p53蛋白和Ki-67在恶性纤维组织细胞瘤组织中的表达及意义

目的:研究p53蛋白和Ki-67在恶性纤维组织细胞瘤(malignant fibrous histi-ocytoma,MFH)组织中的表达及其临床意义。方法:应用免疫组化SP法检测50例MFH中p53和Ki-67的表达。结果:p53蛋白和Ki-67在MFH中表达阳性率分别为32·0%(16/50)和56·0%(28/50);在有复发转移的患者中,p53蛋白和Ki-67的阳性率分别为48%(12/25)和68%(17/25);在无复发转移的患者中,p53蛋白和Ki-67的阳性率分别为16·0%(4/25)和40·0%(10/25);生存期<5年的患者中,p53蛋白和Ki-67的阳性率分别为48·1%(13/27)和70·4%(19/27),生存期>5年的患者中p53蛋白和Ki-67的阳性率分别为17·4%(4/23)和39·1%(9/23)。p53蛋白和Ki-67与患者的复发转移及生存期显著相关,P<0·05。p53蛋白与Ki-67的表达关系密切,P<0·05。结论:p53蛋白和Ki-67的高表达与MFH的复发转移及患者生存期相关,两者的表达关系密切,并可作为MFH患者预后判断的两个指标。肿瘤防治杂志,2005,12(19):1492-1494     

92例甲状腺癌中细胞增殖蛋白表达及其意义

目的：探讨甲状腺癌组织中p53、PCNA和Ki-67蛋白表达及其与临床病理的关系.方法：应用免疫组化sP法对92例甲状腺癌组织中p53、PCNA和Ki-67蛋白进行检测.结果：甲状腺癌组织p53阳性表达率为54.3%（50/92）,PCNA阳性表达率为56.9%（52/92）,Ki-67增殖指数为（12.01±3.32）%.p53、PC-NA过度表达及Ki-67增殖指数增加与浸润程度及淋巴结转移有关.结论：p53、PCNA和Ki-67蛋白表达与癌的浸润程度及淋巴结转移有关,p53、PCNA和Ki-67联合检测对甲状腺癌的早期诊断、预后判断及制定合理的临床治疗方案有重要意义.     

凋亡酶激活因子与p53及Ki-67在结直肠癌和结直肠腺癌组织中的表达

目的探讨凋亡酶激活因子1（Apaf-1）、p53和Ki-67在结直肠腺瘤、结直肠癌组织中的表达情况。方法采用SP染色法,检测结直肠癌、腺瘤组织中Apaf-1、p53和Ki-67的表达情况。结果结直肠癌淋巴结转移组中,Apaf-1、p53、Ki-67阳性表达率分别为22.7%、31.8%和90.9%,无淋巴结转移组分别为43.6%、89.7%和61.5%,差异均有统计学意义（均P〈0.05）。结直肠癌A、B期的Apaf-1、p53、Ki-67阳性表达率分别为43.6%、89.7%和61.5%,C、D期的Apaf-1、p53、Ki-67阳性表达率分别为27.7%、31.8%和90.9%。结直肠癌组织中Apaf-1阳性率（39.0%）低于腺瘤（88.0%）,p53阳性率（77.0%）和Ki-67阳性率（68.0%）均高于腺瘤（分别为49.0%、26.0%）,差异均有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。Apaf-1阳性表达与p53、Ki-67阳性表达均呈负相关（r1=-0.358,r2=-0.361,P〈0.01）。结论 Apaf-1、p53与Ki-67表达在结直肠癌、腺瘤的发生、发展与转移过程中有一定影响,对诊断结直肠癌有重要意义。     

Ki-67、c-myc、p53在食管癌中的表达及其意义

目的 探讨Ki-67、c-myc、p53在食管癌中的表达及其意义.方法 选取食管癌标本25例、切缘远端正常组织标本25例,采用免疫组织化学法检测组织中Ki-67、c-myc、p53蛋白的表达情况.结果 食管癌组织中Ki-67、c-myc、p53中位表达量分别为5.0、2.0、3.0,明显高于癌旁正常组织的1.0、0.5、0.3（均P＜0.05）.高分化食管癌组织Ki-67中位表达量（3.0）低于中低分化组（6.0）,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）.食管癌组织Ki-67与c-myc的表达呈正相关（P＜0.05）.结论 食管癌组织中Ki-67、c-myc、p53高表达,且随分化程度升高而升高,Ki-67、c-myc、p53有望成为食管癌的肿瘤标志物.     

乳腺癌bcl-2、Ki-67、p53表达及意义

目的：探讨bcl-2、Ki-67、p53蛋白在乳腺癌中的表达及其关系。方法：应用免疫组化SP方法，观察56例乳腺癌中的bcl-2、Ki-67、p53的表达情况。结果：bcl-2、Ki-67和p53在乳腺癌中表达率分别为63％，68％，52％，与乳腺癌分级及淋巴结转移密切相关（P＜0．05）。结论：bcl-2、Ki-67、p53的异常表达在乳腺肿瘤发生发展中起重要作用。     

TopoⅡ、p53、Ki-67、c-erbB-2在乳腺癌组织中的表达

目的：检测TopoⅡ、p53、Ki-67、c-erbB-2在乳腺癌组织中的表达,分析其与乳腺癌临床病理特征间的关系。方法：采用免疫组化方法检测66例未经抗肿瘤治疗的原发性乳腺癌组织中Topo II、p53、Ki-67、c-erbB-2的表达情况。结果：乳腺癌组织中TopoⅡ、p53、Ki-67、c-erbB-2阳性表达率分别为57.6%（38/66）、60.6%（40/66）、62.1%（41/66）、51.5%（34/66）,Topo Ⅱ、Ki-67、p53、c-erbB-2表达与患者年龄、肿瘤大小无关（P〉0.05）,TopoⅡ、p53、Ki-67、c-erbB-2与淋巴结转移相关（P〈0.05）,其中p53、Ki-67、c-erbB-2与肿瘤临床分期相关（P〈0.05）。结论：联合检测乳腺癌组织中c-erbB-2、p53、Ki-67可以作为判断乳腺癌患者预后的有效指标,TopoⅡ在乳腺癌中的表达可作为指导乳腺癌化疗的重要指标。     

124例三阴性乳腺癌临床病理因素与预后分析

目的:三阴性乳腺癌（triple-negative breast cancer,TNBC）预后差,易复发转移,缺乏有效的治疗手段。本文回顾性分析TNBC及基底细胞型的临床病理因素与预后的关系。方法:纳入江苏省肿瘤医院124例TNBC,Fisher法分析临床病理因素之间的相关性,Kaplan-Meier法分析Ki-67/p53与无进展生存期的相关性,COX回归模型分析无进展生存期的预后因素。结果:TNBC肿块大小与腋窝淋巴结转移相关,Ki-67高表达与腋窝淋巴结转移相关,p53阳性与病理分级相关。TNBC及基底细胞型中,Ki-67高增殖与p53阳性患者具有相对较差的无病生存期（P＜0.05）。临床分期、腋窝淋巴结转移阳性、Ki-67高增殖与p53阳性是TNBC无病生存的独立预后因素。结论:本文证实Ki-67及p53是TNBC生存预后的预测因子,为TNBC延长生存、改善预后提供依据。     

92例甲状腺癌中细胞增殖蛋白表达及其意义

目的:探讨甲状腺癌组织中p53、PCNA和Ki-67蛋白表达及其与临床病理的关系.方法:应用免疫组化sP法对92例甲状腺癌组织中p53、PCNA和Ki-67蛋白进行检测.结果:甲状腺癌组织p53阳性表达率为54.3%(50/92),PCNA阳性表达率为56.9%(52/92),Ki-67增殖指数为(12.01±3.32)%.p53、PC-NA过度表达及Ki-67增殖指数增加与浸润程度及淋巴结转移有关.结论:p53、PCNA和Ki-67蛋白表达与癌的浸润程度及淋巴结转移有关,p53、PCNA和Ki-67联合检测对甲状腺癌的早期诊断、预后判断及制定合理的临床治疗方案有重要意义.     

宫颈上皮内瘤变p16（INK4a）和p53及Ki-67表达及其诊断价值探讨

目的：探讨用p16和p53及Ki-67等免疫组化标记作为宫颈上皮内瘤变（CIN）诊断的辅助指标。方法：选取我院档案CIN患者133例,年龄20～86岁,中位年龄46岁。经3位高年资病理医师复查确认,其中CIN 1级31例、CIN 2级37例和CIN 3级65例。另选同期我院宫颈慢性炎患者19例,浸润性鳞状细胞癌患者20例作为对照。采用SP法进行p16、p53和Ki-67免疫组化染色,结果独立评分。各级别CIN与免疫组化表达的关系采用单变量χ2检验和Spearman等级相关分析。结果：p16阳性表达位于细胞核或胞核伴胞质,p53和Ki-67定位于细胞核。p16、p53和Ki-67表达阳性率随着CIN的加重而升高,均与CIN级别呈正相关,r值分别为0.789、0.554和0.749,P〈0.001。153例CIN 1＋标本中p16、p53和Ki-67与组织学诊断符合率分别为96.7%（148/153）、71.9%（110/153）和88.2%（135/153）。在102例CIN 2＋标本中,p16、p53和Ki-67免疫组化染色的敏感性分别为97.1%（99/102）、74.5%（76/102）和97.1%（99/102）;特异性分别为94.7%（18/19）、84.2%（16/19）和73.7%（14/19）。p16、p53和Ki-67 3者联合在CIN 2＋中的敏感性和特异性分别为98.0%（100/102）、68.4%（13/19）。结论：在宫颈活检的组织学评价时,结合p16、p53和Ki-67免疫组化染色,对提高高级别CIN的检出率、减少漏诊有很大作用。     

卵巢浆液性癌中p-Akt~（473） Ser、p53及Ki-67的表达与临床意义

目的：探讨p-Akt473Ser、p53及Ki-67蛋白在卵巢癌组织中的表达及其相互关系。方法：应用免疫组化法,检测10例正常卵巢、12例卵巢良性上皮性肿瘤、15例卵巢交界性上皮性肿瘤、60例卵巢浆液性癌中p-Akt473Ser、p53及Ki-67蛋白的表达,分析p-Akt473Ser与p53及Ki-67三者间的关系。结果：pAkt473Ser、p53及Ki-67蛋白在正常卵巢组织中的阳性蛋白率分别是10%、20%、10%;pAkt473Ser、p53及Ki-67蛋白在卵巢良性上皮性肿瘤组织中的阳性蛋白率分别是17%、25%、25%,均显著低于卵巢浆液性囊腺癌组织中的60%、67%、83%（P〈0.01）。pAkt473Ser、p53及Ki-67蛋白在交界性肿瘤组织中的阳性表达率分别为40%、60%、67%,交界性肿瘤与卵巢癌组织比较,差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）,而与组织学分化、临床分期有关（P〈0.01）。结论：pAkt473Ser、p53及Ki-67蛋白在卵巢癌中过表达,可能共同参与卵巢癌的发生、发展。     

Religiosity and Physical and Emotional Functioning Among African American and White Colorectal and Lung Cancer Patients

The literature suggests that religiosity helps cope with illness. The present study examined the role of religiosity in functioning among African Americans and Whites with a cancer diagnosis. Patients were recruited from an existing study and mailed a religiosity survey. Participants (N = 269; 36% African American, 56% women) completed the mail survey, and interview data from the larger cohort was utilized in the analysis. Multivariate analyses indicated that in the overall sample religious behaviors were marginally and positively associated with mental health and negatively with depressive symptoms. Among women, religious behaviors were positively associated with mental health and negatively with depressive symptoms. Religiosity was not a predictor of study outcomes for men. Among African Americans, religious behaviors were positively associated with mental health and vitality. Among Whites, religious behaviors were negatively associated with depressive symptoms. These findings suggest a mixed role of religious involvement in cancer outcomes. The current findings may have applied potential in the areas of emotional functioning and depression.     

New and emerging radiosensitizers and radioprotectors

The combination of chemotherapy and radiation has led to clinical breakthroughs in several disease sites, and current work continues to define optimum combinations of proven chemotherapy as well as more recently available, noncytotoxic agents. Administration of systemic therapies allows modulation of radiation response to improve tumor control (radiosensitization) or to prevent normal tissue toxicity (radioprotection). Substantial progress has been made in identifying the targets of standard chemotherapeutic radiation sensitizers and protectors as well as in the introduction of a new generation of molecularly targeted therapies in combination with radiation. We have reviewed the most recent, predominantly early phase clinical trials combining systemic agents with radiation. Although the proof of an improved schedule ultimately needs to come from well-run Phase III trials, the search among schedules could be shortened by the use of surrogate endpoints such as presence of active drug metabolites in the tumor. This has been accomplished only in a few cases and needs to become a more standard part of radiation sensitizer and protector trials.     

Fruit and vegetables and cancer risk

The possibility that fruit and vegetables may help to reduce the risk of cancer has been studied for over 30 years, but no protective effects have been firmly established. For cancers of the upper gastrointestinal tract, epidemiological studies have generally observed that people with a relatively high intake of fruit and vegetables have a moderately reduced risk, but these observations must be interpreted cautiously because of potential confounding by smoking and alcohol. For lung cancer, recent large prospective analyses with detailed adjustment for smoking have not shown a convincing association between fruit and vegetable intake and reduced risk. For other common cancers, including colorectal, breast and prostate cancer, epidemiological studies suggest little or no association between total fruit and vegetable consumption and risk. It is still possible that there are benefits to be identified: there could be benefits in populations with low average intakes of fruit and vegetables, such that those eating moderate amounts have a lower cancer risk than those eating very low amounts, and there could also be effects of particular nutrients in certain fruits and vegetables, as fruit and vegetables have very varied composition. Nutritional principles indicate that healthy diets should include at least moderate amounts of fruit and vegetables, but the available data suggest that general increases in fruit and vegetable intake would not have much effect on cancer rates, at least in well-nourished populations. Current advice in relation to diet and cancer should include the recommendation to consume adequate amounts of fruit and vegetables, but should put most emphasis on the well-established adverse effects of obesity and high alcohol intakes.     

VEGF及KDR在大肠腺瘤和腺癌中的表达及意义

目的：探讨VEGF和KDR在大肠腺瘤和大肠腺癌中的表达及临床病理特征的关系。方法：大肠腺瘤和大肠腺癌组织标本各100例,采用免疫组织化学染色法检测VEGF和KDR在标本中的表达情况。结果：VEGF和KDR在大肠腺癌组中的阳性表达明显高于大肠腺瘤组（P〈0.05）;在正常大肠黏膜均未见VEGF和KDR表达的阳性染色;VEGF阳性表达组中KDR的阳性表达率为70%,显著高于VEGF阴性表达组中KDR的阳性表达率16%,两组比较有统计学意义（P〈0.01）。结论：大肠腺癌组织中KDR的表达与肿瘤大小、转移情况、浸润深度密切相关;VEGF和KDR在大肠腺瘤中的表达与患者的年龄、性别及分型均无相关性,而与增生程度相关（P〈0.05）。在大肠腺癌患者中VEGF及KDR表达更高,二者具有协同效应。     

肾上腺素能β受体与肿瘤生长及转移

大量研究表明肿瘤细胞可表达β受体，而一些神经递质、药物和社会心理因素可能通过β受体影响肿瘤的生长和转移，β受体激动剂、β受体阻滞剂以及抑郁等社会心理因素可加强或削弱这种作用。这为表达β受体肿瘤的治疗开辟了新的道路，提供了新的治疗靶点。     

Occupational and environmental radiation and cancer

Epidemiologic evidence on the relation between occupational and environmental radiation and cancer is reviewed. Studies of pioneering radiation workers, underground miners, and radium dial painters revealed excess cancer deaths and contributed to the setting of radiation protection standards and to theories of carcinogenesis. Occupational exposures today are generally much lower than in the past, thus any associated increases in cancer will be difficult to detect. Pooling investigations of these more recently exposed workers, however, has the potential to validate current estimates of risk used in radiation protection. New information on the effects of chronic radiation exposure also may come from studies in the former Soviet Union of Chernobyl clean-up workers and of workers at the Mayak nuclear facilities. Studies of environmental radiation exposures, other than radon, are largely inconclusive, due mainly to the difficulties in detecting the low risks associated with low dose exposures. Thyroid cancer, however, has been linked to environmental radiation from the Chernobyl accident and from nuclear weapons tests. Low-level radiation released during normal operations at nuclear plants has not been found to increase cancer rates in surrounding populations. Radon, a human carcinogen, is the most ubiquitous exposure to human populations; remediating high residential-radon levels is recommended, recognizing that the exposure can never be removed completely because it occurs naturally.     

Cell and tissue interactions in carcinogenesis and metastasis and their clinical significance

This review describes a new vision for future directions in the study of metastatic cancer biology and pathology. It is based upon clinical and experimental observations on the constituent cell lineages within a neoplasm and on tumour-host interactions. The vision incorporates information from studies in population biology, developmental biology and experimental pathology as well as investigations upon human malignant disease. The assembled information reveals that invasion and metastasis are supra-cellular manifestations of "emergent behavior" among combinations of normal and malignant cell lineages in vivo. Emergent behavior is a combinatorial interactive process in which a population displays new traits which cannot be achieved by individuals acting separately and which subside when the specific population mix disaggregates. Disruption of such pathological interactions in the field of a developing primary or secondary tumour is, therefore, required to disable the malignant population and arrest progression without tissue destruction. These conclusions originate, in part, from principles which govern the sociobiology and group behavior of bees, ants, fish, birds and human societies. In all these social organisms, external factors can disrupt signaling mechanisms and induce expanding self-perpetuating rogue behavior, leading to social disintegration. These principles also apply to cellular societies composing higher animals, which likewise need intrinsic rules to maintain social order and avoid anarchy, and recognition of this is essential for advancing future research on the mechanisms involved in carcinogenesis and metastasis. Summarised evidence is presented here to support the conclusion that miscommunications between cells and tissues in the region of the developing tumour and its metastases are the main direct perpetrators of malignant disease. Genetic lesions (mutations, deletions, translocations, reduplications, etc.), commonly seen in cancers, can significantly disrupt important molecular pathways in the networks of communications needed to sustain orderly tissue/organ structure and function. However, genetic lesions can also, themselves, be induced by abnormal cell interactions initiated by extrinsic carcinogenic agents such as chemicals, viruses, hormones and radiation. The evidence shows that, irrespective of the initiating cause, it is this miscommunication in the region of a developing tumour and its metastases that is ultimately responsible for the emergence and progression of the disease. The article describes how this information collectively, provides a framework for designing specific novel therapeutic approaches targeting the cell and tissue interactions driving tumour metastasis and its manifold effects on the whole body.     

Vitamin D and melanoma and non-melanoma skin cancer risk and prognosis: A comprehensive review and meta-analysis

Vitamin D is formed mainly in the skin upon exposure to sunlight and can as well be taken orally with food or through supplements. While sun exposure is a known risk factor for skin cancer development, vitamin D exerts anti-proliferative and pro-apoptotic effects on melanocytes and keratinocytes in vitro. To clarify the role of vitamin D in skin carcinogenesis, we performed a review of the literature and meta-analysis to evaluate the association of vitamin D serum levels and dietary intake with cutaneous melanoma (CM) and non-melanoma skin cancer (NMSC) risk and melanoma prognostic factors. Twenty papers were included for an overall 1420 CM and 2317 NMSC. The summary relative risks (SRRs) from random effects models for the association of highest versus lowest vitamin D serum levels was 1.46 (95% confidence interval (CI) 0.60–3.53) and 1.64 (95% CI 1.02–2.65) for CM and NMSC, respectively. The SRR for the highest versus lowest quintile of vitamin D intake was 0.86 (95% CI 0.63–1.13) for CM and 1.03 (95% CI 0.95–1.13) for NMSC. Data were suggestive of an inverse association between vitamin D blood levels and CM thickness at diagnosis. Further research is needed to investigate the effect of vitamin D on skin cancer risk in populations with different exposure to sunlight and dietary habits, and to evaluate whether vitamin D supplementation is effective in improving CM survival.