血管化骨移植修复颌骨严重缺损并种植义齿修复

目的:颌骨外伤、肿瘤或其他疾病常导致上下颌骨严重缺损,此时如何重建口腔颌面部的形态和功能一直是口腔修复的难点和挑战。本研究旨在观察血管化骨移植修复颌骨缺损并种植义齿修复的临床效果。方法:对12例颌骨严重缺损患者行血管化髂骨肌瓣或血管化腓骨肌皮瓣修复骨缺损,对牙列缺损患者采用手术导板指导移植骨块的定位,7例患者在导板指导下行同期牙种植体植入术。5例患者在术后4～6月行延期牙种植体植入术。3～4月后行种植义齿修复,其中种植覆盖义齿4例,种植固定义齿8例。结果:所有病例的血管化自体骨移植均获成功。种植义齿修复后经3～24月的临床观察,X片显示种植体与移植骨间未见透射影,2例发生种植体周围软组织增生,患者对形态和功能恢复感到满意。结论:血管化骨移植并种植义齿修复用于颌骨严重缺损的功能重建可获得良好的临床效果,其远期疗效有待进一步观察。     

颌骨重建中植入骨瓣的牙种植体预后研究进展

颌骨缺损的功能性重建应包括恢复颌骨连续性以及在此基础上进行的各类义齿修复等,以重建颌骨功能和颌面部美观。血管化自体骨移植后进行种植义齿修复是颌骨缺损重建的一种有效且前沿的治疗方法。目前已有大量研究报道血管化自体骨移植后进行种植修复的临床治疗效果。本文将聚焦颌骨缺损重建中植入骨瓣的牙种植体预后,重点介绍其研究进展,系统回顾植入骨瓣中种植体的生存率、并发症及影响预后的风险因素,为颌骨缺损重建中种植修复的预后评估及临床决策提供参考。     

牙种植体—血管化髂骨移植修复下颌骨缺损的临床评价

目的　评价血管化髂骨移植一期植入种植体修复下颌骨缺损的临床效果。方法　采用临床观察、摄X线片 ,并对种植义齿修复后进行咀嚼效率及咬合力测定。结果　种植义齿修复后 ,患者的咀嚼效率可恢复至正常人咀嚼效率的 6 0 7%～ 96 6 % ,说明种植体应用于血管化骨移植修复下颌骨缺损 ,可早期恢复患者的咀嚼功能。结论　种植体应用于血管化骨移植修复下颌骨缺损可早期恢复患者的咀嚼功能     

自体骨移植修复下颌骨缺损的应用和研究现状

下颌骨缺损是颌面部常见的畸形,自体骨移植是下颌骨缺损最常用的修复方法。为了达到恢复功能和外形的治疗目的,近年来人们进行了积极尝试。非血管化自体骨合并牙根种植体同期植入整复颌骨缺损是较为理想的设计,目前尚存在争议。自体血管化骨移植使下颌骨缺损的修复技术取得了重大突玻,各种血管化自体骨亦存在各自的优缺点。血管化自体骨合并种植体移植已在临床成功应用,使下颌骨整复同期恢复功能和外形成为可能。本文对上述方法的应用和现状进行综述。     

自体骨移植修复下颌骨缺损的应用和研究现状

下颌骨缺损颌面部常见的畸形，自体骨移植是下颌骨缺损最常用的修复方法。为了达到恢复功能和外形的治疗目的，近年来人们进行了积极尝试。非血管化自体骨合并牙根种植体同期植入整复颌骨缺损是较为理想的设计，目前尚存在争议。自体血管化骨移植使下颌骨缺损的修复技术取得了重大突破，各种血管一骨亦存在各自的优缺点。血管化自体骨合并种植体移植已在临床成功应用，使下颌骨整复同期恢复功能和外形成为可能。本文对上述方法的应用     

下颌骨缺损自体骨移植术后种植修复

目的：下颌骨缺损自体骨移植术后采用种植义齿修复。方法：6例髂骨移植患者，3例直接植入种植体；2例经颌骨骨块上置法植骨后植入种植体；1例经牵引成骨术增高牙槽突后植入种植体。2例腓骨移植患者，分别经腓骨上置法移植和牵引成骨术增高牙槽突后植入种植体。结果：8例患者最终都植入种植体，其中3例已完成上部义齿修复。结论：下颌骨缺损自体骨移植术后，常有牙槽突骨量不足，需行牙槽突Ⅱ期重建。上置法植骨和牵引成骨术能成功地重建牙槽突缺损骨量。     

骨移植共同期或延期种植修复颌骨功能临床初探

目的:对2000年2月至2005年12月治疗的颌骨功能重建患者做回顾分析。方法:对8例因良性肿瘤术后,创伤造成颌骨缺损患者,进行骨移植,同期或延期种植术;选择性应用骨粉和骨生长引导膜;角化牙根移植,义齿修复。结果:8例患者共植入38枚种植体,除1枚未实现骨愈合外,37枚修复重建全部成功,取得颌面部外形与功能均理想效果。结论:颌骨损伤后,采用非血管化和血管化骨游离移植,进行即刻或延期牙种植修复技术,能使患者取得颌骨功能性重建。     

颧种植体在上颌骨缺损重建中的应用探讨

目的：评价颧种植体结合血管化骨瓣修复上颌骨缺损的效果。方法：对4例上颌骨切除术后缺损患者,利用三维CT数据,借助CAD／CAM系统制作1：1大小的解剖模型,术前测量相关参数并制作精确种植模板。术中采用血管化骨肌皮瓣和骨结合牙种植体修复上颌骨缺损,利用上颌骨和颧骨的测量数据．结合定位模板共植入6枚颧种植体和7枚牙种植体,颧种植体结合血管化骨瓣重建上颌骨的形态和功能。结果：利用血管化骨瓣重建4例患者的上颌牙弓形态,使面中1／3得以恢复：在术前设计和术中植入6枚颧种植体和7枚常规种植体时．应用解剖学模型和外科模板,使种植体精确定位。结论：上颌骨术后缺损,可采用颧种植体重建颧上颌支柱,恢复面中1／3的形态：使用血管化骨瓣结合颧种植体,提高了上颌骨缺损修复的效果;颧上颌支柱的恢复,使he的稳定得到了保证．从而有利于美观和功能的恢复。     

非血管化骨一种植体同期移植的应用和研究现状

因肿瘤、外伤、或先天性原因所致颌骨缺损的整复是口腔颌面部常见而疑难的治疗问题之一。目前非血管化和血管化的自体骨移植整复颌骨缺损,已在临床成功地应用。随着骨融合式种植体的发展,使下颌缺损整复的同期恢复咀嚼功能成为可能。采用非血管化的自体骨合并牙根种植体同期植入整复颌骨缺损是一种较合理,易施行,并可同时重建牙颌系统功能,矫正骨缺损所致颌面畸形的较为理想的设计。但对此方法目前尚存在争议,本文即对该方法的研究进展和临床应用情况进行了综述。     

肿瘤术后颌骨缺损的功能重建

目的：肿瘤术后造成的颌面缺损使患者丧失咀嚼、语言等功能，并导致颜面畸形。采用植骨种植功能颌面建，以提高患者的生存质量。方法：本组64例肿瘤术后颌骨缺损（上颌10例，下颌54例）所用3种方法：（1）下颌骨部分或全部缺损，采用血管化或非血管化骨移植延期（同期）牙种植，完成种植义齿修复；（2）一侧上颌骨缺损，健侧缺牙或无牙，采用健侧牙种植完成赝复修复；（3）双侧上颌骨缺损，采用颧骨种植，通过磁附着固位完成义颌赝复修复。结果：64例所用3种方法均达到恢复外形与功能理想的效果。观察时间最长12年，最短5年，其中6枚种植体未实现骨结合。上颌缺损修复的种植体存留率为97．5％；下颌骨缺损血管化植骨种植为97．1％；非血管化植骨种植为97．7％。结论：上颌骨缺损采用种植赝复修复可行，若颧骨较薄，应先植骨；植骨－种植是下颌骨功能重建理想的方法。血管化植骨种植适用于植骨床血运差的患者；非血管化植骨种植方法简单，易于推广。因缩短了移植骨的离体时间，骨细胞仍有活性，与血管化骨移植效果一致。证实了自体骨植骨块兼有骨形成、骨诱导及骨传导作用。     

功能性颌骨重建61例临床分析

目的:评价采用多种骨瓣进行功能性颌骨重建的临床效果。方法:61例颌骨缺损患者,首先应用多种骨瓣重建颌骨的连续性,然后植入骨结合种植体,利用种植义齿重建患者的咀嚼和发音功能。61例患者中,男39例,女22例,平均年龄48岁(20～61岁)。游离髂骨瓣32例,血管化腓骨瓣21例,单纯牵引成骨重建颌骨7例,其他骨瓣1例。共植入种植体247颗。种植固定义齿修复29例,种植体支持的活动义齿修复32例。结果:种植义齿修复完成后平均追踪49个月(6～114个月),种植体脱落6颗。1例患者在修复完成2年后因肿瘤复发死亡(含4颗种植体,不计入存活种植体)。至最后复查,共237颗种植体仍在行使功能,累计5年存活率为95.95%。结论:应用游离髂骨瓣、血管化腓骨瓣重建颌骨的连续性后,植入骨结合种植体,能够有效地重建患者的咀嚼、发音功能,近期效果满意。     

非血管化髂骨移植同期种植重建下颌骨节段缺损的临床研究

目的：研究非血管化髂骨移植同期种植重建下颌骨节段缺损的方法及临床效果。方法：选取下颌骨节段缺损的病人，通过非血管化髂骨移植建立下颌骨连续性，同期植入牙种植体。结果：移植的骨块成活，植入的种植体可以实现骨结合并完成种植义齿修复，行使功能。结论：此方法可以实现下颌骨的功能重建。     

The use of fresh frozen allogeneic bone for maxillary and mandibular reconstruction.

The use of fresh frozen bone (FFB) alone, or in combination with autogenous bone (AB), for bony augmentation of the maxilla and mandible in preparation for dental reconstruction with endosseous implants has been studied. Ten patients received FFB +/- AB for augmentation of a severely atrophic mandible (n = 6) or for reconstruction of a jaw defect secondary to trauma or tumor resection (n = 4). Average follow-up was 26.3 +/- 5.4 months. At the time of implant placement, the bone grafts were found to be firm in consistency, well incorporated, and well vascularized in all 10 patients. Twenty-nine endosseous implants were placed an average of 8.3 +/- 3.1 months following bone grafting. One implant failed and was replaced, and one implant remains buried as a nonfunctional unit. All patients have been restored prosthetically by means of 28 of the 29 implants. This preliminary study indicates that FFB may be used alone or in combination with autogenous bone for augmentation or reconstruction of the atrophic maxilla and mandible. The resultant ridge is adequate to support loaded endosseous implants. A potential disadvantage is the minimal risk of disease transmission.     

Combination of biomechanical evaluation and accurate placement of dental implants: a new concept of virtual surgery in maxillary and mandibular functional reconstruction

Biomechanics are crucial for bony regeneration and survival of implants in functional maxillary and mandibular reconstructions. However, we know of no study that has included an analysis of biomechanics to guide the optimal position of a fibular graft in virtual surgery. This study was designed to evaluate the combination of biomechanics and accurate placement of implants for virtual surgery in reconstruction of the jaw using fibular grafts. Thirty-one patients had maxillary or mandibular reconstruction with vascularised fibular grafts and the immediate placement of dental implants. Virtual studies were made preoperatively to evaluate the biomechanics and to assess the position of the fibular grafts with minimal distribution of stress. All operations proceeded accurately and with no complications with a mean (range) of 14 (6-20) months’ follow-up. According to the individual biomechanical evaluations, the optimal position for the fibular graft is probably the middle of the mandibular body or below the bottom of the maxillary sinus. The combination of biomechanical evaluation and accurate placement of dental implants is a new concept that could achieve good biomechanical positioning of fibular grafts in the jaw and a desirable level of accuracy for functional reconstruction.     

Implant placement and simultaneous ridge augmentation using autogenous bone and a micro titanium mesh: a prospective clinical study with 20 implants

This prospective clinical study evaluated bone regeneration around 20 dental implants placed in 15 patients (mean age 39.7 years). Peri-implant bone defects were augmented with autogenous bone grafts harvested intraorally from the mandible (chin or retromolar area). Augmented sites were covered with an individually trimmed micro titanium mesh which was rigidly affixed with microscrews to the residual jaw bone. Height of implant exposure (mean 6.5 mm), i.e. dehiscencies (80%) or fenestrations (20%), and graft height (mean 6.2 mm) were measured in an apico-coronal direction using a periodontal probe. At re-entry (mean interval 6.6 months) the titanium mesh and microscrews were removed and bone regeneration assessed. The mean height of the integrated bone graft was 5.8 mm corresponding to a mean bone fill of 93.5%. The overall postop healing course was excellent with only one site developing a soft tissue dehiscence with subsequent mesh exposure (complication rate 5%). This study demonstrated that a micro titanium mesh in combination with autogenous bone grafts is effective for treatment of peri-implant bone defects.     

Bone grafting simultaneous to implant placement. Presentation of a case

Bone defects at mandibular alveolar crest level complicate the placement of dental implants in the ideal location. Surgical reconstruction using autologous bone grafts allows implant fixation in an esthetic and functional manner. We describe a patient with large mandibular bone loss secondary to periodontal inflammatory processes. Reconstruction of the mandibular alveolar process was carried out using onlay block bone grafts harvested from the mandible. The grafts were stabilized by positioning the dental implants through them--a procedure that moreover afforded good primary implant fixation. After two years of follow-up the clinical and radiological outcome is good. In the lower jaw, where bone regeneration is complicated, we were able to achieve good results in this patient--minimizing the corresponding waiting time by grafting and placing the implants in the same surgical step.     

Effects of the placement of endosseous implants in vascularized bone grafts on bone union in beagle dogs

Recently, reconstructive surgery with revascularized osteocutaneous flaps has been used to restore function in patients with bone defects caused by surgery for oral cancer. However, few basic studies have addressed problems such as the union of bone segments after osteotomy, the effects of dental implant placement on blood flow, and bone formation at the bone:implant interface in grafted bone. Nine adult beagle dogs were divided into three groups of three dogs each. Each group received osteotomized vascularized tibial grafts, osteotomized tibial grafts with implants (implants placed in contralateral limbs as control), or simple (non-vascularized) tibial grafts. The development of bone around the implants was studied by histological examination, contact micro-radiography (CMR), and fluorescent bone labeling. In the dogs receiving osteotomized vascularized tibial grafts, bone bridging was confirmed at both the medial and distal junctions of the bone segments after 4 weeks. Additional newly formed bone was observed after 8 weeks, and bone union at the surface of the segments was completed after 12 weeks. In contrast, bone formation was clearly delayed in dogs receiving simple (non-vascularized) tibial grafts. Histologically, no difference in bone union was evident between limbs with dental implants in tibial bone and control limbs without implants, suggesting that implant placement does not negatively affect revascularization. Fluorescent bone labeling technique confirmed high vascularity of the vascularized tibial bone grafts but not of the simple (non-vascularized) tibial bone grafts early after the procedure. Our results suggest that osseointegration occurred around dental implants placed at the same time as reconstruction with osteotomized vascularized bone grafts in this animal model.