粪便经沼气发酵后用于蔬菜种植对蛔虫卵的影响

粪便经沼气发酵处理后，虽蛔虫卵列率较对照组高，但用作蔬菜种植肥料，活蛔虫卵对菜地土壤的污染，以及对蔬菜包括叶类及果实类蔬菜的污染，未见显著性降低。     

常温沼气池除卵和大肠菌值效果观察

为进一步考证常温沼气池发酵处理粪便的效果,我们在孝德乡桂兰村随机选择10口常温沼气发酵池,对寄生虫卵沉降率和发酵池粪渣蛔虫卵存活率以及大肠菌值进行了检测。 1 内容和方法 1.1 寄生虫卵沉降率于1988年12月下旬、1989年8月分别在沼气池进料口、出料口取样,求其每100g虫卵数,计算沉降率。方法进口按GB7959—87司徙氏虫卵稀释法计数,出口采用浓缩法自然沉淀。     

粪便无害化处理用于蔬菜施肥的卫生安全性调查

目的:为了解临夏县农村改厕后粪便无害化处理效果,对使用处理和未处理的粪便用于蔬菜施肥的卫生安全性进行对比研究。方法:按照《粪便无害化卫生标准》的要求对粪便进行粪大肠菌值和蛔虫卵检测,对蔬菜进行蛔虫卵检测。结果:处理后的粪便大肠菌值合格率和蛔虫卵检出率分别为88.75%、2.50%,改厕组与对照组采集的蔬菜样品中蛔虫卵检出率分别为8.04%、24.67%。结论:粪便经无害化处理后蛔虫卵的残存大幅度降低,处理后的粪便可选择合理施用方法用于蔬菜施肥。     

中国北方满城县农村“九位一体”沼气户厕设计建造和卫生效果研究

目的对农村“九位一体”沼气户厕的卫生效果评价。方法在河北省满城县中佃庄村设计创建300多户由厕所、淋浴、猪圈、鸡舍、沼气池、生活污水等相结合的新型“九位一体”沼气户厕所，其中100余户安装了太阳能热水器，使户厕与淋浴合二为一。结果据两年的观察，运转使用正常。卫生指标的检测结果表明，沼气池出口蛔虫卵去除率达99．9％，化学耗氧量（COD）及生物耗氧量（BOD）二者分别去除87．3％及90．4％。冬季气温-12～10℃时，池温为10～12℃，仍能产气和维持处理效果，冬日产沼气1．5～2m^3，夏日产沼气2～4m^3，只要池完好，永远不用换料。结论该户厕有较大的社会效益和经济效益，是解决农家庭院生活污水和粪便无害化处理的有效途径。     

沼气户厕设计建造的卫生效果研究

在河北省满城县中佃庄村设计创建140多个新型沼气户厕,即由厕所、淋浴、猪圈、鸡舍、沼气池、生活污水相结合的五位一体沼气厕所,其中100余户不仅安装上瓷盆漏斗便盆,而且在厕所顶上安装了太阳能热水器,从而使户厕与淋浴合二为一。据两年的初步观察,运转使用正常。卫生指标的检测结果表明,沼气池出口蛔虫卵去除率达99.9％,COD及POD分别去除83.7％和90.4％,冬季气温-12℃～10℃时,池温为10℃—12℃,仍能产气和维护处理效果,冬日产沼气1.5—2m~3,夏日产沼气2～4m~3,8～10年不用换料。因此,受到当地农民的欢迎,并取得了巨大的社会效益和经济效益。     

保定市郊区“四位一体”沼气池式卫生户厕的卫生评价

为了实现农村生活污水和粪便的无害化处理，改善农村卫生状况，在保定市焦庄村修建了８０座“四倍一体”沼气户厕，即由猪圈，难舍，淋浴 ，沼气池相结合的沼气厕所。沼气从容不迫 粪便无害化处理要求，蛔虫卵去除率达９８．９％，ＣＯＤ和ＢＯＤ分别降低８５．３％和８７．４％，沼气户厕不仅改善了农村卫生状况，而且取得了较好的经济效益和社会效益。     

阁楼式堆肥厕所无害化效果研究

目的评价阁楼式堆肥厕所无害化效果。方法按粪便无害化标准对阁楼式堆肥厕所粪大肠菌群和蛔虫卵的去除效果进行检测，对沙门氏菌噬菌体28B的去除效果进行试验研究。结果在90d的堆肥时间内，沙门氏菌噬菌体28B浓度由初始浓度108pfu／g降低到不能检出，蛔虫卵死亡率可达99．8％，粪大肠菌值从初始10^-9，升至10^-2。结论阁楼式堆肥式厕所是好氧发酵的一种厕所模式，可使粪便中的病原体和寄生虫卵失活，达到粪便无害化卫生标准的要求。     

塑料双瓮化粪池粪便无害化处理效果评价

目的评价塑料双瓮化粪池的粪便无害化处理效果和了解农户家庭厕所环境卫生学现状和使用管理情况。方法采用环境流行病学现场调查和实验室分析研究方法,收集28户使用塑料双瓮化粪池的前后瓮的混合物,检测其粪大肠菌群、蛔虫卵、钩虫卵和尾蚴,并实地调查使用塑料双瓮化粪池厕所的环境卫生状况。结果塑料双瓮化粪池从前瓮到后瓮粪大肠菌群值逐渐增加,而蛔虫卵数逐渐减少,差异有统计学意义(Z值分别是4.35和3.41,P均为0),对照粪便无害化卫生标准(GB7959-87),粪大肠菌群值指标合格率为89.29%(25/28),蛔虫卵沉降率≥95%(GB19379-2003)的符合率为96.43%(27/28)。调查用户对塑料双瓮化粪池厕所的可接受度和满意度均为100%。结论按照现行的粪便无害化卫生标准,正确安装和使用塑料双瓮化粪池能达到双瓮漏斗式卫生厕所同样的粪便无害化处理的效果,使用卫生厕所后环境卫生学现状有较大的改善。     

沼气化厕所对猪蛔虫卵灭活效果的观察

近年来,广西从解决农村能源问题入手,大力倡导兴建沼气池。1999年至2006年12月,广西农村累计建设了沼气池293万座,沼气入户率为34.21%,使1 200多万农民受益。为进一步了解广西广泛应用的“三联式”沼气化厕所对蛔虫卵的灭活效果,我们于2002年8月~2003年3月在恭城县进行了沼气池     

粪便无害化处理及处理粪便用于蔬菜施肥的卫生学评价

「目的」探讨改进后双瓮漏斗式厕所粪便无害化处理效果及处理后粪便作为肥对土壤和蔬菜的生物性污染的影响。「方法」对处理区和对照区进行了粪便细菌及寄生虫卵检测和人群流行病学调查。「结果」处理后粪液粪大肠菌值〉１０＾－４,寄生虫卵沉降率为９５．０％,和对照区相比,处理区土壤粪大肠菌和蛔虫卵污染程度分别下降了５７．１％和３８．９％,蔬菜中的粪大肠菌和蛔虫卵污染程度分别下降５０．９％和８１．８％;处理区和对照     

Trends in meningococcal disease in Italy in 1988

Meningococcal disease in Italy decreased 15% in 1988 from the previous year (290 vs. 342 cases). The decline was particularly evident in military cases (1.7/100,000 in 1988 vs. 5/100,000 in 1987) reflecting the full coverage of bivalent serogroup (A + C) meningococcal polysaccaride vaccine in army recruits, achieved since January 1988. The highest proportion of cases was seen in people older than 25 years of age (25%). Serogroup C constituted 60% of the isolates, while 19% belonged to serogroup B. The proportion of strains resistant to sulphonamides was 45%, while 15% were resistant to Minocycline and none to Rifampin. Out of the five military cases, only one (due to serogroup C) was attributable to the vaccine failure. A single coprimary case, but no secondary cases occurred among civilians. These findings are consistent with the trends reported in Italy in the previous years.     

Benzene in blood and phenol in urine in monitoring benzene exposure in industry

Determinations of benzene concentration in blood and of phenol in urine were made by head-space gas chromatography techniques on samples taken near the end of the work day from two groups of workers potentially exposed to low levels of benzene in the work-place atmosphere. Preliminary results suggest that benzene in blood is more reliable than phenol tests for assessing both exposure and uptake of benzene. Normal values of phenol in urine (10 mg/liter or less) were found in nearly all those cases in which benzene was detected in the blood.     

2015年郑州市饮用水放射性水平状况调查

目的了解郑州市不同地区、不同季节、不同水源类型的放射性水平。方法分别于丰水期和枯水期采集郑州市区黄河水源水、井水源水、丹江口水源水、出厂水和末梢水各一份;以县为单位,每单位采集出厂水、末梢水、水库水、河水、井水各1份,按《生活饮用水生活标准检验方法》(GB/T 5750.13-2006)检测饮用水中总α和总β放射性水平,依据《生活饮用水卫生标准》(GB 5749-2006)进行判定。结果丰水期、枯水期水体总α、总β放射性水平均低于国家标准限值。结论郑州市不同水源类型均处于正常的天然放射性本底水平。     

Occupational stress in nurses in psychiatric institutions in Taiwan

Nurses are known to be exposed to occupational stress. However, occupational stress is not well documented for nurses in psychiatric institutions in Taiwan. A cross-sectional study was conducted to explore the work-related stress and risk factors of nurses in psychiatric institutions in Taiwan. A structured questionnaire was distributed to nurses at five state-owned psychiatric hospitals in Taiwan in 2001. Demographic information, working environment, and personal health status were inquired. Occupational stress was assessed based on the Chinese version of Job Content Questionnaire (JCQ). General health status and mental health were evaluated by the International Quality of Life Assessment Short Form-36 (IQOLA SF-36). A total of 573 questionnaires were disseminated to nurses and 518 (90.4%) were satisfactorily completed by nurses, including 408 female full-time nurses who had been in their current work for more than 6 months. In the past one month, 17.2% of nurses reported being under significant stress often or always. Assault episodes were reported by 45.1% of nurses in the past 6 months. Among the nurses, 16.9%, 25.2%, 50.0%, and 7.8% belong to the "High strain", "Low strain", "Active", and "Passive" groups, respectively. Perceived occupational stress was associated with young age, widowed/divorced/separated marital status, high psychological demand, low workplace support, and threat of assault at work. Lower general health score was associated with low job control, high psychological demand, and perceived occupational stress. A lower mental health score was associated with low job control, high psychological demand, low workplace support, and perceived occupational stress. We concluded that nurses in psychiatric institutions are under significant stress related to work factors.     

Changes in nursing administration in supporting transplantation in Brazil

This historical and bibliographic study aimed to understand how Nursing was organized to support care in transplantation. The HISA, LILACS, BDENF, PERIENF and DEDALUS databases were consulted, and thirteen references were found, ten of which were scientific articles, two were master's dissertations and one was a doctoral thesis. The span of time chosen for study ranges from the date of the first kidney transplant in Brazil (1965), to the date of publication of the last scientific article found in the databases mentioned above (2003). After reading these articles, the ones that were similar in topic were grouped together, thus creating the thematic axis for the presentation of the results. The results showed that the Nursing profession has played an important and active role in transplants ever since the first procedure in 1965.     

2019年中国肿瘤流行病学研究进展

恶性肿瘤已成为中国居民的主要死因之一。近些年来,中国政府积极推进肿瘤预防和控制领域的研究工作,取得了很大的进步。本文简要汇总中国在肿瘤流行病学领域的研究进展,具体包括2019年的肿瘤负担、癌症危险因素及其干预、筛查和早期发现、癌症防治专项行动(2019-2022年)方案等方面,以期为我国肿瘤防治工作的有效开展提供技术支撑和理论依据。     

2012年绵阳市蔬菜中农药残留状况

目的 了解绵阳市2012年市售蔬菜中农药残留情况,为食用蔬菜监管提供依据.方法 全部样品均按照GB/T 5009-2003的方法进行农药的残留检测.依据GB 2763-2005《食品中农药最大残留限量》进行判定.结果 2012年共检测蔬菜165份,农药检出率和超标率分别为72.12％和23.64％.豆类、根茎类、叶菜类、瓜果菜类和食用菌类蔬菜检测农药残留超标率分别为8.00％、23.53％、36.00％、5.26％和27.03％,差异有统计学意义(x2=11.41,P＜0.01).不同种类农药超标率差异有统计学意义(x2 =62.42,P＜0.01).夏季和冬季蔬菜农药超标率差异无统计学意义(x2=3.44,P＞0.05).结论 绵阳市叶菜类蔬菜中农药残留情况较为严重,应采取有效措施,加强蔬菜的监督管理,从源头禁止高毒农药的使用,加大蔬菜种植、销售环节的监测,确保市民食用蔬菜的安全.