先天性心房间隔缺损的介入治疗

目的：探讨应用Amplatzer封堵器介入治疗房间隔缺损(ASD)的方法及疗效。方法：20例ASD患者，年龄4—39岁，术前行心脏超声检查确诊。选择封堵器直径为10～30mm，在透视下经导管植入Amplatzer封堵器封堵ASD。结果：20例ASD，封堵成功，术中无并发症发生。结论：经导管植入Amplatzer封堵器介入治疗ASD是一种安全有效的方法，值得临床推广应用。     

Combined endoscopic and percutaneous treatment of a duodenocutaneous fistula using an Amplatzer septal occluder

We describe an innovative interventional technique for the repair of a postoperative enterocutaneous fistula (ECF). In the reported case, surgical repair of the ECF was contraindicated, while endoscopic closure was unsuccessful. Correction of this high-outflow fistula was achieved using an Amplatzer septal occluder, which was deployed under simultaneous fluoroscopic and endoscopic guidance. The use of an Amplatzer septal occluder should be taken into consideration when there is a need to treat high-outflow ECF in patients who cannot undergo surgery.     

超声心动图在房室间隔缺损经导管封堵术中监测的体会

目的探讨超声心动图在房间隔缺损经导管封堵术中监测的方法和价值。方法9例房间隔缺损(ASD)、14-例室间隔缺损(YSD)患者经胸超声心动图监测下行经心导管封堵术。结果超声监测下8例ASD封堵成功，1例因缺损口太大，封堵器无法固定而失败。14例VSD封堵成功，其中1例VSD术后有轻微残余分流。结论超声心动图在房室间隔缺损封堵术中的监测有着不可替代的重要价值。     

经导管闭合房间隔缺损的疗效观察

目的　评价经导管置入Amplatzer封堵器治疗继发孔型心房间隔缺损 (ASD)的疗效。方法　 11例患者中男 3例 ,女 8例 ,年龄 4～ 46岁 (平均 2 5岁 )。术前经多普勒超声心动图检查房间隔缺损直径为 12～ 2 8mm ,平均 (18.5± 6 .1)mm。在透视及经超声心动图引导下经导管置入Amplatzer封堵器闭合ASD。结果　 11例ASD直径的球囊测量值为 (2 5 .2± 8.3)mm(15～ 36mm) ,选择的封堵器直径为 (2 5 .4± 7.7)mm(15～ 36mm)。 11例封堵器置入均获得成功 ,术中无并发症。 2例术后即刻超声检查显示微量残余分流。术后 1周复查均无分流。结论　经导管置入Amplatzer封堵器治疗ASD是一种有效的非手术方法。     

Comprehensive evaluation of ischemic heart disease using MDCT

OBJECTIVE: Recently MDCT has become widely used for the evaluation of ischemic heart disease, but clinically the evaluation is primarily focused on the coronary artery only. We describe why and how to comprehensively evaluate the cardiac CT scan, including myocardium, motion, viability, valve, and perfusion aspects related to ischemic heart disease. CONCLUSION: Radiologists should be familiar with the protocol design and comprehensive interpretation of cardiac MDCT to provide comprehensive treatment suggestions for the patients.     

术中应用Amplatzer封堵器关闭婴儿多发性肌部室间隔缺损

目的 报道1例小婴儿肌部多发性室间隔缺损（VSD）术中镶嵌治疗的初步经验。方法 正中胸骨切口开胸,在食管超声的导引下,在跳动心脏的右心室表面导入Amplatzer封堵器关闭2处肌部VSD。结果 成功封堵2处肌部VSD,术后恢复顺利。结论 将手术和介入治疗结合的镶嵌治疗小婴儿肌部VSD是一种安全、有效的方法。     

经胸超声心动图三维空间构像法测量房间隔缺损的评价

目的评价经胸超声心动图三维空间构像测量房间隔缺损的方法在封堵术中决策选用Amplatzer封堵器的应用价值。方法术前通过多切面（心尖四腔、大血管短轴及剑下四腔）测量房间隔缺损多个方位的直径及残端（硬缘和软缘）情况,形成房问隔缺损的经胸三维空间构像,据此决定选用Amplatzer封堵器的型号。术中封堵器置入房问隔缺损后,采用三维空间构像法实时观察封堵器位置、稳定性及是否存在残余分流。结果96例患者根据术前经胸三维空间构像法测量房间隔缺损直径和残端情况而选用相应型号的封堵器,一次性成功置入93例（96．7％）,术中实时监测显示房间隔封堵器置入位置正常,推拉试验显示封堵器固定良好,左向右分流信号完全消失。3例患者（3．1％）因房间隔解剖变异或残端偏差而出现微量残余分流,及时更换封堵器后残余分流信号完全消失。结论经胸超声心动图三维空间构像法测量房问隔缺损简捷准确,为决策Amplatzer封堵器型号的选用提供了一种可靠的方法。     

经胸超声心动图监测经导管Amplatzer封堵器介入治疗房间隔缺损的临床价值

 目的探讨经胸超声心动图(Transthoracic echocardiography,TTE)监测经导管引导Amplatzer封堵器介入治疗房间隔缺损(Atrial septal defect,ASD)的临床应用价值.方法选择经TTE检查确诊ASD适合做封堵术的9例患者,术前多个切面综合测量ASD的直径,然后在术中监测经导管引导Amplatzer封堵器治疗ASD的全过程,封堵术后即刻、1周内、1个月、3个月、6个月、1 a随访TTE,观察封堵效果、封堵器周边有无分流.结果9例ASD患者,除2例因缺损口过大(最大伸展径大于38 mm),选用最大的封堵器无效而放弃封堵外,其余7例均成功封堵,术后TTE未见残余分流.结论TTE对ASD封堵术前病例的选择,封堵术中监测及封堵术后疗效评价等均有一定的临床应用价值.     

动脉导管未闭个体化介入治疗的初步尝试

目的评价动脉导管未闭(PDA)个体化介入治疗的临床应用价值。方法8例应用标准型Amplatzer导管封堵器难以完成介入治疗的PDA患者,根据造影显示PDA形态及临床特点,分别选用成角型Amplatzer导管封堵器、偏心型导管封堵器以及Amplatzer肌部室间隔缺损封堵器进行介入治疗,术后以心脏超声随诊评价疗效。结果8例患者皆成功完成介入治疗,无严重并发症发生;其中1例应用Amplatzer肌部室间隔缺损封堵器、2例应用成角型Amplatzer导管封堵器、5例应用偏心型导管封堵器;2例经2次手术完成,余患者一次治疗完成;8例患者中,有2例封堵后即刻造影显示封堵完全,4例术后2 4h心脏超声检查无残余分流,7例术后3月残余分流消失;1例术后6个月时心脏超声仍可见约2mm的残余分流,但肺动脉压力明显下降,患者主观症状明显减轻。结论个体化原则可以进一步扩大PDA介入治疗的适应证,临床实践需要设计和生产不同形态和大小的封堵装置。     

应用Amplatzer封堵器介入治疗室间隔缺损的围术期护理(附18例分析)

目的：了解应用Ampplatzer偏心型封堵器介入治疗室间隔缺损(VSD)，探讨护理及预防并发症发生的方法。方法：对18例接受介入治疗的VSD患者进行回顾性分析，并针对各自的并发症实施相应护理对策。结果：18例息者介入治疗技术成功率100％，术后1例发生血肿及腓肠静脉血栓，1例传导阻滞，经治疗均痊愈。结论：膜部VSD封堵术是一种简单、安全、有效介入治疗方法，为VSD的治疗开辟了一条新的途径，可取代部分病例的外科治疗。通过准确的术前决策，充分的术前准备。娴熟的操作技术以及积极的术后监护处理。可以提高VSD封堵术的技术成功率，减少并发症。     

嵴内型室间隔缺损的介入封堵治疗效果和短期随访研究

 目的 探讨经导管介入封堵治疗嵴内型室间隔缺损(IVSD)的适应证、可行性和安全性.方法 超声心动图筛查27例嵴内型室间隔缺损患者,男16例,年龄8～29岁;女11例,年龄10～27岁.超声测量缺损直径3～7 mm,平均(4.2±2.7)mm,左室和升主动脉造影后建立股动脉-室间隔缺损-股静脉的轨道行介入封堵治疗,5例采用Amplatzer非对称伞(AGA,美国);7例采用零边偏心封堵器(上海形状记忆合金材料有限公司);13例采用对称型VSD封堵器(上海形状记忆合金材料有限公司).结果 25例介入封堵成功,无左向右残余分流,2例术后主动脉微量反流,随访6～12个月,封堵器无移位、无心律失常.2例左室长轴切面缺损紧靠主动脉瓣的右冠瓣、缺损上缘为右冠瓣部分覆盖于缺损口处,造影后重新测量为巨大VSD而未行介入封堵.结论 嵴内型室间隔缺损无有冠瓣明显脱垂、覆盖缺损上缘、主动脉大量反流的患者可以采用经导管介入封堵治疗,根据缺损上缘距主动脉瓣的距离可以选择不同形状的封堵器,近期疗效可靠.     

Percutaneous treatment of aberrant right subclavian artery aneurysm with use of the Amplatzer septal occluder

Aberrant right subclavian artery (ARSA) aneurysms are rare but carry a high risk of rupture and require early elective treatment. The present report describes a 60-year-old man with an asymptomatic ARSA aneurysm for whom surgical treatment would have been associated with a high degree of risk. The ARSA aneurysm was occluded with use of Amplatzer septal occluders, which avoided high-risk surgery and preserved antegrade flow into the left common carotid, subclavian, and vertebral arteries and perfusion of the right upper extremity through an induced right subclavian steal. The eventual need for bypass surgery for perfusion of the right upper extremity was assessed after the procedure.     

Can independent coronal multiplanar reformatted images obtained using state-of-the-art MDCT scanners be used for primary interpretation of MDCT of the abdomen and pelvis? A feasibility study

PURPOSE: To evaluate if coronal reformatted images can be used for primary interpretation of MDCT of the abdomen and pelvis using 64-slice MDCT. MATERIALS AND METHODS: IRB approval was obtained. We reviewed MDCT studies of the abdomen and pelvis of 220 consecutive patients performed with 64 row MDCT with constant scanning parameters. Based on a 0.625mm raw data set, transverse images were reconstructed at 5mm and coronal images at 3mm using standard reconstruction algorithms. Reader familiarity was achieved by simultaneous evaluation of transverse and coronal reformats in an initial group of 20 separate cases for findings in consensus. Two subsequent phases of image analysis were then performed in two groups of 100 patients each. In the first phase two radiologists evaluated the added utility of simultaneous review of MDCT of transverse and coronal reformatted images over transverse images alone in 100 consecutive patients referred for MDCT of the abdomen and pelvis. In the second phase, the same radiologists evaluated whether coronal multiplanar reformats could be used for primary interpretation of MDCT of the abdomen and pelvis in a separate but similar cohort of 100 consecutive abdominopelvic MDCT studies. The number of lesion(s), their location, size of smallest lesion, presence of artifacts and likely diagnosis were noted at each image interpretation. Image quality and confidence for interpretation was evaluated using five-point and three-point scale, respectively. The time required for primary interpretation of coronal reformats and transverse images were recorded. Statistical analysis was performed using Wilcoxon signed rank test. RESULTS: Both readers detected additional findings (n=37, 35), respectively, on simultaneous review of transverse and coronal reformats as compared with transverse images alone (p<0.001). Excellent interobserver agreement was noted (r=0.94-0.96). Both readers detected additional findings (n=62, 53), respectively, on independent review of coronal reformats as compared with transverse images alone (p<0.001). Readers' confidence was also found to be higher on coronal evaluations as compared to axial images (p<0.01). There was good interobserver agreement between the two readers. CONCLUSION: Independent coronal multiplanar reformatted images obtained using state-of-the-art MDCT scanners show promise as the preferred orientation and can be useful for primary interpretation of MDCT of the abdomen and pelvis.     

Correctness of multi-detector-row computed tomography for diagnosing mechanical prosthetic heart valve disorders using operative findings as a gold standard

The purpose was to compare the findings of multi-detector computed tomography (MDCT) in prosthetic valve disorders using the operative findings as a gold standard. In a 3-year period, we prospectively enrolled 25 patients with 31 prosthetic heart valves. MDCT and transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) were done to evaluate pannus formation, prosthetic valve dysfunction, suture loosening (paravalvular leak) and pseudoaneurysm formation. Patients indicated for surgery received an operation within 1 week. The MDCT findings were compared with the operative findings. One patient with a Björk-Shiley valve could not be evaluated by MDCT due to a severe beam-hardening artifact; thus, the exclusion rate for MDCT was 3.2% (1/31). Prosthetic valve disorders were suspected in 12 patients by either MDCT or TTE. Six patients received an operation that included three redo aortic valve replacements, two redo mitral replacements and one Amplatzer ductal occluder occlusion of a mitral paravalvular leak. The concordance of MDCT for diagnosing and localizing prosthetic valve disorders and the surgical findings was 100%. Except for images impaired by severe beam-hardening artifacts, MDCT provides excellent delineation of prosthetic valve disorders.     

Comprehensive evaluation of patients with suspected prosthetic heart valve disorders using MDCT

OBJECTIVE: Early diagnosis of prosthetic valve disorders is very important in reducing morbidity and mortality of patients with a replaced heart valve. Recently, MDCT has become an important noninvasive problem-solving tool in clinical practice. This article will introduce the scanning technique, interpretation algorithm, and image findings of many valvular and extravalvular diagnoses. CONCLUSION: With proper scanning technique and interpretation, MDCT can be a powerful technique for prosthetic heart valve evaluation.     

彩色多普勒血流显像经胸超声心动图对室间隔缺损介入封堵治疗的价值

 目的探讨彩色多普勒血流显像(Color doppler flow imaging,CDFI)经胸超声心动图(Transthoraic echocardiogram,TTE)在室间隔缺损(Ventricular septal defect,VSD)介入封堵术前、术中及术后的应用价值.方法首先使用CDFI经胸超声心动图扫查选择适合做封堵术的VSD患者,然后监测导管引导Amplatzer封堵器治疗VSD的全过程,在监测过程中认真观察导管及封堵器的位置,配合封堵器的释放,观察封堵器是否已封堵好室间隔缺损处,周边有无残余分流.结果 CDFI经胸超声心动图扫查选择VSD 11例,均为膜部缺损.除1例因VSD上缘距主动脉瓣右冠瓣1.9～2.0mm,缺损口6.0 mm,并有胸骨畸形,封堵术改为经胸手术外,其余10例封堵成功,CDFI未见残余分流.结论 CDFI经胸超声心动图扫查对VSD封堵适应证的选择,封堵术中监测及封堵术后判断及追访均有着重要价值.     

Interventricular septal configuration at mr imaging and pulmonary arterial pressure in pulmonary hypertension

PURPOSE: To investigate whether a relationship exists between septum shape and systolic pulmonary arterial pressure (PAP) in patients with pulmonary hypertension. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Study protocol was approved by institutional ethics review committee; all patients gave informed consent. Right-sided heart catheterization with vasodilator testing was performed in 39 adult subjects suspected of having pulmonary hypertension. There were 11 men and 28 women, aged 21-75 years (mean, 46 years). Only two patients showed favorable response to vasodilators, defined by a decrease in PAP of more than 20%. Synchronous right- and left-ventricular pressure measurements and four-chamber magnetic resonance (MR) imaging were used to identify timing of maximal leftward ventricular septal bowing within cardiac cycle. Septal bowing was evaluated with MR, measured on short-axis cine heart images, and expressed as curvature (reciprocal of radius). Curvature was quantified on one image (the one that showed the most severe distortion of normal septal shape). The relationship between systolic PAP and septal curvature was tested with linear regression analysis. P <.05 was considered to indicate a statistically significant difference. RESULTS: Of 39 subjects, 37 had pulmonary hypertension. Maximal distortion of normal septal shape was found during right ventricular relaxation phase. Systolic PAP was proportional to septal curvature: r=0.77 (P < .001), slope=-114.7, and intercept=67.2. In the two vasodilator responsive subjects, a significant reduction of leftward ventricular septal bowing was observed in response to reduction of right ventricular pressure. CONCLUSION: In 37 patients with pulmonary hypertension, systolic PAP higher than 67 mm Hg may be expected when leftward curvature is observed.     

Comparison of on-call radiology resident and faculty interpretation of 4- and 16-row multidetector CT pulmonary angiography with indirect CT venography

RATIONALE AND OBJECTIVES: On-call radiology residents frequently interpret computed tomography (CT) pulmonary angiography and CT venography studies outside of routine working hours. The purpose of this study was to compare resident and faculty interpretation concordance rates and to see if concordance rates differed depending on the number of CT detectors used. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study population included 122 consecutive CT pulmonary angiography (CTPA) and CT venography (CTV) examinations performed on a four-row multidetector CT (MDCT) and 125 consecutive CTPA examinations performed using a 16-row MDCT scanner with CTV performed in 124 patients. Preliminary resident reports and final faculty reports were compared. Discrepant cases were independently reviewed by three cardiothoracic radiologists who were unaware of the initial interpretations. Interpretation concordance rates were calculated for both 4- and 16- row MDCT studies and compared using Fisher's exact test. RESULTS: Resident and faculty CTPA and CTV interpretations were concordant in 80% of the 4-row cases and 94% of the 16-row cases. When comparing resident interpretation to the final expert reference standard, the corrected resident error rate was 11% and 2% for 4-row CTPA and CTV, respectively and 4% and 2% for 16-row CTPA and CTV, respectively. Overall CTPA and CTV concordance was significantly lower for 4-row MDCT (80% versus 94%, P < .001 [two-sided] by Fisher's exact test). CONCLUSIONS: Radiology resident interpretation of CTPA and CTV studies demonstrates a high level of agreement with radiology faculty interpretation. Concordance rates are significantly higher for 16-row MDCT than 4-row MDCT which may be due to improved image quality.     

X线与彩超结合对先心病封堵术前后心脏及肺血改变的对照研究

目的：评价经导管置入Amplatzer封堵器治疗先天性心脏病房间隔缺损(ASD)和动脉导管未闭(PDA)的疗效。方法：收集我院近年来实施的ASD和PDA封堵术患资料20例,其中ASD10例,PDA10例。所有病例均在透视及食管超声引导下经皮穿刺股静脉置入Amplatzer封堵器。将患术前的X线、彩超资料作为术前组,术后6个月的X线、彩超资料作为术后组．且对术前组和术后组从心脏大血管各径线、血液分流、各房室内径、压力及肺血等方面进行对照分析,全面评价治疗效果。结果：封堵术后X线检查示所有患心胸比率、心脏表面积、右下肺动脉干宽径、右心房心高比率、右心房宽径(RAI)、肺动脉段基线(P1)、肺动脉主干横径(P2)、肺动脉段突出度(P3)等值均变小．肺血均减少,透视下“肺门舞蹈”征消失。经胸超声心动图(TTE)检查．全部病例均无残余分流及再通,各房室内径缩小．压力降至正常。结论：X线与彩超相结合的方法可以从内到外、从形态到功能分析手术前后心脏状况．尤其可观察肺血的改变．从而可以全面地评价手术疗效。经导管置入Amplatzer封堵器治疗ASD、PDA是一种有效的非手术方法．具有操作简单、安全、技术成功率高及封堵效果好等优点,适合各年龄组ASD及PDA的介入治疗,其临床应用的远期疗效尚需观察。     

Experience with a continuous, single-pass whole-body multidetector CT protocol for trauma: the three-minute multiple trauma CT scan

Purpose: To test the clinical feasibility and utility of a single-pass, whole-body multidetector CT (MDCT) protocol in the evaluation of the multiple trauma patient. Materials and methods: A whole-body, single-pass MDCT protocol was designed for optimal imaging quality and maximum flexibility for retrospective reconstruction and multiplanar reformation. Five consecutive trauma patients with moderate to severe mechanisms of injury were scanned on an MDCT scanner using the single-pass protocol. Times were recorded for the scan alone and for time spent in the CT bay. Times were compared with those for five random trauma patients scanned on a single-detector helical CT (SDHCT) scanner who were matched for body segments imaged and trauma severity. Results: Compared to SDHCT, MDCT scan times were shortened by a factor of 10 (3 min for MDCT vs 41 for SDHCT) and patient throughput times by a factor of 3 (23 min for MDCT vs 65 for SDHCT). Image quality was mildly compromised in MDCT by beam hardening due to arm position, but overall was comparable to segmental imaging. Conclusion: Whole-body MDCT is feasible and offers a marked time advantage over conventional segmental imaging in multiple trauma patients. Added flexibility through reformation of image data allows imaging evaluation as needed even after the patient has left the scanner bay.