高效液相色谱法测定注射用卡铂和奈达铂的含量

目的 建立同时测定注射用卡铂和奈达铂的液相测定方法.方法 采用RP-HPLC进行测定.采用Kromasil-NH2柱(4.6mm×250mm,5μm),流动相为0.01 mol·L-1枸橼酸(三乙胺调节pH值至6.0)-乙腈(70∶30),检测波长为210nm,外标法.结果 峰面积与浓度线性关系良好,卡铂和奈达铂的回归方程分别为:y=1E 07x 36454,r=0.9999;y=1E 07x 78792,r=0.9997.两者的回收率和RSD分别为:99.75%(n=9),0.5%;99.82%(n=9),0.47%.结论 该方法操作简便、结果准确、重现性好.     

HPLC法测定注射用阿奇霉素磷酸二氢钠的含量及有关物质

目的建立一种高效液相色谱方法来测定注射用阿奇霉素磷酸二氢钠含量及有关物质。方法以Shiseido C18(4.6 mm×250 mm,5μm)色谱柱为分析柱,以磷酸盐缓冲液(0.05 mol·L-1磷酸氢二钾溶液,用20%磷酸溶液调节pH值至8.2)-乙腈(40∶60)为流动相,柱温30℃,检测波长为210 nm,流速为1.0 mL·mim-1。结果阿奇霉素在10⁵ 000μg·mL-1范围内浓度与峰面积呈良好线性关系,r=1.000 0,平均回收率为100.6%,RSD为0.99%(n=9)。结论本方法可快速、准确的测定注射用阿奇霉素磷酸二氢钠含量及有关物质的测定。     

RP-HPLC法测定注射用盐酸丁卡因含量、含量均匀度及有关物质

目的:建立反相HPLC法测定注射用盐酸丁卡因含量、含量均匀度及有关物质。方法:采用Agela Venusil XBP C18(L)(4.6 mm×250 mm,5μm)色谱柱,以甲醇-水(含0.4%三乙胺,用稀磷酸调节pH至3.0)(55∶45)为流动相,流速:1.0 mL·min-1,检测波长:315 nm(含量及含量均匀度测定波长),308 nm(有关物质测定波长);柱温:35℃,进样体积:20μL。结果:盐酸丁卡因在0.2064～41.28μg·mL-1浓度范围内呈良好线性关系(r=0.9999)(315 nm和308 nm);平均回收率(n=9)为101.3%;杂质a在0.0214～2.14μg·mL-1范围内呈良好线性关系(r=0.9996)(308 nm);平均回收率(n=9)为101.4%。结论:本法简便、准确,重复性好,专属性强,灵敏度高,可用于注射用盐酸丁卡因的含量、含量均匀度测定和有关物质检查。     

HPLC法测定注射用头孢尼西钠含量及有关物质

目的:用 HPLC 法测定注射用头孢尼西钠的含量及其有关物质。方法:采用 Kromasil C_(18)色谱柱(250 mm×4.6 mm,5μm),以乙腈-水-0.2 mol·mL~(-1)磷酸二氢铵(21:74:5)为流动相,流速1.0 mL·min~(-1),检测波长为254 nm;柱温:40℃。结果:头孢尼西钠与其相邻杂质峰能完全分离,头孢尼西钠在22～132μg·mL~(-1)浓度范围内线性关系良好(r=0.9999)。结论:该法简便、准确、专属性好,可以用于注射用头孢尼西钠的含量测定及有关物质检查。     

HPLC法测定人血清中奈达铂浓度

目的:建立高效液相色谱法测定奈达铂的血清浓度。方法:采用色谱柱为Spherisorb NH2柱(4.0 mm×300 mm,10μm);流动相:40 mmol·L-1磷酸二氢钾-乙腈(8∶2);流速:0.8 mL·min-1;检测波长:210 nm。结果:奈达铂浓度在5～50μg·mL-1范围内呈良好的线性关系(r=0.9995),奈达铂浓度为5、20、40μg·mL-1时日内和日间平均回收率结果分别为:96.7%、97.2%、97.8%和98.4%、98.2%、99.6%,日内、日间RSD分别为2.09%、1.98%、3.19%和2.27%、2.13%、1.92%(n=5)。结论:该方法具有样品处理简单、稳定性高等特点,适用于奈达铂的药动学研究和治疗药物监测。     

HPLC法测定注射用单磷酸阿糖腺苷中的有关物质

目的:建立测定注射用单磷酸阿糖腺苷中有关物质的高效液相色谱法。方法:采用Kromasil 100-5 C18(250 mm×4.6 mm,5μm)色谱柱,以水(含10 mmol·L-1四丁基氢氧化铵与10 mmol·L-1磷酸二氢钾)-甲醇(80∶20)为流动相;流速为1.0 ml·min-1,检测波长:258 nm,柱温:30℃;进样量:20μl;应用外标法对注射用单磷酸阿糖腺苷中已知杂质阿糖腺苷和腺嘌呤进行检查,其他未知杂质用主成分自身对照法进行检查。结果:阿糖腺苷和腺嘌呤分别在0.0765~1.530 7μg·ml-1(r=0.999 9),0.078 0~1.560 0μg·ml-1(r=0.999 9)范围内线性关系良好,平均回收率分别为99.8%(RSD=0.2%,n=9)、97.0%(RSD=1.2%,n=9)。结论:该方法可用于注射用单磷酸阿糖腺苷有关物质的测定。     

RP-HPLC测定注射用复方甘草酸苷中甘草酸铵含量和有关物质

目的:采用高效液相色谱法测定注射用复方甘草酸苷中甘草酸铵的含量和有关物质。方法:采用 Symmetry C_(18)色谱柱(4.6 mm×250 mm,5 μm),以2%醋酸-乙腈(65:35)为流动相,流速为1.0 mL·min~(-1),检测波长为256 nm,进样量为20μL。结果:甘草酸铵线性范围为40～400μg·mL~(-1)(r=0.9999),最小检测量为6.23 ng。结论:本法精密度好,结果准确、可靠、灵敏,可用于注射用复方甘草酸苷含量测定和有关物质检查。     

HPLC法测定注射用氧化型谷胱甘肽二钠有关物质及含量

目的:考察不同色谱条件下注射用氧化型谷胱甘肽二钠有关物质的色谱行为,建立注射用氧化型谷胱甘肽二钠有关物质高效液相色谱分析方法及含量测定方法。方法:固定相为ZorbaxXB-C18(4.6mm×250mm,5μm);流动相为0.006M辛烷磺酸钠溶液-甲醇(95:5);检测波长为210nm,柱温30℃。结果:注射用氧化型谷胱甘肽二钠的线性范围为0.5-10μg,r=0.9999,总有关物质含量小于1%。结论:此法简单,分离度良好,结果准确,可以用于注射用氧化型谷胱甘肽二钠的含量测定和有关物质的检测。     

HPLC测定注射用尼莫地平的含量及有关物质

目的建立测定注射用尼莫地平含量及有关物质的方法。方法采用HPLC法,用DiamonsilTMC18柱(250 mm×4.6 mm,5μm),流动相为甲醇-水-乙醚(70∶30∶9),检测波长238 nm,柱温为室温;流速1.0 ml.min-1。结果尼莫地平在4.0~40.0μg.ml-1范围内,峰面积和浓度呈良好的线性关系(r=0.9998),最低检测限为0.376 ng,方法精密度RSD=0.35%(n=6),平均回收率为99.8%(n=9)。结论所建方法准确、灵敏、简便、快速,可用于注射用尼莫地平的含量及有关物质的测定。     

注射用腺苷钴胺有关物质测定方法改进

目的建立高效液相色谱法,用外标法加主成分自身对照法测定注射用腺苷钴胺有关物质的含量。方法采用C18色谱柱(250mm×4.6 mm,5μm),以0.05mol·L-1磷酸二氢钾-乙腈(85∶15)(用磷酸调节pH至3.2)为流动相,流速为1.0mL·min-1,柱温为30℃,检测波长为260nm;进样量为10μL;测定有关物质的含量。结果腺苷钴胺及氰钴胺与相邻峰分离度良好,线性范围分别为100～0.2μg·mL-1(R=0.9999)和10～0.1μg·mL-1(R=1.0000),精密度、准确度等均符合分析样品的要求。结论本方法操作简便快速,重复性好,专属性强,可用于该制剂中有关物质的含量控制。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Pharmacological treatment of COVID-19: an opinion paper

The precocity and efficacy of the vaccines developed so far against COVID-19 has been the most significant and saving advance against the pandemic. The development of vaccines has not prevented, during the whole period of the pandemic, the constant search for therapeutic medicines, both among existing drugs with different indications and in the development of new drugs. The Scientific Committee of the COVID-19 of the Illustrious College of Physicians of Madrid wanted to offer an early, simplified and critical approach to these new drugs, to new developments in immunotherapy and to what has been learned from the immune response modulators already known and which have proven effective against the virus, in order to help understand the current situation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.