依达拉奉对急性脑梗死患者血清炎性因子及脑血流的影响

目的观察依达拉奉对急性脑梗死(ACI)患者血清炎性因子及脑血流的影响。方法将97例ACI患者随机分为2组,对照组(n=48)给予常规治疗,观察组(n=49)在对照组基础上加用依达拉奉;比较2组患者的血清炎性因子(TNF-α、IL-1、IL-6)及脑血流(大脑中动脉PSV、EDV、Vm、PI、RI)指标。结果治疗2周后,2组TNF-α、IL-1、IL-6均较治疗前显著降低(P0.05),但观察组下降幅度优于对照组(P0.05);治疗2周后,2组患者的大脑中动脉PSV、EDV、Vm、PI、RI均较治疗前显著提高(P0.05),观察组提高幅度优于对照组(P0.05)。结论依达拉奉能够显著抑制ACI患者的炎症细胞因子释放,降低炎性细胞因子的水平,且能够有效改善大脑血流供应,有利于改善患者预后。     

重症脑梗死患者的TCD改变

目的研究经颅多普勒(TCD)对重症脑梗死患者颅内压力监测的临床意义。方法对33例重症脑梗死合并颅内压增高的患者(观察组)和53例无颅内压增高的脑梗死患者(对照组)分别于发病24h内、3d、7d进行TCD检测,并对观察组患者于脱水降颅压治疗前后进行TCD检测,观察平均血流速度(Vm)、脉动指数(PI)、阻力指数(RI)、血流参数指标及频谱形态特征。结果观察组于发病初期(24h内)、3d、7d时Vm均显著增快,PI、RI均显著升高,与对照组比较差异有显著性(P<0.05);观察组脱水治疗前Vm、PI、RI较脱水治疗后及对照组均显著升高(P<0.05);病变侧与病变对侧Vm、PI、RI差异有显著性(P<0.05)。TCD频谱形态在颅内压增高时呈现高阻力、高流速后低流速特点。结论TCD对重症脑梗死并颅内压增高具有特异性改变,是一种安全、无创、操作简便、重复性强、可靠而实用的监测颅内压的手段,同时TCD可用于了解脑血流的变化,以指导药物治疗,判断预后。     

奥扎格雷钠对急性脑梗死患者脑血流状态的影响

目的观察奥扎格雷钠治疗急性脑梗死的疗效及对患者脑血流状态的影响。方法将180例急性脑梗死患者随机分为对照组和观察组各90例。对照组采用基础治疗,观察组加用奥扎格雷钠治疗。比较2组疗效及治疗前后大脑中动脉血流状态。结果观察组显效率和总有效率分别为47.78%和81.11%,显著高于对照组的30%和62.22%(P0.05)。治疗第7、14天后,观察组PSV、EDV、Vm显著高于对照组,PI显著高于对照组,RI则显著低于对照组(P0.05)。结论急性脑梗死患者加奥扎格雷钠治疗能有效促进患者脑血流供应,提高疗效。     

中、重型颅脑损伤患者脑血流动力学变化与颅内压、脑灌注压的相关性研究

目的 探讨经颅多普勒（TCD）无创检测中、重型颅脑损伤患者的脑血流动力学变化与颅内压和脑灌注压的关系。方法 前瞻性研究52例急性中、重型颅脑损伤患者的双侧大脑中动脉血流动力学状态，TCD检测脑血流动力学参数包括收缩期血流速度（Vp）、舒张期血流速度（Vd）、平均血流速度（Vm）、搏动指数（PI）、阻力指数（RI），持续监测颅内压（ICP）和脑灌注压（CPP）、平均动脉血压（MABP）。对脑血流动力学参数、MABP与ICP、CPP进行相关性分析。结果 PI、RI与ICP正相关系数分别为PI：r=0．881（P＜0．0001）；RI：r=0．789（P＜0．0001），ICP和CPP与PI、RI、Vd、Vm、MABP多元逐步回归分析发现PI与ICP，CPP与PI、MABP关系最为密切（P＜0．0001）。结论 无创脑血流动力学检测可实时反映ICP和CPP的变化，可作为ICP和CPP监测的一种有效方法，具有无创、安全、价廉的特点，易于临床推广应用。     

颞浅动脉-大脑中动脉分支吻合联合脑-硬脑膜-肌肉血管融合术治疗烟雾病的效果及对脑血循环的影响

目的探讨颞浅动脉(superficial temporal artery,STA)-大脑中动脉(middle cerebral artery,MCA分支吻合联合脑-硬脑膜-肌肉血管融合(encepho-duro-myo-synangiosis,EDMS)(STA-MCA+EDMS)术治疗烟雾病的效果及对脑血循环的影响。方法 160例烟雾病患者随机分为STA-MCA+EDMS术治疗组(血管重建组)和保守治疗组(对照组),每组各80例。比较两组患者治疗后的临床疗效。在术前和术后3个月,用经颅多普勒检测患者的血流平均速度(Vm)和血管搏动指数(PI)值。随访观察两组患者的预后和死亡情况。结果血管重建组的脑血管造影松岛分级结果优于对照组(P 0. 05)。治疗前两组患者Vm和PI值的差异无统计学意义(均P 0. 05);治疗后3个月,两组Vm和PI值均比治疗前有显著改善(均P 0. 001),而血管重建组的Vm显著高于、PI显著低于对照组(均P 0. 001)。治疗前两组患者mRS评分的差异无统计学意义(P 0. 05);治疗后3个月两组的mRS评分比治疗前有显著改善(均P 0. 001),而血管重建组的mRS评分显著低于对照组(P 0. 05)。血管重建组再出血、死亡率显著低于对照组(均P 0. 001)。结论相较于保守疗法,STA-MCA+EDMS术对烟雾病具有更好的临床效果,更有助于颅内侧支微循环的改善,减轻患者症状;并减少再出血发生率和死亡率。     

早期肠内营养干预对脑干部位缺血性卒中患者营养状况和并发症的影响

目的：探讨早期肠内营养干预对脑干部位缺血性卒中患者营养状况和并发症的影响。方法选取2010-01-2013-01本院收治的不能正常进食的脑干部位缺血性卒中患者76例,随机分为对照组和观察组,对照组给予常规的营养干预措施,观察组给予早期肠内营养干预措施。比较2组治疗前和治疗14 d后的营养状况,其中包括PA、ALB、TSF以及AMC ;预后并发症的发生率;患者的神经功能评价。结果对照组 PA 和 ALB水平在治疗前后比较差异具有统计学意义（ P＜0·05）;2组PA和ALB水平在治疗后的差异具有统计学意义（P＜0·05）;2组患者的TSF和AMC的大小差异在组内、组间治疗前后的差异无统计学意义（P＞0·05）;对照组在观察期内并发症发生率明显高于观察组,差异有统计学意义（P＜0·05）;观察组治疗前后的NIHSS评分差异有统计学意义（P＜0·05）;2组治疗后的 NIHSS评分差异有统计学意义（P＜0·05）。结论早期肠内营养干预措施可以很好的改善患者营养状况、预后并发症和神经功能。     

经颅多普勒超声联合GFAP对急性脑梗死患者预后的评估价值

目的探讨经颅多普勒超声(TCD)联合胶质纤维酸性蛋白(GFAP)对急性脑梗死(ACI)患者预后的评估价值。方法 选取2019年8月至2021年7月东南大学医学院附属南京同仁医院收治的180例ACI患者,根据神经功能缺损程度分为轻度组、中度组和重度组,根据治疗半年后改良Rankin量表(mRS)分为预后良好组和预后不良组。应用TCD测定椎-基底动脉平均血流速度(Vm)、搏动指数(PI)、阻力指数(RI),检测患者血清GFAP水平。分析TCD参数及血清GFAP水平与ACI患者预后的关系。结果 重度组和中度组PI、RI值及血清GFAP水平明显高于轻度组,重度组又高于中度组(P<0.05);重度组和中度组Vm显著低于轻度组,重度组又低于中度组(P<0.05)。ACI患者NIHSS评分与PI、RI及血清GFAP水平呈显著正相关,与Vm呈负相关(P<0.05)。预后不良组患者PI、RI及血清GFAP水平高于预后良好组,Vm低于预后良好组(P<0.05)。Logistic回归分析显示,椎-基底动脉Vm、PI、RI及血清GFAP水平均是影响ACI患者预后的重要因素(P<0...     

亚低温脑保护应用于重型创伤性颅脑损伤治疗的临床价值

目的：探讨亚低温脑保护应用于重型创伤性颅脑损伤的治疗效果。方法选择我院2012-12-2013-12收治的重型创伤性颅脑损伤患者88例,分为观察组和对照组各44例。均行常规治疗,观察组在常规治疗的基础上加行亚低温脑保护治疗,观察统计2组患者接受治疗期间相关指标改善及预后情况。结果观察组相关指标的改善效果明显优于对照组（P＜0·05）;观察组重残率及病死率明显低于对照组（P＜0·05）。结论亚低温脑保护应用于重型创伤性颅脑损伤治疗的效果显著,值得推广。     

院前抢救对重型颅脑损伤患者预后的影响

目的探讨院前急救对重型颅脑损伤患者预后的影响。方法总结380例院前急救组和170例非院前急救组患者的临床资料。院前急救组患者急救处理方法包括保持呼吸道通畅、给氧、降颅内压及纠正休克等。对照组患者由其家属送人院，人院前未接受任何处理。采用GOS评分法评定预后。结果与对照组比较，院前急救组重残率、植物状态生存率和死亡率均低于对照组，差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05），而恢复良好率和轻残率则明显高于对照组（P〈0．05）。结论及时、合理的院前急救能为重型颅脑损伤患者赢得救治时间，是降低死亡率和致残率的重要措施。     

脑白质疏松症的血流动力学及局部脑血流变化的研究

目的　观察脑白质疏松症 (LA )血流动力学及局部脑血流量的变化 ,以探讨LA的发病机制。方法　对 6 7例LA患者行经颅多普勒 (TCD)检查 ,并对其中 19例患者行单光子发射计算机断层扫描 (SPECT)检查 ,观察局部脑血流 (rCBF)灌注情况。结果　轻、中、重 3组LA患者颈内动脉系统动脉平均峰值流速 (Vm)显著低于对照组 (P <0 0 5 ,P <0 0 1) ,重度LA组椎 基底动脉系统Vm显著低于对照组及轻度LA组 (P <0 0 5 ) ;轻、中、重 3组LA患者脉动指数 (PI)显著高于正常对照组 (P <0 0 1,P <0 0 0 1) ,中、重度组LA患者PI显著高于正常对照组及轻度组 (P <0 0 1,P <0 0 0 1)。SPECT检查发现LA患者灰质rCBF减少者为 5 2 6 % ,白质rCBF减少者为 78 9%。结论　LA患者存在广泛的脑血流低灌注和脑动脉硬化 ,并有随脑血流低灌注程度加重而LA病变加重的趋势 ,低灌注和脑动脉硬化是LA的主要发病机制。     

Mechanisms of the suppression of the nociceptive reflex of the opening of the mouth during stimulation of the structures of the limbic brain

The comparative effectiveness of the inhibitory influence of tetanic stimulation of hypothalamus, amygdala and limbic cortex on EMG-response of m. digastricus evoked by electrical stimulation of tooth pulp nociceptive afferents was studied in cats anesthetized with a mixture of chloralose and nembutal. It was found that inhibition of the EMG-component of the jaw-opening reflex is most pronounced in case of stimulation of medial and lateral region of the hypothalamus, the inhibitory effect of central and medial nuclei of the amygdala is less pronounced and the effect of the limbic cortex is the weakest. It was shown that the mechanism of the antinociceptive effect of tetanic stimulation of the hypothalamus is not related to the concomitant increase of the blood pressure. After stabilization of the blood pressure the suppressive effect of the hypothalamus remains without changes, that points out to a direct, primary, not baro-afferent mechanism of the inhibition of the activity of nociceptive neurons of the trigeminal sensory nuclei. Noradrenaline, injected intravenously, induced a large increase of the blood pressure accompanied by a pronounced inhibition of the pain reflex. Angiotensin causes the same degree of blood pressure elevation without changes in the amplitude of the EMG-response of the pain reflex. Hypothalamic and noradrenergic mechanisms for control of pain sensitivity are discussed.     

药物治疗与合并认知行为治疗对强迫症疗效的比较

目的探讨认知行为心理治疗(CBT)在强迫症(OCD)患者各亚型治疗中的有效性和规律性。方法本研究为临床对照研究。符合入组标准的强迫症患者按患者自愿原则分为两组,治疗观察3、6、12个月。疗效评定分别运用Yale-Brown强迫量表,自拟的自评好转程度量表和临床疗效评定。结果认知行为心理治疗合并药物治疗组31例,临床有效率70.9%,其中治愈率1.8%。单纯药物治疗组24例,临床有效率33.3%。Yale-Brown强迫量表和自评量表得分在6个月和12个月两组有显著差异(P<0.05)。其中强迫症亚型(怕脏型、反复检查型和反复担心型)的疗效比较,怕脏型在治疗3个月末两组间自评量表评分有显著性差异(P<0.05);反复担心型在治疗6个月末两组间Yale-Brown强迫量表总分有显著性差异(P<0.05);反复检查型两组间无统计学差异。结论认知行为心理治疗合并药物治疗强迫症的疗效明显优于单纯药物治疗。强迫症的亚型在治疗中的有效性次序为:反复担心型>怕脏型>反复检查型。     

Characteristics of the sympathetic innervation of the nictitating membrane and of the vasculature of the nose and tongue of the cat

Summary Vasomotor responses from the nasal mucosa and tongue, and contractions of the nictitating membrane, were recorded on stimulation of the cervical sympathetic or internal carotid nerves.Preganglionic sympathetic nerve fibres which elicited a membrane response possessed a lower threshold than those which evoked nasal vasoconstriction, while the latter displayed a lower threshold than fibres which evoked tongue vasoconstriction. The sympathetic vasodilator fibres to the tongue, whose activity was revealed after-receptor blockade, had a similar threshold to the vasoconstrictor fibres.Membrane contraction, nasal vasoconstriction and occasionally tongue vasoconstriction could be evoked by stimulating the internal carotid nerve. The postganglionic fibres innervating the nasal mucosa had a similar threshold to those of the nictitating membrane, which may indicate that there are small myelinated fibres innervating the mucosa.The preganglionic compound nerve action potential had four major components, S₁–S₄. S₁, S₂ and usually S₃ fibres were associated with membrane contraction; S₂, S₃ and sometimes S₁ fibres were associated with nasal vasoconstriction; and S₃, usually S₂ and occasionally S₁ fibres were associated with vasoconstriction in the tongue. It is concluded that each of these three groups of nerve fibres, but not S₄ fibres, may include fibres associated functionally with the three effectors.There was a considerable difference between the relative amplitude of the responses of the three effectors elicited by stimulation of the cervical sympathetic nerve at frequencies between 0.2 and 2 Hz. Vasoconstrictor responses were relatively larger than membrane contractions suggesting differences in the mechanisms of neurotransmission at the neuroeffector junctions.     

Development of the projection from the nucleus of the brachium of the inferior colliculus to the superior colliculus in the ferret

Neurons in the deeper layers of the superior colliculus (SC) have spatially tuned receptive fields that are arranged to form a map of auditory space. The spatial tuning of these neurons emerges gradually in an experience-dependent manner after the onset of hearing, but the relative contributions of peripheral and central factors in this process of maturation are unknown. We have studied the postnatal development of the projection to the ferret SC from the nucleus of the brachium of the inferior colliculus (nBIC), its main source of auditory input, to determine whether the emergence of auditory map topography can be attributed to anatomical rewiring of this projection. The pattern of retrograde labeling produced by injections of fluorescent microspheres in the SC on postnatal day (P) 0 and just after the age of hearing onset (P29), showed that the nBIC-SC projection is topographically organized in the rostrocaudal axis, along which sound azimuth is represented, from birth. Injections of biotinylated dextran amine-fluorescein into the nBIC at different ages (P30, 60, and 90) labeled axons with numerous terminals and en passant boutons throughout the deeper layers of the SC. This labeling covered the entire mediolateral extent of the SC, but, in keeping with the pattern of retrograde labeling following microsphere injections in the SC, was more restricted rostrocaudally. No systematic changes were observed with age. The stability of the nBIC-SC projection over this period suggests that developmental changes in auditory spatial tuning involve other processes, rather than a gross refinement of the projection from the nBIC.     

A contribution to the study of the architecture of the autonomic nervous system of the digestive tract of the rat

Summary The distribution of aminergic and non-aminergic nerve fibres to the different constituents of the wall of the digestive tract in various regions is described. Aminergic fibres synapse with all nervous perikarya. Densely interlacing networks of nerve fibres are found in both layers of the tunica muscularis and in the lamina muscularis mucosae. A finely meshed plexus is observed in relation to the wall of the blood vessels in the wall of the gut. There are many fibres connecting the muscular and the vascular plexus. No nerve fibres have been observed in direct relation to the epithelium.The functional implications of these findings are discussed.