰竭的疗效优于单用PE治疗.     

连续性肾替代治疗脑病型重型肝炎的临床研究

目的 探讨连续性肾脏替代疗法(CRRT)治疗肝性脑病型重型肝炎临床疗效,并研究其机制。方法 47例肝性脑病型重肝炎患者随机分成三组:CRRT治疗组、PE(血浆置换)+CRRT治疗组和基础疗法组,前二组在基础疗法组基础上分别予CRRT或PE+CRRT治疗。治疗前后检测肝肾功能、血氨、TNFα和IL-6等。结果 CRRT治疗组、PE+CRRT治疗组和基础疗法组患者的清醒率分别为75.0％、86.7％、31.3％;存活率25.0％、46.7％、6.25％(P<0.05),CRRT治疗后血清尿素氮、肌酐、氨、TNFα、IL-6比基础疗法组明显下降,(P<0.05)。血清胆红素、TBA下降和基础疗法组比较无显著变化(P>0.05)。CRRT治疗过程中,血液动力学稳定,并发症少。CRRT治疗组、PE+CRRT治疗组肝性脑病Ⅰ～Ⅱ期患者存活率分别为44.4％、62.5％,明显高于Ⅲ～Ⅳ期患者的存活率0％、28.6％(P<0.05)。结论 CRRT是辅助治疗肝性脑病型重型肝炎的有效方法;早期联合PE治疗能进一步提高疗效。     

血浆置换联合连续性血液净化治疗妊娠合并高脂血症性急性重症胰腺炎

目的探讨血浆置换联合连续性血液净化治疗妊娠合并高脂血症性急性重症胰腺炎的疗效。方法回顾29例妊娠合并高脂血症性急性重症胰腺炎患者资料,按收治时间分组:对照组(n=11)行传统的胰腺炎治疗,治疗组(n=18)在传统治疗同时行血浆置换联合连续性血液净化治疗,观察两组患者治疗前后48h急性生理和慢性健康评价指标Ⅱ(APACHEⅡ)评分、禁食天数、住院天数、治疗前后血清甘油三酯、总胆固醇水平。结果治疗组治疗48h后APACHEⅡ评分明显低于对照组,禁食天数及住院天数明显少于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(t分别=3.61、4.58、3.95,P均<0.05);治疗组甘油三酯及总胆固醇水平治疗6d后均明显低于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(t分别=3.16、4.16,P均<0.05);两组治疗后血清甘油三酯、总胆固醇水平较治疗前均降低,差异均有统计学意义(t分别=5.12、6.02、3.12、3.02,P均<0.05);治疗组无产妇死亡;对照组1例产妇死亡,死于感染并发多脏器功能衰竭。结论血浆置换联合连续性血液净化可以迅速降低甘油三酯及总胆固醇,是治疗妊娠并高脂血症性急性重症胰腺炎安全而有效的方法之一。     

纤维支气管镜在急性呼吸衰竭中应用的临床价值

目的 探讨纤维支气管镜（纤支镜）在急性呼吸衰竭治疗中的应用价值。方法 选择92例具有痰液阻塞的急性呼吸衰竭患者均予常规吸痰、吸氧、抗感染、化痰、解痉平喘或人工通气等治疗，其中46例应用纤维支气管镜为治疗组进行吸痰、支气管灌洗及局部抗感染治疗，其余46例为对照组。均于治疗前、治疗后1周行动脉血气分析。结果 治疗组治疗后有效率及血气分析较对照组差异有显著性。结论 对于分泌物较多的急性呼吸衰竭患者，及时给予纤支镜治疗，有利于迅速解除气道阻塞，改善血氧交换。纤支镜治疗方法在急性呼吸衰竭患者中应用是一种安全、有效、简便及易被患者接受的的技术。